Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Medicine 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Minireview

Advances in understanding and treating ADHD

Authors: Kevin M Antshel, Teresa M Hargrave, Mihai Simonescu, Prashant Kaul, Kaitlin Hendricks, Stephen V Faraone

Published in: BMC Medicine | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurocognitive behavioral developmental disorder most commonly seen in childhood and adolescence, which often extends to the adult years. Relative to a decade ago, there has been extensive research into understanding the factors underlying ADHD, leading to far more treatment options available for both adolescents and adults with this disorder. Novel stimulant formulations have made it possible to tailor treatment to the duration of efficacy required by patients, and to help mitigate the potential for abuse, misuse and diversion. Several new non-stimulant options have also emerged in the past few years. Among these, cognitive behavioral interventions have proven popular in the treatment of adult ADHD, especially within the adult population who cannot or will not use medications, along with the many medication-treated patients who continue to show residual disability.
Literature
1.
go back to reference APA: DSM-IV-TR. 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association APA: DSM-IV-TR. 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
2.
go back to reference Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Pankratz VS, Weaver AL, Weber KJ, Mrazek DA, Jacobsen SJ: How common is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Incidence in a population-based birth cohort in Rochester, Minn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002, 156 (3): 217-224.PubMed Barbaresi WJ, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Pankratz VS, Weaver AL, Weber KJ, Mrazek DA, Jacobsen SJ: How common is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Incidence in a population-based birth cohort in Rochester, Minn. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002, 156 (3): 217-224.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Howes MJ, Secnik K, et al: The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006, 163 (4): 716-723. 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716.PubMedPubMedCentral Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Howes MJ, Secnik K, et al: The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006, 163 (4): 716-723. 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Lavigne JV, Gibbons RD, Christoffel KK, Arend R, Rosenbaum D, Binns H, Dawson N, Sobel H, Isaacs C: Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996, 35 (2): 204-214. 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014.PubMed Lavigne JV, Gibbons RD, Christoffel KK, Arend R, Rosenbaum D, Binns H, Dawson N, Sobel H, Isaacs C: Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996, 35 (2): 204-214. 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?. World Psychiatry. 2003, 2 (2): 104-113.PubMedPubMedCentral Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?. World Psychiatry. 2003, 2 (2): 104-113.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (6): 942-948. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942.PubMed Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA: The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (6): 942-948. 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.942.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Bloom B, Cohen RA: Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2006. Edited by: Statistics VH. 2007, 234: 1-79. Bloom B, Cohen RA: Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2006. Edited by: Statistics VH. 2007, 234: 1-79.
8.
go back to reference Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, Wood C, Waldman I: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997, 36 (6): 737-744. 10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009.PubMed Levy F, Hay DA, McStephen M, Wood C, Waldman I: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a category or a continuum? Genetic analysis of a large-scale twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997, 36 (6): 737-744. 10.1097/00004583-199706000-00009.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A: Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999, 40 (1): 57-87. 10.1111/1469-7610.00424.PubMed Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A: Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999, 40 (1): 57-87. 10.1111/1469-7610.00424.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S: Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991, 148 (5): 564-577.PubMed Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S: Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991, 148 (5): 564-577.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Borland BL, Heckman HK: Hyperactive boys and their brothers: A 25-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976, 33: 669-675.PubMed Borland BL, Heckman HK: Hyperactive boys and their brothers: A 25-year follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976, 33: 669-675.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Morrison JR: Adult psychiatric disorders in parents of hyperactive children. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980, 137: 825-827.PubMed Morrison JR: Adult psychiatric disorders in parents of hyperactive children. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980, 137: 825-827.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA, Mick E, Lehman BK, Doyle A: Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993, 150 (12): 1792-1798.PubMed Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA, Mick E, Lehman BK, Doyle A: Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993, 150 (12): 1792-1798.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Heiligenstein E, Conyers LM, Berns AR, Miller MA: Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. J Am Coll Health. 1998, 46 (4): 185-188. 10.1080/07448489809595609.PubMed Heiligenstein E, Conyers LM, Berns AR, Miller MA: Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. J Am Coll Health. 1998, 46 (4): 185-188. 10.1080/07448489809595609.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Murphy K, Barkley RA: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry. 1996, 37 (6): 393-401. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90022-X.PubMed Murphy K, Barkley RA: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry. 1996, 37 (6): 393-401. 10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90022-X.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Shekim WO, Asarnow RF, Hess E, Zaucha K, Wheeler N: A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Compr Psychiatry. 1990, 31 (5): 416-425. 10.1016/0010-440X(90)90026-O.PubMed Shekim WO, Asarnow RF, Hess E, Zaucha K, Wheeler N: A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Compr Psychiatry. 1990, 31 (5): 416-425. 10.1016/0010-440X(90)90026-O.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Barkley R, Murphy K, Fischer M: ADHD in adults: what the science says. 2007, New York: Guilford Press Barkley R, Murphy K, Fischer M: ADHD in adults: what the science says. 2007, New York: Guilford Press
18.
go back to reference Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, et al: DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1994, 151 (11): 1673-1685.PubMed Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J, et al: DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1994, 151 (11): 1673-1685.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C, Quintero-Gutierrez FJ, Garcia-Garcia P: A bibliometric study of international scientific productivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder covering the period 1980-2005. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 17 (6): 381-391. 10.1007/s00787-008-0680-1.PubMed Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C, Quintero-Gutierrez FJ, Garcia-Garcia P: A bibliometric study of international scientific productivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder covering the period 1980-2005. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 17 (6): 381-391. 10.1007/s00787-008-0680-1.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Levy F: Dopamine vs noradrenaline: inverted-U effects and ADHD theories. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009, 43 (2): 101-108. 10.1080/00048670802607238.PubMed Levy F: Dopamine vs noradrenaline: inverted-U effects and ADHD theories. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009, 43 (2): 101-108. 10.1080/00048670802607238.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Stahl SM: Mechanism of action of stimulants in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010, 71 (1): 12-13. 10.4088/JCP.09bs05890pur.PubMed Stahl SM: Mechanism of action of stimulants in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010, 71 (1): 12-13. 10.4088/JCP.09bs05890pur.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Swanson JM, Volkow ND: Psychopharmacology: concepts and opinions about the use of stimulant medications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009, 50 (1-2): 180-193. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02062.x.PubMedPubMedCentral Swanson JM, Volkow ND: Psychopharmacology: concepts and opinions about the use of stimulant medications. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009, 50 (1-2): 180-193. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02062.x.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Stahl SM: Mechanism of action of alpha 2A-adrenergic agonists in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with or without oppositional symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010, 71 (3): 223-224. 10.4088/JCP.09bs05899pur.PubMed Stahl SM: Mechanism of action of alpha 2A-adrenergic agonists in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with or without oppositional symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010, 71 (3): 223-224. 10.4088/JCP.09bs05899pur.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Daughton JM, Kratochvil CJ: Review of ADHD pharmacotherapies: advantages, disadvantages, and clinical pearls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (3): 240-248. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318197748f.PubMed Daughton JM, Kratochvil CJ: Review of ADHD pharmacotherapies: advantages, disadvantages, and clinical pearls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (3): 240-248. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318197748f.PubMed
25.
go back to reference May DE, Kratochvil CJ: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recent advances in paediatric pharmacotherapy. Drugs. 2010, 70 (1): 15-40. 10.2165/11530540-000000000-00000.PubMed May DE, Kratochvil CJ: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recent advances in paediatric pharmacotherapy. Drugs. 2010, 70 (1): 15-40. 10.2165/11530540-000000000-00000.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Chen CY, Gerhard T, Winterstein AG: Determinants of initial pharmacological treatment for youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (2): 187-195. 10.1089/cap.2008.096.PubMed Chen CY, Gerhard T, Winterstein AG: Determinants of initial pharmacological treatment for youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (2): 187-195. 10.1089/cap.2008.096.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Olfson M, Marcus S, Wan G: Stimulant dosing for children with ADHD: a medical claims analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (1): 51-59. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818b1c8f.PubMed Olfson M, Marcus S, Wan G: Stimulant dosing for children with ADHD: a medical claims analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (1): 51-59. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818b1c8f.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Hinshaw SP, Levine P, Stone S, Brown TT, Modrek S: National variation of ADHD diagnostic prevalence and medication use: health care providers and education policies. Psychiatr Serv. 2009, 60 (8): 1075-1083. 10.1176/appi.ps.60.8.1075.PubMed Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Hinshaw SP, Levine P, Stone S, Brown TT, Modrek S: National variation of ADHD diagnostic prevalence and medication use: health care providers and education policies. Psychiatr Serv. 2009, 60 (8): 1075-1083. 10.1176/appi.ps.60.8.1075.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Janknegt R, Faber A, Rodrigues Pereira R, Kalverdijk LJ: InforMatrix for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009, 10 (5): 755-772. 10.1517/14656560902765769.PubMed Janknegt R, Faber A, Rodrigues Pereira R, Kalverdijk LJ: InforMatrix for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009, 10 (5): 755-772. 10.1517/14656560902765769.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Harpur RA, Thompson M, Daley D, Abikoff H, Sonuga-Barke EJ: The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication-related attitudes of patients and their parents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008, 18 (5): 461-473. 10.1089/cap.2008.023.PubMed Harpur RA, Thompson M, Daley D, Abikoff H, Sonuga-Barke EJ: The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication-related attitudes of patients and their parents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008, 18 (5): 461-473. 10.1089/cap.2008.023.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Berger I, Dor T, Nevo Y, Goldzweig G: Attitudes toward attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment: parents' and children's perspectives. J Child Neurol. 2008, 23 (9): 1036-1042. 10.1177/0883073808317726.PubMed Berger I, Dor T, Nevo Y, Goldzweig G: Attitudes toward attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment: parents' and children's perspectives. J Child Neurol. 2008, 23 (9): 1036-1042. 10.1177/0883073808317726.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Pappadopulos E, Jensen PS, Chait AR, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Chuang S, Wells KC, Pelham W, et al: Medication adherence in the MTA: saliva methylphenidate samples versus parent report and mediating effect of concomitant behavioral treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (5): 501-510. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23ed.PubMed Pappadopulos E, Jensen PS, Chait AR, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Chuang S, Wells KC, Pelham W, et al: Medication adherence in the MTA: saliva methylphenidate samples versus parent report and mediating effect of concomitant behavioral treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (5): 501-510. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23ed.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Rabbani A, Alexander GC: Impact of family structure on stimulant use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Health Serv Res. 2009, 44 (6): 2060-2078. 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01019.x.PubMedPubMedCentral Rabbani A, Alexander GC: Impact of family structure on stimulant use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Health Serv Res. 2009, 44 (6): 2060-2078. 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01019.x.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Brinkman WB, Sherman SN, Zmitrovich AR, Visscher MO, Crosby LE, Phelan KJ, Donovan EF: Parental angst making and revisiting decisions about treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (2): 580-589. 10.1542/peds.2008-2569.PubMed Brinkman WB, Sherman SN, Zmitrovich AR, Visscher MO, Crosby LE, Phelan KJ, Donovan EF: Parental angst making and revisiting decisions about treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (2): 580-589. 10.1542/peds.2008-2569.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Thorell LB, Dahlstrom K: Children's self-reports on perceived effects on taking stimulant medication for ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 460-468. 10.1177/1087054708320430.PubMed Thorell LB, Dahlstrom K: Children's self-reports on perceived effects on taking stimulant medication for ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 460-468. 10.1177/1087054708320430.PubMed
36.
go back to reference McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, Hollis C, Murray M, Potts L, Sayal K, de Soysa R, Taylor E, Williams T, et al: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry. 2009, 194 (3): 273-277. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045245.PubMed McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, Hollis C, Murray M, Potts L, Sayal K, de Soysa R, Taylor E, Williams T, et al: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. Br J Psychiatry. 2009, 194 (3): 273-277. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045245.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Aleardi M: Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. MedGenMed. 2006, 8 (4): 4..PubMedPubMedCentral Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Aleardi M: Comparing the efficacy of medications for ADHD using meta-analysis. MedGenMed. 2006, 8 (4): 4..PubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Chavez B, Sopko MA, Ehret MJ, Paulino RE, Goldberg KR, Angstadt K, Bogart GT: An update on central nervous system stimulant formulations in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2009, 43 (6): 1084-1095. 10.1345/aph.1L523.PubMed Chavez B, Sopko MA, Ehret MJ, Paulino RE, Goldberg KR, Angstadt K, Bogart GT: An update on central nervous system stimulant formulations in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2009, 43 (6): 1084-1095. 10.1345/aph.1L523.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Kim Y, Shin MS, Kim JW, Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Kim BN: Neurocognitive effects of switching from methylphenidate-IR to OROS-methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009, 24 (2): 95-102. 10.1002/hup.1010.PubMed Kim Y, Shin MS, Kim JW, Yoo HJ, Cho SC, Kim BN: Neurocognitive effects of switching from methylphenidate-IR to OROS-methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009, 24 (2): 95-102. 10.1002/hup.1010.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Chou WJ, Chou MC, Tzang RF, Hsu YC, Gau SS, Chen SJ, Wu YY, Huang YF, Liang HY, Cheng H: Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate-release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009, 63 (2): 167-175. 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01937.x.PubMed Chou WJ, Chou MC, Tzang RF, Hsu YC, Gau SS, Chen SJ, Wu YY, Huang YF, Liang HY, Cheng H: Better efficacy for the osmotic release oral system methylphenidate among poor adherents to immediate-release methylphenidate in the three ADHD subtypes. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009, 63 (2): 167-175. 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01937.x.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Abikoff H, Nissley-Tsiopinis J, Gallagher R, Zambenedetti M, Seyffert M, Boorady R, McCarthy J: Effects of MPH-OROS on the organizational, time management, and planning behaviors of children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (2): 166-175. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181930626.PubMed Abikoff H, Nissley-Tsiopinis J, Gallagher R, Zambenedetti M, Seyffert M, Boorady R, McCarthy J: Effects of MPH-OROS on the organizational, time management, and planning behaviors of children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (2): 166-175. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181930626.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Childress AC, Spencer T, Lopez F, Gerstner O, Thulasiraman A, Muniz R, Post A: Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules administered once daily to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (4): 351-361. 10.1089/cap.2009.0007.PubMed Childress AC, Spencer T, Lopez F, Gerstner O, Thulasiraman A, Muniz R, Post A: Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules administered once daily to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (4): 351-361. 10.1089/cap.2009.0007.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Moen MD, Keam SJ: Dexmethylphenidate extended release: a review of its use in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2009, 23 (12): 1057-1083. 10.2165/11201140-000000000-00000.PubMed Moen MD, Keam SJ: Dexmethylphenidate extended release: a review of its use in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs. 2009, 23 (12): 1057-1083. 10.2165/11201140-000000000-00000.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Bukstein OG, Lopez FA, Arnold LE, Findling RL: Effects of once-daily oral and transdermal methylphenidate on sleep behavior of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (4): 308-315.PubMed Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Bukstein OG, Lopez FA, Arnold LE, Findling RL: Effects of once-daily oral and transdermal methylphenidate on sleep behavior of children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (4): 308-315.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon M, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P: A controlled trial of the methylphenidate transdermal system on before-school functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 71 (5): 548-556. Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon M, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P: A controlled trial of the methylphenidate transdermal system on before-school functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 71 (5): 548-556.
46.
go back to reference Manos M, Frazier TW, Landgraf JM, Weiss M, Hodgkins P: HRQL and medication satisfaction in children with ADHD treated with the methylphenidate transdermal system. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009, 25 (12): 3001-3010. 10.1185/03007990903388797.PubMed Manos M, Frazier TW, Landgraf JM, Weiss M, Hodgkins P: HRQL and medication satisfaction in children with ADHD treated with the methylphenidate transdermal system. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009, 25 (12): 3001-3010. 10.1185/03007990903388797.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Gonzalez MA, Campbell D, Rubin J: Effects of application to two different skin sites on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal methylphenidate in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (3): 227-232. 10.1089/cap.2008.0081.PubMed Gonzalez MA, Campbell D, Rubin J: Effects of application to two different skin sites on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal methylphenidate in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (3): 227-232. 10.1089/cap.2008.0081.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Garcia SP, Guimaraes J, Zampieri JF, Martinez AL, Polanczyk G, Rohde LA: Response to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD: does comorbid anxiety disorders matters?. J Neural Transm. 2009, 116 (5): 631-636. 10.1007/s00702-009-0211-3.PubMed Garcia SP, Guimaraes J, Zampieri JF, Martinez AL, Polanczyk G, Rohde LA: Response to methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD: does comorbid anxiety disorders matters?. J Neural Transm. 2009, 116 (5): 631-636. 10.1007/s00702-009-0211-3.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV: Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (1): 71-78. 10.1542/peds.2008-3347.PubMedPubMedCentral Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV: Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (1): 71-78. 10.1542/peds.2008-3347.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Wilens TE, Adamson J, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV, Schillinger M, Westerberg D, Biederman J: Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008, 162 (10): 916-921. 10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916.PubMedPubMedCentral Wilens TE, Adamson J, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV, Schillinger M, Westerberg D, Biederman J: Effect of prior stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on subsequent risk for cigarette smoking and alcohol and drug use disorders in adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008, 162 (10): 916-921. 10.1001/archpedi.162.10.916.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF: Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (9): 884-893. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b26e9f.PubMedPubMedCentral Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF: Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (9): 884-893. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b26e9f.PubMedPubMedCentral
52.
go back to reference Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Schneider J: Methylphenidate in children with oppositional defiant disorder and both comorbid chronic multiple tic disorder and ADHD. J Child Neurol. 2008, 23 (9): 981-990. 10.1177/0883073808315412.PubMed Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Schneider J: Methylphenidate in children with oppositional defiant disorder and both comorbid chronic multiple tic disorder and ADHD. J Child Neurol. 2008, 23 (9): 981-990. 10.1177/0883073808315412.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Sonuga-Barke EJ, Coghill D, Wigal T, DeBacker M, Swanson J: Adverse reactions to methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: structure and associations with clinical characteristics and symptom control. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 683-690. 10.1089/cap.2009.0024.PubMed Sonuga-Barke EJ, Coghill D, Wigal T, DeBacker M, Swanson J: Adverse reactions to methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: structure and associations with clinical characteristics and symptom control. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 683-690. 10.1089/cap.2009.0024.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Yu ZJ, Parker-Kotler C, Tran K, Weller RA, Weller EB: Peripheral vasculopathy associated with psychostimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010, 12 (2): 111-115. 10.1007/s11920-010-0093-y.PubMed Yu ZJ, Parker-Kotler C, Tran K, Weller RA, Weller EB: Peripheral vasculopathy associated with psychostimulant treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2010, 12 (2): 111-115. 10.1007/s11920-010-0093-y.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Hammerness P, Wilens T, Mick E, Spencer T, Doyle R, McCreary M, Becker J, Biederman J: Cardiovascular effects of longer-term, high-dose OROS methylphenidate in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2009, 155 (1): 84-89, 89 e81. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.008.PubMed Hammerness P, Wilens T, Mick E, Spencer T, Doyle R, McCreary M, Becker J, Biederman J: Cardiovascular effects of longer-term, high-dose OROS methylphenidate in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2009, 155 (1): 84-89, 89 e81. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.02.008.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Mahon AD, Stephens BR, Cole AS: Exercise responses in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: effects of stimulant medication. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12 (2): 170-176.PubMed Mahon AD, Stephens BR, Cole AS: Exercise responses in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: effects of stimulant medication. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12 (2): 170-176.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J, Saidi A: Cardiac safety of methylphenidate versus amphetamine salts in the treatment of ADHD. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (1): e75-80. 10.1542/peds.2008-3138.PubMed Winterstein AG, Gerhard T, Shuster J, Saidi A: Cardiac safety of methylphenidate versus amphetamine salts in the treatment of ADHD. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (1): e75-80. 10.1542/peds.2008-3138.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Warren AE, Hamilton RM, Belanger SA, Gray C, Gow RM, Sanatani S, Cote JM, Lougheed J, LeBlanc J, Martin S, et al: Cardiac risk assessment before the use of stimulant medications in children and youth: A joint position statement by the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Can J Cardiol. 2009, 25 (11): 625-630. 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70157-6.PubMedPubMedCentral Warren AE, Hamilton RM, Belanger SA, Gray C, Gow RM, Sanatani S, Cote JM, Lougheed J, LeBlanc J, Martin S, et al: Cardiac risk assessment before the use of stimulant medications in children and youth: A joint position statement by the Canadian Paediatric Society, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Can J Cardiol. 2009, 25 (11): 625-630. 10.1016/S0828-282X(09)70157-6.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
go back to reference Banaschewski T: Joint position of the Guideline Group of the European Network for Hyperkintetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS) and the German Central ADHD Network for ECG Recording on methylphenidate prescriptions. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2008, 36 (6): 437-439.PubMed Banaschewski T: Joint position of the Guideline Group of the European Network for Hyperkintetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS) and the German Central ADHD Network for ECG Recording on methylphenidate prescriptions. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2008, 36 (6): 437-439.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Ponsa I, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribases M, Bosch R, Bielsa A, Ordeig MT, Morell M, Miro R, de Cid R, Estivill X, et al: Absence of cytogenetic effects in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with methylphenidate. Mutat Res. 2009, 666 (1-2): 44-49.PubMed Ponsa I, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribases M, Bosch R, Bielsa A, Ordeig MT, Morell M, Miro R, de Cid R, Estivill X, et al: Absence of cytogenetic effects in children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with methylphenidate. Mutat Res. 2009, 666 (1-2): 44-49.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Walitza S, Kampf K, Artamonov N, Romanos M, Gnana Oli R, Wirth S, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Stopper H: No elevated genomic damage in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder after methylphenidate therapy. Toxicol Lett. 2009, 184 (1): 38-43. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.011.PubMed Walitza S, Kampf K, Artamonov N, Romanos M, Gnana Oli R, Wirth S, Warnke A, Gerlach M, Stopper H: No elevated genomic damage in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder after methylphenidate therapy. Toxicol Lett. 2009, 184 (1): 38-43. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.011.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ: Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 47 (9): 994-1009.PubMed Faraone SV, Biederman J, Morley CP, Spencer TJ: Effect of stimulants on height and weight: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 47 (9): 994-1009.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, Dopfner M, Hamilton R, Hollis C, Holtmann M, et al: European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011, 20 (1): 17-37. 10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6.PubMed Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, Dopfner M, Hamilton R, Hollis C, Holtmann M, et al: European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011, 20 (1): 17-37. 10.1007/s00787-010-0140-6.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Setlik J, Bond GR, Ho M: Adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse is rising along with prescriptions for these medications. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (3): 875-880. 10.1542/peds.2008-0931.PubMed Setlik J, Bond GR, Ho M: Adolescent prescription ADHD medication abuse is rising along with prescriptions for these medications. Pediatrics. 2009, 124 (3): 875-880. 10.1542/peds.2008-0931.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hoyle RH, McCabe SE, Swartzwelder HS: The misuse and diversion of prescribed ADHD medications by college students. J Atten Disord. 2009, 13 (2): 144-153. 10.1177/1087054708320414.PubMed Rabiner DL, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hoyle RH, McCabe SE, Swartzwelder HS: The misuse and diversion of prescribed ADHD medications by college students. J Atten Disord. 2009, 13 (2): 144-153. 10.1177/1087054708320414.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Wilens TE: Effect of stimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on later substance use and the potential for stimulant misuse, abuse, and diversion. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007, 68 (Suppl 11): 15-22.PubMed Faraone SV, Wilens TE: Effect of stimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on later substance use and the potential for stimulant misuse, abuse, and diversion. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007, 68 (Suppl 11): 15-22.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Kollins SH: ADHD, substance use disorders, and psychostimulant treatment: current literature and treatment guidelines. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12 (2): 115-125.PubMed Kollins SH: ADHD, substance use disorders, and psychostimulant treatment: current literature and treatment guidelines. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12 (2): 115-125.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Najib J: The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Clin Ther. 2009, 31 (1): 142-176. 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.015.PubMed Najib J: The efficacy and safety profile of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, a prodrug of d-amphetamine, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Clin Ther. 2009, 31 (1): 142-176. 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.015.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Antonucci D, Kunins C, Manos M, Lopez FA, Kerney DL: Assessing effects of treatment with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for pediatric ADHD using a parental survey. CNS Spectr. 2010, 15 (4): 248-256.PubMed Antonucci D, Kunins C, Manos M, Lopez FA, Kerney DL: Assessing effects of treatment with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for pediatric ADHD using a parental survey. CNS Spectr. 2010, 15 (4): 248-256.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Findling RL, Ginsberg LD, Jain R, Gao J: Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label, dose-optimization study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 649-662. 10.1089/cap.2008.0165.PubMed Findling RL, Ginsberg LD, Jain R, Gao J: Effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label, dose-optimization study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 649-662. 10.1089/cap.2008.0165.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Kollins SH, Glatt SJ: Effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate treatment for ADHD on growth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 49 (1): 24-32. Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Kollins SH, Glatt SJ: Effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate treatment for ADHD on growth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 49 (1): 24-32.
72.
go back to reference Boellner SW, Stark JG, Krishnan S, Zhang Y: Pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its active metabolite, d-amphetamine, with increasing oral doses of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study. Clin Ther. 32 (2): 252-264. Boellner SW, Stark JG, Krishnan S, Zhang Y: Pharmacokinetics of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and its active metabolite, d-amphetamine, with increasing oral doses of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study. Clin Ther. 32 (2): 252-264.
73.
go back to reference Kahbazi M, Ghoreishi A, Rahiminejad F, Mohammadi MR, Kamalipour A, Akhondzadeh S: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial of modafinil in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2009, 168 (3): 234-237. 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.024.PubMed Kahbazi M, Ghoreishi A, Rahiminejad F, Mohammadi MR, Kamalipour A, Akhondzadeh S: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial of modafinil in children and adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2009, 168 (3): 234-237. 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.024.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Arabgol F, Panaghi L, Hebrani P: Reboxetine versus methylphenidate in treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (1): 53-59. 10.1007/s00787-008-0705-9.PubMed Arabgol F, Panaghi L, Hebrani P: Reboxetine versus methylphenidate in treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (1): 53-59. 10.1007/s00787-008-0705-9.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Cohen-Yavin I, Yoran-Hegesh R, Strous RD, Kotler M, Weizman A, Spivak B: Efficacy of reboxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in boys with intolerance to methylphenidate: an open-label, 8-week, methylphenidate-controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009, 32 (4): 179-182. 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318183796d.PubMed Cohen-Yavin I, Yoran-Hegesh R, Strous RD, Kotler M, Weizman A, Spivak B: Efficacy of reboxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in boys with intolerance to methylphenidate: an open-label, 8-week, methylphenidate-controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009, 32 (4): 179-182. 10.1097/WNF.0b013e318183796d.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Newcorn JH, Sutton VK, Weiss MD, Sumner CR: Clinical responses to atomoxetine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the Integrated Data Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (5): 511-518. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c55b2.PubMed Newcorn JH, Sutton VK, Weiss MD, Sumner CR: Clinical responses to atomoxetine in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the Integrated Data Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (5): 511-518. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c55b2.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM: Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2009, 11 (3): 203-226. 10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005.PubMed Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM: Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2009, 11 (3): 203-226. 10.2165/00148581-200911030-00005.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Svanborg P, Thernlund G, Gustafsson PA, Hagglof B, Poole L, Kadesjo B: Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine as add-on to psychoeducation in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in stimulant-naive Swedish children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (4): 240-249. 10.1007/s00787-008-0725-5.PubMed Svanborg P, Thernlund G, Gustafsson PA, Hagglof B, Poole L, Kadesjo B: Efficacy and safety of atomoxetine as add-on to psychoeducation in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in stimulant-naive Swedish children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (4): 240-249. 10.1007/s00787-008-0725-5.PubMed
79.
go back to reference Martenyi F, Zavadenko NN, Jarkova NB, Yarosh AA, Soldatenkova VO, Bardenstein LM, Kozlova IA, Neznanov NG, Maslova OI, Petrukhin AS, et al: Atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in Russia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010, 19 (1): 57-66. 10.1007/s00787-009-0042-7.PubMed Martenyi F, Zavadenko NN, Jarkova NB, Yarosh AA, Soldatenkova VO, Bardenstein LM, Kozlova IA, Neznanov NG, Maslova OI, Petrukhin AS, et al: Atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in Russia. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010, 19 (1): 57-66. 10.1007/s00787-009-0042-7.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Takahashi M, Takita Y, Yamazaki K, Hayashi T, Ichikawa H, Kambayashi Y, Koeda T, Oki J, Saito K, Takeshita K, et al: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in Japanese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (4): 341-350. 10.1089/cap.2008.0154.PubMed Takahashi M, Takita Y, Yamazaki K, Hayashi T, Ichikawa H, Kambayashi Y, Koeda T, Oki J, Saito K, Takeshita K, et al: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of atomoxetine in Japanese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (4): 341-350. 10.1089/cap.2008.0154.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Durell TM, Pumariega AJ, Rothe EM, Tamayo JM, Baron D, Williams D: Effects of open-label atomoxetine on African-American and Caucasian pediatric outpatients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 21 (1): 26-37.PubMed Durell TM, Pumariega AJ, Rothe EM, Tamayo JM, Baron D, Williams D: Effects of open-label atomoxetine on African-American and Caucasian pediatric outpatients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 21 (1): 26-37.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Dell'Agnello G, Maschietto D, Bravaccio C, Calamoneri F, Masi G, Curatolo P, Besana D, Mancini F, Rossi A, Poole L, et al: Atomoxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: A placebo-controlled Italian study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (11): 822-834. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.07.008.PubMed Dell'Agnello G, Maschietto D, Bravaccio C, Calamoneri F, Masi G, Curatolo P, Besana D, Mancini F, Rossi A, Poole L, et al: Atomoxetine hydrochloride in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: A placebo-controlled Italian study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (11): 822-834. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.07.008.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Hammerness P, Doyle R, Kotarski M, Georgiopoulos A, Joshi G, Zeitlin S, Biederman J: Atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with prior stimulant therapy: a prospective open-label study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (8): 493-498. 10.1007/s00787-009-0017-8.PubMed Hammerness P, Doyle R, Kotarski M, Georgiopoulos A, Joshi G, Zeitlin S, Biederman J: Atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with prior stimulant therapy: a prospective open-label study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 18 (8): 493-498. 10.1007/s00787-009-0017-8.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Block SL, Kelsey D, Coury D, Lewis D, Quintana H, Sutton V, Schuh K, Allen AJ, Sumner C: Once-daily atomoxetine for treating pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: comparison of morning and evening dosing. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009, 48 (7): 723-733. 10.1177/0009922809335321. Block SL, Kelsey D, Coury D, Lewis D, Quintana H, Sutton V, Schuh K, Allen AJ, Sumner C: Once-daily atomoxetine for treating pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: comparison of morning and evening dosing. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009, 48 (7): 723-733. 10.1177/0009922809335321.
85.
go back to reference Wietecha LA, Williams DW, Herbert M, Melmed RD, Greenbaum M, Schuh K: Atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 719-730. 10.1089/cap.2008.074.PubMed Wietecha LA, Williams DW, Herbert M, Melmed RD, Greenbaum M, Schuh K: Atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (6): 719-730. 10.1089/cap.2008.074.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Paxton GA, Cranswick NE: Acute suicidality after commencing atomoxetine. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008, 44 (10): 596-598. 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01389.x.PubMed Paxton GA, Cranswick NE: Acute suicidality after commencing atomoxetine. J Paediatr Child Health. 2008, 44 (10): 596-598. 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01389.x.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Whalen CK, Henker B, Ishikawa SS, Emmerson NA, Swindle R, Johnston JA: Atomoxetine versus stimulants in the community treatment of children with ADHD: an electronic diary study. J Atten Disord. 2010, 13 (4): 391-400. 10.1177/1087054708325118.PubMed Whalen CK, Henker B, Ishikawa SS, Emmerson NA, Swindle R, Johnston JA: Atomoxetine versus stimulants in the community treatment of children with ADHD: an electronic diary study. J Atten Disord. 2010, 13 (4): 391-400. 10.1177/1087054708325118.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Buitelaar JK, Wilens TE, Zhang S, Ning Y, Feldman PD: Comparison of symptomatic versus functional changes in children and adolescents with ADHD during randomized, double-blind treatment with psychostimulants, atomoxetine, or placebo. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009, 50 (3): 335-342. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01960.x.PubMed Buitelaar JK, Wilens TE, Zhang S, Ning Y, Feldman PD: Comparison of symptomatic versus functional changes in children and adolescents with ADHD during randomized, double-blind treatment with psychostimulants, atomoxetine, or placebo. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009, 50 (3): 335-342. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01960.x.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Scahill L: Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in children with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. CNS Drugs. 2009, 23 (Suppl 1): 43-49.PubMed Scahill L: Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in children with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. CNS Drugs. 2009, 23 (Suppl 1): 43-49.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, Donahue J, Lyne A, Biederman J: Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (2): 155-165. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318191769e.PubMed Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, Donahue J, Lyne A, Biederman J: Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009, 48 (2): 155-165. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318191769e.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Konow J, Lyne A, Scherer N: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2008, 121 (1): e73-84. 10.1542/peds.2006-3695.PubMed Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Konow J, Lyne A, Scherer N: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2008, 121 (1): e73-84. 10.1542/peds.2006-3695.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Sallee FR, Lyne A, Wigal T, McGough JJ: Long-term safety and efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (3): 215-226. 10.1089/cap.2008.0080.PubMed Sallee FR, Lyne A, Wigal T, McGough JJ: Long-term safety and efficacy of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (3): 215-226. 10.1089/cap.2008.0080.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Donahue J, Lyne A: Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr. 2008, 13 (12): 1047-1055.PubMed Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Donahue J, Lyne A: Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectr. 2008, 13 (12): 1047-1055.PubMed
94.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Glatt SJ: Effects of extended-release guanfacine on ADHD symptoms and sedation-related adverse events in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2010, 13 (5): 532-538. 10.1177/1087054709332472.PubMed Faraone SV, Glatt SJ: Effects of extended-release guanfacine on ADHD symptoms and sedation-related adverse events in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2010, 13 (5): 532-538. 10.1177/1087054709332472.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Cannon M, Pelham WH, Sallee FR, Palumbo DR, Bukstein O, Daviss WB: Effects of clonidine and methylphenidate on family quality of life in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 511-517. 10.1089/cap.2009.0008.PubMedPubMedCentral Cannon M, Pelham WH, Sallee FR, Palumbo DR, Bukstein O, Daviss WB: Effects of clonidine and methylphenidate on family quality of life in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 511-517. 10.1089/cap.2009.0008.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
go back to reference Spencer TJ, Greenbaum M, Ginsberg LD, Murphy WR: Safety and effectiveness of coadministration of guanfacine extended release and psychostimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 501-510. 10.1089/cap.2008.0152.PubMedPubMedCentral Spencer TJ, Greenbaum M, Ginsberg LD, Murphy WR: Safety and effectiveness of coadministration of guanfacine extended release and psychostimulants in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 501-510. 10.1089/cap.2008.0152.PubMedPubMedCentral
97.
go back to reference Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Utzinger L, Schillinger M, Georgiopoulous A, Doyle RL, Martelon M, Brodziak K: An open study of adjunct OROS-methylphenidate in children and adolescents who are atomoxetine partial responders: I. Effectiveness. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 485-492. 10.1089/cap.2008.0125.PubMedPubMedCentral Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Utzinger L, Schillinger M, Georgiopoulous A, Doyle RL, Martelon M, Brodziak K: An open study of adjunct OROS-methylphenidate in children and adolescents who are atomoxetine partial responders: I. Effectiveness. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 485-492. 10.1089/cap.2008.0125.PubMedPubMedCentral
98.
go back to reference Frolich J, Lehmkuhl G, Dopfner M: Algorithms for the medical treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with specific co-morbidities. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2010, 38 (1): 7-20. 10.1024/1422-4917.a000002.PubMed Frolich J, Lehmkuhl G, Dopfner M: Algorithms for the medical treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with specific co-morbidities. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2010, 38 (1): 7-20. 10.1024/1422-4917.a000002.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Chang K, Nayar D, Howe M, Rana M: Atomoxetine as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 547-551. 10.1089/cap.2009.0030.PubMed Chang K, Nayar D, Howe M, Rana M: Atomoxetine as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 547-551. 10.1089/cap.2009.0030.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Rohde LA: Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 553-561. 10.1089/cap.2009.0037.PubMed Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Rohde LA: Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 553-561. 10.1089/cap.2009.0037.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A: Influence of methylphenidate treatment on smoking behavior in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity and borderline personality disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009, 32 (5): 239-242. 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181a5d075.PubMed Golubchik P, Sever J, Weizman A: Influence of methylphenidate treatment on smoking behavior in adolescent girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity and borderline personality disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009, 32 (5): 239-242. 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181a5d075.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Weiss M, Panagiotopoulos C, Giles L, Gibbins C, Kuzeljevic B, Davidson J, Harrison R: A naturalistic study of predictors and risks of atypical antipsychotic use in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder clinic. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 575-582. 10.1089/cap.2009.0050.PubMed Weiss M, Panagiotopoulos C, Giles L, Gibbins C, Kuzeljevic B, Davidson J, Harrison R: A naturalistic study of predictors and risks of atypical antipsychotic use in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder clinic. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (5): 575-582. 10.1089/cap.2009.0050.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS, Pliszka SR, Kafantaris V: Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009, 166 (12): 1392-1401. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020233.PubMedPubMedCentral Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS, Pliszka SR, Kafantaris V: Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009, 166 (12): 1392-1401. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020233.PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
go back to reference Aman MG, Farmer CA, Hollway J, Arnold LE: Treatment of inattention, overactivity, and impulsiveness in autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008, 17 (4): 713-738, vii. 10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.009.PubMedPubMedCentral Aman MG, Farmer CA, Hollway J, Arnold LE: Treatment of inattention, overactivity, and impulsiveness in autism spectrum disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008, 17 (4): 713-738, vii. 10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.009.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
go back to reference Lan Y, Zhang LL, Luo R: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine and methylphenidate. J Int Med Res. 2009, 37 (3): 939-948.PubMed Lan Y, Zhang LL, Luo R: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: comparative efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine and methylphenidate. J Int Med Res. 2009, 37 (3): 939-948.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Niederhofer H: Ginkgo biloba treating patients with attention-deficit disorder. Phytother Res. 2010, 24 (1): 26-27. 10.1002/ptr.2854.PubMed Niederhofer H: Ginkgo biloba treating patients with attention-deficit disorder. Phytother Res. 2010, 24 (1): 26-27. 10.1002/ptr.2854.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Salehi B, Imani R, Mohammadi MR, Fallah J, Mohammadi M, Ghanizadeh A, Tasviechi AA, Vossoughi A, Rezazadeh SA, Akhondzadeh S: Ginkgo biloba for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 34 (1): 76-80. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.09.026.PubMed Salehi B, Imani R, Mohammadi MR, Fallah J, Mohammadi M, Ghanizadeh A, Tasviechi AA, Vossoughi A, Rezazadeh SA, Akhondzadeh S: Ginkgo biloba for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a double blind, randomized controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 34 (1): 76-80. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.09.026.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Raz R, Carasso RL, Yehuda S: The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (2): 167-177. 10.1089/cap.2008.070.PubMed Raz R, Carasso RL, Yehuda S: The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009, 19 (2): 167-177. 10.1089/cap.2008.070.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Johnson M, Ostlund S, Fransson G, Kadesjo B, Gillberg C: Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 394-401. 10.1177/1087054708316261.PubMed Johnson M, Ostlund S, Fransson G, Kadesjo B, Gillberg C: Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 394-401. 10.1177/1087054708316261.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A: Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2009, 40 (3): 180-189.PubMed Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A: Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2009, 40 (3): 180-189.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, Johnson M, Gustafsson P, Dahlstrom K, Gillberg CG, Forssberg H, Westerberg H: Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD--a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005, 44 (2): 177-186. 10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010.PubMed Klingberg T, Fernell E, Olesen PJ, Johnson M, Gustafsson P, Dahlstrom K, Gillberg CG, Forssberg H, Westerberg H: Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD--a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005, 44 (2): 177-186. 10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugue M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, et al: European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010, 10: 67-10.1186/1471-244X-10-67.PubMedPubMedCentral Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugue M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, et al: European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 2010, 10: 67-10.1186/1471-244X-10-67.PubMedPubMedCentral
113.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Glatt SJ: A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 71 (6): 754-763.PubMed Faraone SV, Glatt SJ: A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 71 (6): 754-763.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Cascade E, Kalali AH, Weisler RH: Short-acting versus long-acting medications for the treatment of ADHD. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008, 5 (8): 24-27. Cascade E, Kalali AH, Weisler RH: Short-acting versus long-acting medications for the treatment of ADHD. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008, 5 (8): 24-27.
115.
go back to reference Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S: Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 47 (1): 21-31. 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1.PubMed Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S: Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008, 47 (1): 21-31. 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Antshel KM, Barkley R: Psychosocial interventions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008, 17 (2): 421-437, x. 10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.005.PubMed Antshel KM, Barkley R: Psychosocial interventions in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2008, 17 (2): 421-437, x. 10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.005.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Ilardi SS, Craighead WE: The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 1994, 1: 138-156. 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x. Ilardi SS, Craighead WE: The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavior therapy for depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 1994, 1: 138-156. 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x.
118.
go back to reference Blagys MD, Hilsenroth MJ: Distinctive activities of cognitive-behavioral therapy. A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002, 22 (5): 671-706. 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00117-9.PubMed Blagys MD, Hilsenroth MJ: Distinctive activities of cognitive-behavioral therapy. A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002, 22 (5): 671-706. 10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00117-9.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Safren SA, Sprich S, Mimiaga MJ, Surman C, Knouse L, Groves M, Otto MW: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2010, 304 (8): 875-880. 10.1001/jama.2010.1192.PubMedPubMedCentral Safren SA, Sprich S, Mimiaga MJ, Surman C, Knouse L, Groves M, Otto MW: Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2010, 304 (8): 875-880. 10.1001/jama.2010.1192.PubMedPubMedCentral
120.
go back to reference Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, McCartan D, Xenitidis K: Evaluation of group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 434-441. 10.1177/1087054708314596.PubMed Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, McCartan D, Xenitidis K: Evaluation of group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12 (5): 434-441. 10.1177/1087054708314596.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ, Wasserstein J, Kofman MD: Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008, 11 (6): 728-736.PubMed Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ, Wasserstein J, Kofman MD: Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2008, 11 (6): 728-736.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Wilens TE, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Martelon M, Westerberg D, Spencer TJ: Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 70 (11): 1557-1562. 10.4088/JCP.08m04785pur.PubMedPubMedCentral Wilens TE, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Martelon M, Westerberg D, Spencer TJ: Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009, 70 (11): 1557-1562. 10.4088/JCP.08m04785pur.PubMedPubMedCentral
123.
go back to reference Kadesjo B, Gillberg C: The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001, 42 (4): 487-492. 10.1111/1469-7610.00742.PubMed Kadesjo B, Gillberg C: The comorbidity of ADHD in the general population of Swedish school-age children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001, 42 (4): 487-492. 10.1111/1469-7610.00742.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Fliers EA, Martin NC, Buschgens CJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J: Comorbid problems in ADHD: degree of association, shared endophenotypes, and formation of distinct subtypes. Implications for a future DSM. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009, 37 (6): 793-804. 10.1007/s10802-009-9312-6.PubMedPubMedCentral Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Fliers EA, Martin NC, Buschgens CJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Faraone SV, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J: Comorbid problems in ADHD: degree of association, shared endophenotypes, and formation of distinct subtypes. Implications for a future DSM. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2009, 37 (6): 793-804. 10.1007/s10802-009-9312-6.PubMedPubMedCentral
125.
go back to reference Lavigne JV, Lebailly SA, Hopkins J, Gouze KR, Binns HJ: The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009, 38 (3): 315-328. 10.1080/15374410902851382.PubMed Lavigne JV, Lebailly SA, Hopkins J, Gouze KR, Binns HJ: The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-olds. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2009, 38 (3): 315-328. 10.1080/15374410902851382.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS: Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders?. Psychiatry Res. 1991, 36 (2): 141-155. 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90126-A.PubMed Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS: Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders?. Psychiatry Res. 1991, 36 (2): 141-155. 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90126-A.PubMed
127.
go back to reference DuPaul GJ, Rapport MD: Does methylphenidate normalize the classroom performance of children with attention deficit disorder?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993, 32 (1): 190-198. 10.1097/00004583-199301000-00027.PubMed DuPaul GJ, Rapport MD: Does methylphenidate normalize the classroom performance of children with attention deficit disorder?. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993, 32 (1): 190-198. 10.1097/00004583-199301000-00027.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, et al: Medication treatment strategies in the MTA Study: relevance to clinicians and researchers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996, 35 (10): 1304-1313. 10.1097/00004583-199610000-00017.PubMed Greenhill LL, Abikoff HB, Arnold LE, Cantwell DP, Conners CK, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hinshaw SP, Hoza B, Jensen PS, et al: Medication treatment strategies in the MTA Study: relevance to clinicians and researchers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996, 35 (10): 1304-1313. 10.1097/00004583-199610000-00017.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Barkley RA, Murphy K, Fischer M: ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. 2008, New York: Guilford Press Barkley RA, Murphy K, Fischer M: ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says. 2008, New York: Guilford Press
130.
go back to reference Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K: The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 62 (9): 954-962. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.030.PubMed Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K: The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 62 (9): 954-962. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.030.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Swanson J: Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs. 2003, 17 (2): 117-131. 10.2165/00023210-200317020-00004.PubMed Swanson J: Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs. 2003, 17 (2): 117-131. 10.2165/00023210-200317020-00004.PubMed
132.
go back to reference McGough JJ: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacogenomics. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57 (11): 1367-1373. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.021.PubMed McGough JJ: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacogenomics. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57 (11): 1367-1373. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.021.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Mick E, McGough JJ, Middleton FA, Neale B, Faraone SV: Genome-wide association study of blood pressure response to methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Mick E, McGough JJ, Middleton FA, Neale B, Faraone SV: Genome-wide association study of blood pressure response to methylphenidate treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011
134.
go back to reference Mick E, Neale B, Middleton FA, McGough JJ, Faraone SV: Genome-wide association study of response to methylphenidate in 187 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008, 147B (8): 1412-1418. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30865.PubMed Mick E, Neale B, Middleton FA, McGough JJ, Faraone SV: Genome-wide association study of response to methylphenidate in 187 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008, 147B (8): 1412-1418. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30865.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Advances in understanding and treating ADHD
Authors
Kevin M Antshel
Teresa M Hargrave
Mihai Simonescu
Prashant Kaul
Kaitlin Hendricks
Stephen V Faraone
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Medicine / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1741-7015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-72

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

BMC Medicine 1/2011 Go to the issue