Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Neuropsychology Review 1/2010

01-03-2010 | Review

Adult Chronic Kidney Disease: Neurocognition in Chronic Renal Failure

Authors: Nikhil S. Koushik, Steven F. McArthur, Anne D. Baird

Published in: Neuropsychology Review | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

In recent years there has been a keen interest in the neurocognitive sequelae of renal failure and subsequent end-stage renal disease given its increasing prevalence and incidence. This review article summarizes the relevant information on cognitive functioning in chronic kidney disease in adults before the initiation of dialysis, after the initiation of dialysis, and after renal transplantation. In general, compared to pre-dialysis, there is an improvement in cognitive function after the institution of dialysis and further improvement after renal transplantation. Throughout the paper an attempt is made to highlight the importance of considering disease related variables in the neuropsychological assessment of individuals with chronic kidney disease. The paper concludes with a discussion of future avenues of research.
Literature
go back to reference Adamczak, M., Zeier, M., Dikow, R., & Ritz, E. (2002). Kidney and hypertension. Kidney International, 61, S62–S67.CrossRef Adamczak, M., Zeier, M., Dikow, R., & Ritz, E. (2002). Kidney and hypertension. Kidney International, 61, S62–S67.CrossRef
go back to reference Atkins, R. C. (2005). The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 94, S14–S18.PubMedCrossRef Atkins, R. C. (2005). The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 94, S14–S18.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Benetoli, A., Pagnelli, A. R., Giordani, F., Lima, K. C. M., Filho, L. A. F., & Milani, H. (2004). Effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on ischemia-induced brain damage and memory dysfunction in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 77, 607–615.CrossRef Benetoli, A., Pagnelli, A. R., Giordani, F., Lima, K. C. M., Filho, L. A. F., & Milani, H. (2004). Effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on ischemia-induced brain damage and memory dysfunction in rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour, 77, 607–615.CrossRef
go back to reference Benton, A. L. (1974). Revised visual retention test (4th ed.). New York: Psychological Corporation. Benton, A. L. (1974). Revised visual retention test (4th ed.). New York: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. S. (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination (revised). Iowa: University of Iowa. Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. S. (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination (revised). Iowa: University of Iowa.
go back to reference Bermond, B., Surachno, S., Lok, A., Berge, I. J. M., Plasmans, B., Kox, C., et al. (2005). Memory functions in prednisone-treated kidney transplant patients. Clinical Transplantation, 19, 512–517.PubMedCrossRef Bermond, B., Surachno, S., Lok, A., Berge, I. J. M., Plasmans, B., Kox, C., et al. (2005). Memory functions in prednisone-treated kidney transplant patients. Clinical Transplantation, 19, 512–517.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Blatt, B., & Tsushima, W. T. (1966). A psychological survey of uremic patients being considered for the chronic hemodialysis program: intellectual and emotional patterns in uremic patients. Nephron, 3, 206–208.PubMedCrossRef Blatt, B., & Tsushima, W. T. (1966). A psychological survey of uremic patients being considered for the chronic hemodialysis program: intellectual and emotional patterns in uremic patients. Nephron, 3, 206–208.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Burrows-Hudson, S. (2005). Chronic kidney disease: an overview, early and aggressive treatment is vital. American Journal of Nursing, 105, 40–49.PubMed Burrows-Hudson, S. (2005). Chronic kidney disease: an overview, early and aggressive treatment is vital. American Journal of Nursing, 105, 40–49.PubMed
go back to reference Carmori, M. L., & Mauer, M. (2003). Diabetes and nephropathy. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 12, 273–282.CrossRef Carmori, M. L., & Mauer, M. (2003). Diabetes and nephropathy. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 12, 273–282.CrossRef
go back to reference Christe, W. (1994). Neurological disorders in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings, 26, 3175–3176.PubMed Christe, W. (1994). Neurological disorders in liver and kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings, 26, 3175–3176.PubMed
go back to reference Churchill, D. N., Bird, D. R., Taylor, D. W., Beecroft, M. L., Gorman, J., & Wallace, J. E. (1992). Effect of high-flux hemodialysis on quality of life and neuropsychological function in chronic hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology, 12, 412–418.PubMedCrossRef Churchill, D. N., Bird, D. R., Taylor, D. W., Beecroft, M. L., Gorman, J., & Wallace, J. E. (1992). Effect of high-flux hemodialysis on quality of life and neuropsychological function in chronic hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology, 12, 412–418.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cohen, J. A., & Raps, E. C. (1995). Critical neurologic illness in the immunocompromised patient. Neurologic Critical Care, 13, 659–677. Cohen, J. A., & Raps, E. C. (1995). Critical neurologic illness in the immunocompromised patient. Neurologic Critical Care, 13, 659–677.
go back to reference Comty, C. M., Leonard, A., & Shapiro, F. L. (1974). Psychosocial problems in dialyzed diabetic patients. Kidney International, 1, 144–151.PubMed Comty, C. M., Leonard, A., & Shapiro, F. L. (1974). Psychosocial problems in dialyzed diabetic patients. Kidney International, 1, 144–151.PubMed
go back to reference Conners, K. (1992). Conners’ continuous performance test manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. Conners, K. (1992). Conners’ continuous performance test manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
go back to reference Craven, J. L. (1991). Cyclosporine-associated organic mental disorders in liver transplant recipients. Psychosomatics, 32, 94–101.PubMed Craven, J. L. (1991). Cyclosporine-associated organic mental disorders in liver transplant recipients. Psychosomatics, 32, 94–101.PubMed
go back to reference Culleton, B. F., Walsh, M., Klarenbach, S. W., Mortis, G., Scott-Douglas, N., Quinn, R. R., et al. (2007). Effect of frequent nocturnal hemodialysis vs. conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular mass and quality of life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1291–1299.PubMedCrossRef Culleton, B. F., Walsh, M., Klarenbach, S. W., Mortis, G., Scott-Douglas, N., Quinn, R. R., et al. (2007). Effect of frequent nocturnal hemodialysis vs. conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular mass and quality of life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 1291–1299.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cunnard, R., & Kelly, C. J. (2003). Immune-mediated renal disease. Journal of allergy and clinical rheumatology, 111, S637–644. Cunnard, R., & Kelly, C. J. (2003). Immune-mediated renal disease. Journal of allergy and clinical rheumatology, 111, S637–644.
go back to reference Cusmano, F., & Savazzi, G. M. (1986). Cerebral computed tomography in uremic and hemodialyzed patients. Journal of the Computer Assisted Tomography, 10, 567–570.CrossRef Cusmano, F., & Savazzi, G. M. (1986). Cerebral computed tomography in uremic and hemodialyzed patients. Journal of the Computer Assisted Tomography, 10, 567–570.CrossRef
go back to reference Dahm, K. J., & Cooper, M. E. (2002). Hypertension and diabetes. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 11, 221–228.CrossRef Dahm, K. J., & Cooper, M. E. (2002). Hypertension and diabetes. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 11, 221–228.CrossRef
go back to reference Danovitch, G. (2005). Handbook of kidney transplantation. Philadelphia: Lipincott, Williams and Watkins. Danovitch, G. (2005). Handbook of kidney transplantation. Philadelphia: Lipincott, Williams and Watkins.
go back to reference Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1987). California verbal learning test. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1987). California verbal learning test. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). California verbal learning test- second edition, adult version. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (2000). California verbal learning test- second edition, adult version. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan executive function system. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan executive function system. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference DiMartini, A., Pajer, K., Trzepacz, P., Fung, J., Starzi, T., & Tringali, R. (1991). Psychiatric morbidity in liver transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings, 23, 3179–3180.PubMed DiMartini, A., Pajer, K., Trzepacz, P., Fung, J., Starzi, T., & Tringali, R. (1991). Psychiatric morbidity in liver transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings, 23, 3179–3180.PubMed
go back to reference Dodrill, C. B. (1978). A neuropsychological battery for epilepsy. Epilepsy, 19, 611–623.CrossRef Dodrill, C. B. (1978). A neuropsychological battery for epilepsy. Epilepsy, 19, 611–623.CrossRef
go back to reference Eaton, D. C., & Pooler, J .P. (2004). Vander’s renal physiology, 6th ed.. Lange Physiology Series. McGraw-Hill. Eaton, D. C., & Pooler, J .P. (2004). Vander’s renal physiology, 6th ed.. Lange Physiology Series. McGraw-Hill.
go back to reference El Nahas, A. M., & Bello, A. K. (2005). Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. The Lancet, 365, 331–340. El Nahas, A. M., & Bello, A. K. (2005). Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. The Lancet, 365, 331–340.
go back to reference Elias, M. F., Elias, P. K., Seliger, S. L., Narsipur, S. S., Dore, G. A., & Robbins, M. A. (2009). Chronic kidney disease, creatinine and cognitive functioning. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 1–7 (published ahead of print). Elias, M. F., Elias, P. K., Seliger, S. L., Narsipur, S. S., Dore, G. A., & Robbins, M. A. (2009). Chronic kidney disease, creatinine and cognitive functioning. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 1–7 (published ahead of print).
go back to reference English, A., Savage, R. D., Britton, P. G., Ward, M. K., & Kerr, D. N. S. (1978). Intellectual impairment in chronic renal failure. British Medical Journal, 1, 888–890.PubMedCrossRef English, A., Savage, R. D., Britton, P. G., Ward, M. K., & Kerr, D. N. S. (1978). Intellectual impairment in chronic renal failure. British Medical Journal, 1, 888–890.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Fiebiger, W., Mitterbauer, C., & Oberbauer, R. (2004). Health-related quality of life outcomes after kidney transplantation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 2, 1–6.CrossRef Fiebiger, W., Mitterbauer, C., & Oberbauer, R. (2004). Health-related quality of life outcomes after kidney transplantation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 2, 1–6.CrossRef
go back to reference Flack, J. M., Peters, R., Shafi, T., Alrefai, H., Nasser, S. A., & Crook, E. (2003). Prevention of hypertension and its complications: theoretical basis and guidelines for treatment. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14, S92–S98.PubMedCrossRef Flack, J. M., Peters, R., Shafi, T., Alrefai, H., Nasser, S. A., & Crook, E. (2003). Prevention of hypertension and its complications: theoretical basis and guidelines for treatment. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14, S92–S98.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRef Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRef
go back to reference Gelb, S., Shapiro, J. R., Hill, A., & Thornton, W. L. (2008). Cognitive outcome following kidney transplantation. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 23, 1032–1038.PubMedCrossRef Gelb, S., Shapiro, J. R., Hill, A., & Thornton, W. L. (2008). Cognitive outcome following kidney transplantation. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 23, 1032–1038.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gilli, P., & De Bastiani, P. (1983). Cognitive function and regular dialysis treatment. Clinical Nephrology, 19, 188–192.PubMed Gilli, P., & De Bastiani, P. (1983). Cognitive function and regular dialysis treatment. Clinical Nephrology, 19, 188–192.PubMed
go back to reference Ginn, H. E. (1975). Neurobehavioural dysfunction in uremia. Kidney International, 7, S217–S221. Ginn, H. E. (1975). Neurobehavioural dysfunction in uremia. Kidney International, 7, S217–S221.
go back to reference Ginn, H. E., Teschan, P. E., Walker, J. P., Bourne, J. R., Fristoe, M., Ward, J. W., et al. (1975). Neurotoxicity in uremia. Kidney International, 7, S357–S360. Ginn, H. E., Teschan, P. E., Walker, J. P., Bourne, J. R., Fristoe, M., Ward, J. W., et al. (1975). Neurotoxicity in uremia. Kidney International, 7, S357–S360.
go back to reference Glassock, R. J. (2004). The rising tide of end-stage renal disease: what can be done? Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 8, 291–296.PubMedCrossRef Glassock, R. J. (2004). The rising tide of end-stage renal disease: what can be done? Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 8, 291–296.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gokal, R., & Mallick, N. P. (1999). Peritoneal dialysis. The Lancet, 353, 823–828.CrossRef Gokal, R., & Mallick, N. P. (1999). Peritoneal dialysis. The Lancet, 353, 823–828.CrossRef
go back to reference Gold, S. M., Dziobek, I., Sweat, V., Tirsi, A., Rogers, K., Bruehl, H., et al. (2007). Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 50, 711–719.PubMedCrossRef Gold, S. M., Dziobek, I., Sweat, V., Tirsi, A., Rogers, K., Bruehl, H., et al. (2007). Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 50, 711–719.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Golden, J. C. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test. Chicago: Stoelting. Golden, J. C. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test. Chicago: Stoelting.
go back to reference Gordon, G., & Mettleman, B. (1987). Gordon diagnostic system. New York. Gordon, G., & Mettleman, B. (1987). Gordon diagnostic system. New York.
go back to reference Gotch, F. A., & Sargent, J. A. (1985). A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney International, 28, 526–534.PubMedCrossRef Gotch, F. A., & Sargent, J. A. (1985). A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney International, 28, 526–534.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Grimm, G., Stockenhuber, F., Schneweeiss, B., Madi, C., Zeitlhofer, J., & Schneider, B. (1990). Improvement in brain function in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney International, 38, 480–486.PubMedCrossRef Grimm, G., Stockenhuber, F., Schneweeiss, B., Madi, C., Zeitlhofer, J., & Schneider, B. (1990). Improvement in brain function in hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin. Kidney International, 38, 480–486.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Griva, K., Newman, S. P., Harrison, M. J., Hankins, M., Davenport, A., Hansraj, S., et al. (2003). Acute neuropsychological changes in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Health Psychology, 22, 570–578.PubMedCrossRef Griva, K., Newman, S. P., Harrison, M. J., Hankins, M., Davenport, A., Hansraj, S., et al. (2003). Acute neuropsychological changes in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Health Psychology, 22, 570–578.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Griva, K., Hansraj, S., Thomson, D., Jayasena, D., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., et al. (2004). Neuropsychological performance after kidney transplantation: a comparison between transplant types and in relation to dialysis and normative data. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 19, 1866–1874.PubMedCrossRef Griva, K., Hansraj, S., Thomson, D., Jayasena, D., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., et al. (2004). Neuropsychological performance after kidney transplantation: a comparison between transplant types and in relation to dialysis and normative data. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 19, 1866–1874.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Griva, K., Thompson, D., Jayasena, D., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., & Newman, S. P. (2006). Cognitive functioning pre- to post-kidney transplantation- a prospective study. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 21, 3275–3282.PubMedCrossRef Griva, K., Thompson, D., Jayasena, D., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., & Newman, S. P. (2006). Cognitive functioning pre- to post-kidney transplantation- a prospective study. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 21, 3275–3282.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977). Paced auditory serial addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual Motor Skills, 19, 87–95. Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977). Paced auditory serial addition task: a measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual Motor Skills, 19, 87–95.
go back to reference Hagberg, B. (1974). A prospective study of patients in chronic hemodialysis: predictive value of intelligence, cognitive deficit, and ego defense structures in rehabilitation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 18, 151–160.PubMedCrossRef Hagberg, B. (1974). A prospective study of patients in chronic hemodialysis: predictive value of intelligence, cognitive deficit, and ego defense structures in rehabilitation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 18, 151–160.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Hart, R. P., Pederson, J. A., Czerwinski, A. W., & Adams, R. L. (1983). Chronic renal failure, dialysis, and neuropsychological function. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 301–312.PubMedCrossRef Hart, R. P., Pederson, J. A., Czerwinski, A. W., & Adams, R. L. (1983). Chronic renal failure, dialysis, and neuropsychological function. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 301–312.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Harvey, J. N. (2003). Trends in the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in type I and type II diabetes. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 12, 317–322.PubMedCrossRef Harvey, J. N. (2003). Trends in the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in type I and type II diabetes. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 12, 317–322.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Himmelfarb, J. (2002). Success and challenge in dialysis therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 2068–2070.PubMedCrossRef Himmelfarb, J. (2002). Success and challenge in dialysis therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 2068–2070.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jassal, S. V., Devins, M., Chan, C. T., Bozanovic, R., & Rourke, S. (2006). Improvements in cognition in patients converting from thrice weekly hemodialysis to nocturnal hemodialysis: a longitudinal pilot study. Kidney International, 70, 956–962.PubMedCrossRef Jassal, S. V., Devins, M., Chan, C. T., Bozanovic, R., & Rourke, S. (2006). Improvements in cognition in patients converting from thrice weekly hemodialysis to nocturnal hemodialysis: a longitudinal pilot study. Kidney International, 70, 956–962.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Jassal, S. V., Roscoe, J., LeBlanc, D., Devins, G. M., & Rourke, S. (2008). Differential impairment of psychomotor efficiency and processing speed in patients with chronic kidney disease. International Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 40, 849–854.CrossRef Jassal, S. V., Roscoe, J., LeBlanc, D., Devins, G. M., & Rourke, S. (2008). Differential impairment of psychomotor efficiency and processing speed in patients with chronic kidney disease. International Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 40, 849–854.CrossRef
go back to reference Jones, C. A. (2003). Hypertension and renal dysfunction: NHANES-III. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14, S71–S75.PubMedCrossRef Jones, C. A. (2003). Hypertension and renal dysfunction: NHANES-III. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14, S71–S75.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kamata, T., Hishida, A., Takita, T., Sawada, K., Ikegaya, N., Maruyama, Y., et al. (2000). Morphologic abnormalities in the brain of chronically hemodialyzed patients without cerebrovascular disease. American Journal of Neprhology, 20, 27–31.CrossRef Kamata, T., Hishida, A., Takita, T., Sawada, K., Ikegaya, N., Maruyama, Y., et al. (2000). Morphologic abnormalities in the brain of chronically hemodialyzed patients without cerebrovascular disease. American Journal of Neprhology, 20, 27–31.CrossRef
go back to reference Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1990). Kaufman brief intelligence test manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service. Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1990). Kaufman brief intelligence test manual. Circle Pines: American Guidance Service.
go back to reference Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. (2002). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 39, S1–S246.CrossRef Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative. (2002). K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 39, S1–S246.CrossRef
go back to reference Kirk, A. D., Mannon, R. B., Swanson, J., & Hale, D. A. (2005). Strategies for minimizing immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Transplant International, 18, 2–14.PubMedCrossRef Kirk, A. D., Mannon, R. B., Swanson, J., & Hale, D. A. (2005). Strategies for minimizing immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. Transplant International, 18, 2–14.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Knight, E. L., Oesthun, N., Teng, M., Lazarus, M., & Curhan, G. C. (2003). The association between mental health, physical function, and hemodialysis mortality. Kidney International, 63, 1843–1851.PubMedCrossRef Knight, E. L., Oesthun, N., Teng, M., Lazarus, M., & Curhan, G. C. (2003). The association between mental health, physical function, and hemodialysis mortality. Kidney International, 63, 1843–1851.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Korman, M., & Blumberg, S. (1963). Comparison of some tests of cerebral damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 27, 303–309.PubMedCrossRef Korman, M., & Blumberg, S. (1963). Comparison of some tests of cerebral damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 27, 303–309.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kramer, L., Madl, C., Stockenhuber, F., Yeganehfar, W., Eisenhuber, E., Derfler, K., et al. (1996). Beneficial effect of renal transplantation on cognitive brain function. Kidney International, 49, 833–838.PubMedCrossRef Kramer, L., Madl, C., Stockenhuber, F., Yeganehfar, W., Eisenhuber, E., Derfler, K., et al. (1996). Beneficial effect of renal transplantation on cognitive brain function. Kidney International, 49, 833–838.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kurella, M., Chertow, G. M., Luan, J., & Yaffe, K. (2004). Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1863–1869.PubMedCrossRef Kurella, M., Chertow, G. M., Luan, J., & Yaffe, K. (2004). Cognitive impairment in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1863–1869.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kurella, M., Chertow, G. M., Fried, L. F., Cummings, S. R., Harris, T., Simonsick, E., et al. (2005a). Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16, 2127–2138.PubMedCrossRef Kurella, M., Chertow, G. M., Fried, L. F., Cummings, S. R., Harris, T., Simonsick, E., et al. (2005a). Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16, 2127–2138.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kurella, M., Yaffe, K., Shlipak, M. G., Wenger, N. K., & Chertow, G. M. (2005b). Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in menopausal women. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 45, 66–76.PubMedCrossRef Kurella, M., Yaffe, K., Shlipak, M. G., Wenger, N. K., & Chertow, G. M. (2005b). Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in menopausal women. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 45, 66–76.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kurt, A., Firat, A., Agildere, A. M., Aytekin, C., Benli, S., Ozmen, I., et al. (2003). Evaluation of MRI-detected white matter changes in relation to hemodialysis duration and renal transplantation. Rivista di Neuroradiologia, 16, 275–282. Kurt, A., Firat, A., Agildere, A. M., Aytekin, C., Benli, S., Ozmen, I., et al. (2003). Evaluation of MRI-detected white matter changes in relation to hemodialysis duration and renal transplantation. Rivista di Neuroradiologia, 16, 275–282.
go back to reference Lazzaretti, C. T., Carvalho, J. G. R., Mulinari, R. A., & Rasia, J. M. (2004). Kidney transplantation improves the multidimensional quality of life. Transplantation Proceedings, 36, 872–873.PubMedCrossRef Lazzaretti, C. T., Carvalho, J. G. R., Mulinari, R. A., & Rasia, J. M. (2004). Kidney transplantation improves the multidimensional quality of life. Transplantation Proceedings, 36, 872–873.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lee, S.-Y., Lee, H. J., Kim, Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, L., Lee, M. S., et al. (2004). Neurocognitive function and quality of life in relation to hematocrit levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 5–10.PubMedCrossRef Lee, S.-Y., Lee, H. J., Kim, Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, L., Lee, M. S., et al. (2004). Neurocognitive function and quality of life in relation to hematocrit levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 5–10.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Levey, A. S., Coresh, J., Balk, E., Kausz, A. T., Levin, A., Steffes, M. W., et al. (2003). National kidney foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 137–147.PubMed Levey, A. S., Coresh, J., Balk, E., Kausz, A. T., Levin, A., Steffes, M. W., et al. (2003). National kidney foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 137–147.PubMed
go back to reference Levey, A. S., Eckardt, K. U., Tsukamoto, Y., Levin, A., Coresh, J., Rossert, J., et al. (2005). Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International, 67, 2089–2100.PubMedCrossRef Levey, A. S., Eckardt, K. U., Tsukamoto, Y., Levin, A., Coresh, J., Rossert, J., et al. (2005). Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney International, 67, 2089–2100.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Leypoldt, J. K. (2005). Hemodialysis adequacy. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 405–429). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Leypoldt, J. K. (2005). Hemodialysis adequacy. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 405–429). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
go back to reference Lieberthal, W., & Nigam, S. K. (2000). Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: imperfect but indespensable. American Journal of Renal Physiology, 278, F1–F12. Lieberthal, W., & Nigam, S. K. (2000). Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: imperfect but indespensable. American Journal of Renal Physiology, 278, F1–F12.
go back to reference Lindsay, R. M. (2004). The London Ontario daily/nocturnal hemodialysis study. Seminars in Dialysis, 17, 85–91.PubMedCrossRef Lindsay, R. M. (2004). The London Ontario daily/nocturnal hemodialysis study. Seminars in Dialysis, 17, 85–91.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Luft, F. C. (2004). Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: update. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 13, 147–154.PubMedCrossRef Luft, F. C. (2004). Hypertensive nephrosclerosis: update. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 13, 147–154.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lysaght, M. J. (2002). Maintenance dialysis population dynamics: current trends and long-term implications. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13, S37–S40.PubMed Lysaght, M. J. (2002). Maintenance dialysis population dynamics: current trends and long-term implications. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13, S37–S40.PubMed
go back to reference Magee, C. C. (2005). Evaluation of donors and recipients. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 623–631). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Magee, C. C. (2005). Evaluation of donors and recipients. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 623–631). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
go back to reference Manschot, S. M., Brands, A. M. A., Grond, J., Kessels, R. P. C., Algra, A., Kappelle, L. J., et al. (2006). Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes, 55, 1106–1103.PubMedCrossRef Manschot, S. M., Brands, A. M. A., Grond, J., Kessels, R. P. C., Algra, A., Kappelle, L. J., et al. (2006). Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes, 55, 1106–1103.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Marsh, J. T., Brown, W. S., Wolcott, D., Carr, C. R., Harper, R., Schweitzer, S. V., et al. (1991). RHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients. Kidney International, 39, 155–163.PubMedCrossRef Marsh, J. T., Brown, W. S., Wolcott, D., Carr, C. R., Harper, R., Schweitzer, S. V., et al. (1991). RHuEPO treatment improves brain and cognitive function of anemic dialysis patients. Kidney International, 39, 155–163.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Martins, D., Tareen, N., & Norris, K. C. (2002). The epidemiology of end-stage renal disease among African-Americans. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 323, 65–71.CrossRef Martins, D., Tareen, N., & Norris, K. C. (2002). The epidemiology of end-stage renal disease among African-Americans. American Journal of Medical Sciences, 323, 65–71.CrossRef
go back to reference Matthew, C. G., & Klove, H. (1964). Instruction manual for the adult neuropsychology test battery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Medical School. Matthew, C. G., & Klove, H. (1964). Instruction manual for the adult neuropsychology test battery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Medical School.
go back to reference McKee, D. C., Burnett, G. B., Raft, D. D., Batten, P. G., & Bain, K. P. (1982). Longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning in patients on chronic hemodialysis: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26, 511–518.PubMedCrossRef McKee, D. C., Burnett, G. B., Raft, D. D., Batten, P. G., & Bain, K. P. (1982). Longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning in patients on chronic hemodialysis: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 26, 511–518.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mohanram, A., & Toto, R. D. (2005). Measurement of kidney function. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 20–30). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Mohanram, A., & Toto, R. D. (2005). Measurement of kidney function. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 20–30). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
go back to reference Muirhead, N. (2001). The rationale for early management of chronic renal insufficiency. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 16, 51–56.PubMed Muirhead, N. (2001). The rationale for early management of chronic renal insufficiency. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 16, 51–56.PubMed
go back to reference Nesrallah, G. E., Blake, P. G., & Mendelssohn, D. C. (2005). Modality options for end-stage renal disease care. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 279–300). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Nesrallah, G. E., Blake, P. G., & Mendelssohn, D. C. (2005). Modality options for end-stage renal disease care. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 279–300). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
go back to reference O’Callaghan, C. A. (2004). Renal manifestations of systemic autoimmune disease: diagnosis and therapy. Best Practices & Research in Clinical Rheumatology, 18, 411–427. O’Callaghan, C. A. (2004). Renal manifestations of systemic autoimmune disease: diagnosis and therapy. Best Practices & Research in Clinical Rheumatology, 18, 411–427.
go back to reference Obrador, G. T., Pereira, B. J., & Kausz, T. (2002). Chronic kidney disease in the United States: an under-recognized problem. Seminars in Nephrology, 22, 441–448.PubMed Obrador, G. T., Pereira, B. J., & Kausz, T. (2002). Chronic kidney disease in the United States: an under-recognized problem. Seminars in Nephrology, 22, 441–448.PubMed
go back to reference Pereira, A. A., Weiner, D. E., Scott, T. S., & Sarnak, M. J. (2005). Cognitive function in dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 45, 448–462.PubMedCrossRef Pereira, A. A., Weiner, D. E., Scott, T. S., & Sarnak, M. J. (2005). Cognitive function in dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 45, 448–462.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pliskin, N. H., Yurk, H. M., Ho, T., & Umans, J. G. (1996). Neurocognitive function in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney International, 49, 1435–1440.PubMedCrossRef Pliskin, N. H., Yurk, H. M., Ho, T., & Umans, J. G. (1996). Neurocognitive function in chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney International, 49, 1435–1440.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Pliskin, N. H., Kolbasa, T. A., Hart, R. P., Umans, J. G., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological function in renal disease and its treatment. In R. E. Tarter (Ed.), Medical neuropsychology (2nd ed., pp. 107–126). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pliskin, N. H., Kolbasa, T. A., Hart, R. P., Umans, J. G., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological function in renal disease and its treatment. In R. E. Tarter (Ed.), Medical neuropsychology (2nd ed., pp. 107–126). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
go back to reference Ratner, D. P., Adams, K. M., Levin, N. W., & Rourke, B. P. (1983). Effects of hemodialysis on cognitive and sensory-motor functioning of the adult chronic hemodialysis patient. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 6, 291–311.CrossRef Ratner, D. P., Adams, K. M., Levin, N. W., & Rourke, B. P. (1983). Effects of hemodialysis on cognitive and sensory-motor functioning of the adult chronic hemodialysis patient. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 6, 291–311.CrossRef
go back to reference Reitan, R. M. (1956). Trailmaking test: Manual of administration, scoring and interpretation. Indiana University Medical Center. Reitan, R. M. (1956). Trailmaking test: Manual of administration, scoring and interpretation. Indiana University Medical Center.
go back to reference Reitan, R. M., & Davison, L. A. (eds). (1974). Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. New York: Halstead. Reitan, R. M., & Davison, L. A. (eds). (1974). Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. New York: Halstead.
go back to reference Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Tucson: Neuropsychology. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Tucson: Neuropsychology.
go back to reference Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson: Neuropsychology. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson: Neuropsychology.
go back to reference Rey, A. (1964). L’examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Rey, A. (1964). L’examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
go back to reference Ritz, E., & Orth, S. R. (1999). Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1127–1133.PubMedCrossRef Ritz, E., & Orth, S. R. (1999). Nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 1127–1133.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rozeman, C. A. M., Jonkman, E. J., Poortvliet, D. C. J., Emmen, H. H., deWeerd, A. W., van der Maas, A. P. C., et al. (1992). Encephalopathy in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 7, 1213–1218.PubMed Rozeman, C. A. M., Jonkman, E. J., Poortvliet, D. C. J., Emmen, H. H., deWeerd, A. W., van der Maas, A. P. C., et al. (1992). Encephalopathy in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 7, 1213–1218.PubMed
go back to reference Ryan, J. J., Souheaver, G. T., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1980). Intellectual deficit in chronic renal failure a comparison with neurological and medical-psychiatric patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 763–767.PubMedCrossRef Ryan, J. J., Souheaver, G. T., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1980). Intellectual deficit in chronic renal failure a comparison with neurological and medical-psychiatric patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 763–767.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ryan, J. J., Souheaver, G. T., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1981). Halstead-Reitan test results in chronic hemodialysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 311–314.PubMedCrossRef Ryan, J. J., Souheaver, G. T., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1981). Halstead-Reitan test results in chronic hemodialysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 311–314.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Saan, R. J., & Deelman, B. G. (1998). De nieuwe 15-woorden test. A en B. In A. Bouman, J. Mulder & J. Lindeboom (Eds.), Neuropsychologische Diagnostiek. Lisse: Swets and Zetlinger. Saan, R. J., & Deelman, B. G. (1998). De nieuwe 15-woorden test. A en B. In A. Bouman, J. Mulder & J. Lindeboom (Eds.), Neuropsychologische Diagnostiek. Lisse: Swets and Zetlinger.
go back to reference Sand, P., Livingston, G., & Wright, R. G. (1966). Psychological assessment of candidates for a hemodialysis program. Annals of Internal Medicine, 64, 602–610.PubMed Sand, P., Livingston, G., & Wright, R. G. (1966). Psychological assessment of candidates for a hemodialysis program. Annals of Internal Medicine, 64, 602–610.PubMed
go back to reference Savazzi, G. M., Cusmano, F., Vinci, S., & Allegri, L. (1995). Progression of cerebral atrophy in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment: long-term follow-up with cerebral computed tomography. Nephron, 69, 29–33.PubMedCrossRef Savazzi, G. M., Cusmano, F., Vinci, S., & Allegri, L. (1995). Progression of cerebral atrophy in patients on regular hemodialysis treatment: long-term follow-up with cerebral computed tomography. Nephron, 69, 29–33.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schaubel, D. E., Morrison, H. I., Desmeules, M., Parsons, D., & Fenton, S. A. (1998). End-stage renal disease projections for Canada to 2005 using poisson and Markov models. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27, 274–281.PubMedCrossRef Schaubel, D. E., Morrison, H. I., Desmeules, M., Parsons, D., & Fenton, S. A. (1998). End-stage renal disease projections for Canada to 2005 using poisson and Markov models. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27, 274–281.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Schmidt, M. (1996). The Rey auditory verbal learning test. Philadelphia: Western Psychological Services Inc. Schmidt, M. (1996). The Rey auditory verbal learning test. Philadelphia: Western Psychological Services Inc.
go back to reference Shumway, J. T., & Gambert, S. R. (2002). Diabetic nephropathy-pathophysiology and management. International Urology and Nephrology, 34, 257–264.PubMedCrossRef Shumway, J. T., & Gambert, S. R. (2002). Diabetic nephropathy-pathophysiology and management. International Urology and Nephrology, 34, 257–264.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Smith, A. (1973). Symbol digit modalities test manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Smith, A. (1973). Symbol digit modalities test manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
go back to reference Souheaver, G. T., Ryan, J. J., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1982). Neuropsychological patterns in uremia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 490–496.PubMedCrossRef Souheaver, G. T., Ryan, J. J., & DeWolfe, A. S. (1982). Neuropsychological patterns in uremia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 490–496.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.CrossRef Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.CrossRef
go back to reference Teng, E. L., & Chui, H. C. (1987). The modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 314–318.PubMed Teng, E. L., & Chui, H. C. (1987). The modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 314–318.PubMed
go back to reference Teschan, P. E., Ginn, H. E., Walker, P. J., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Fristoe, M. W., et al. (1974). Assessing the adequacy of dialysis using measures of neurologic function. Proceedings of the Dialysis and Transplantation Forum, 4, 160–165. Teschan, P. E., Ginn, H. E., Walker, P. J., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Fristoe, M. W., et al. (1974). Assessing the adequacy of dialysis using measures of neurologic function. Proceedings of the Dialysis and Transplantation Forum, 4, 160–165.
go back to reference Teschan, P. E., Ginn, H. E., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Hamel, B., Nunnally, J. C., et al. (1979). Quantitative indices of clinical uremia. Kidney International, 15, 676–697.PubMedCrossRef Teschan, P. E., Ginn, H. E., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Hamel, B., Nunnally, J. C., et al. (1979). Quantitative indices of clinical uremia. Kidney International, 15, 676–697.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Thornton, W. L., Shapiro, R. J., Deria, S., Gelb, S., & Hill, A. (2007). Differential impact of age on verbal memory and executive functioning in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 344–353.PubMedCrossRef Thornton, W. L., Shapiro, R. J., Deria, S., Gelb, S., & Hill, A. (2007). Differential impact of age on verbal memory and executive functioning in chronic kidney disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 344–353.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Umans, J. G., & Pliskin, N. H. (1998). Attention and mental processing speed in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 32, 749–751.PubMedCrossRef Umans, J. G., & Pliskin, N. H. (1998). Attention and mental processing speed in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 32, 749–751.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference U.S. Renal Data System. (2000). Annual data report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2000. U.S. Renal Data System. (2000). Annual data report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2000.
go back to reference Walsh, M., Culleton, B., Tonelli, M., & Manns, B. (2005). A systematic review of the effect of nocturnal hemodialysis on blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, anemia, mineral metabolism, and health-related quality of life. Kidney International, 67, 1500–1508.PubMedCrossRef Walsh, M., Culleton, B., Tonelli, M., & Manns, B. (2005). A systematic review of the effect of nocturnal hemodialysis on blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, anemia, mineral metabolism, and health-related quality of life. Kidney International, 67, 1500–1508.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87–95. Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87–95.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult intelligence scale manual. New York: Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult intelligence scale manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler adult intelligence scale- revised. New York: Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler adult intelligence scale- revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1997a). The Wechsler adult intelligence scales- 3rd edition (WAIS-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1997a). The Wechsler adult intelligence scales- 3rd edition (WAIS-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Wechsler, D. (1997b). The Wechsler memory scales- 3rd edition (WMS-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation. Wechsler, D. (1997b). The Wechsler memory scales- 3rd edition (WMS-III). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
go back to reference Williams, M. A., Sklar, A. H., Burright, R. G., & Donovick, P. J. (2004). Temporal effects of dialysis on cognitive functioning in patients with end-stage renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 43, 705–711.PubMedCrossRef Williams, M. A., Sklar, A. H., Burright, R. G., & Donovick, P. J. (2004). Temporal effects of dialysis on cognitive functioning in patients with end-stage renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 43, 705–711.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Wolcott, D. L., Wellisch, D. K., Marsh, J. T., Schaeffer, J., Landsverk, J., & Nissenson, A. R. (1988). Relationship of dialysis modality and other factors to cognitive function in chronic dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 12, 275–284.PubMed Wolcott, D. L., Wellisch, D. K., Marsh, J. T., Schaeffer, J., Landsverk, J., & Nissenson, A. R. (1988). Relationship of dialysis modality and other factors to cognitive function in chronic dialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 12, 275–284.PubMed
go back to reference Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. B., et al. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression rating scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRef Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M. B., et al. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression rating scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRef
go back to reference Yeun, J. Y., & Depner, T. A. (2005). Principles of hemodialysis. Measurement of kidney function. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 307–341). Philadelphia: Elsevier. Yeun, J. Y., & Depner, T. A. (2005). Principles of hemodialysis. Measurement of kidney function. In B. J. G. Pereira, M. H. Sayegh & P. Blake (Eds.), Chronic kidney disease, dialysis and transplantation (2nd ed., pp. 307–341). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
go back to reference Young, C. J., & Gaston, R. S. (2000). Renal transplantation in black Americans. New England Journal of Medicine, 21(343), 1545–1552.CrossRef Young, C. J., & Gaston, R. S. (2000). Renal transplantation in black Americans. New England Journal of Medicine, 21(343), 1545–1552.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Adult Chronic Kidney Disease: Neurocognition in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors
Nikhil S. Koushik
Steven F. McArthur
Anne D. Baird
Publication date
01-03-2010
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Neuropsychology Review / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1040-7308
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6660
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9110-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Neuropsychology Review 1/2010 Go to the issue