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Open Access 01-08-2020 | Original Contribution

ADHD symptoms across adolescence: the role of the family and school climate and the DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR genotype

Authors: Djûke M. Brinksma, Andrea Dietrich, Annelies de Bildt, Jan K. Buitelaar, Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Catharina A. Hartman

Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Issue 8/2020

Abstract

We examined bidirectional relations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and family and school climate, and the possible role of DRD4 and/or 5-HTTLPR genotypes herein. Three-wave longitudinal data of 1860 adolescents (mean ages 11, 13.5, and 16 years) from the general population and clinic-referred cohort of TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey were used. Using a multigroup Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model, we tested between-person (i.e., stable trait levels) and within-person (i.e., causal processes) associations across ADHD symptoms, family and school climate, and the extent to which these depended on genotype. Findings indicated no influence of genotype. Results did show significant between-person differences (ADHD symptoms with family climate r = .38; and school climate r = .23, p values < .001), indicating that higher stable levels of ADHD symptoms were associated with a less favorable family and school climate. Regarding within-person causal processes, ADHD symptoms predicted a less favorable family climate in early adolescence (β = .16, p < .01), while ADHD symptoms predicted a more favorable family climate in the later phase of adolescence (β = − .11, p < .01), a finding which we explain by normative developmental changes during adolescence. Overall, this study showed that negative associations between ADHD symptoms and both family and school climate are largely explained by stable between-person differences. We recommend applying the Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Path Model to developmental data to tease stable associations and change processes apart.

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Title: ADHD symptoms across adolescence: the role of the family and school climate and the DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR genotype
Authors: Djûke M. Brinksma
Andrea Dietrich
Annelies de Bildt
Jan K. Buitelaar
Barbara J. van den Hoofdakker
Pieter J. Hoekstra
Catharina A. Hartman
Publication date: 01-08-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Issue 8/2020
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Electronic ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01424-3

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ADHD symptoms across adolescence: the role of the family and school climate and the DRD4 and 5-HTTLPR genotype

Abstract

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