Top

Molecular Autism

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research

ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger’s disorder

Authors: Yi-Ling Chien, Miao-Chun Chou, Yen-Nan Chiu, Wen-Jiun Chou, Yu-Yu Wu, Wen-Che Tsai, Susan Shur-Fen Gau

Published in: Molecular Autism | Issue 1/2017

Abstract

Background

The presence of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) symptoms and impaired attention performance are commonly noted in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about attention performance in their unaffected siblings. This study aimed to investigate the ADHD-related traits and attention performance in unaffected siblings of probands with autism and Asperger syndrome (AS), as well as the clinical correlates of ADHD-related traits.

Methods

We assessed the intention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms, and attention profiles of 199 probands with a diagnosis of ASD (122 autism, 77 AS), their unaffected siblings, and 196 typically developing controls (TD) by their parents’ reports on the ADHD-related symptoms and the Connors' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT), respectively.

Results

Compared to TD, unaffected siblings of ASD probands were more hyperactive/impulsive and oppositional, particularly unaffected siblings of AS probands. In CCPT, unaffected siblings of AS have intermediate levels of performance between probands with AS and TD on focused attention and sustained attention but were not statistically different from AS probands or TD in these attention profiles. In contrast, unaffected siblings of autism probands have significantly better CCPT performance when compared to autism probands but not to TD. In addition, stereotyped behaviors predicted ADHD-related traits in both sibling groups, but distinctive patterns of other correlates for ADHD-related traits were found between the two sibling groups.

Conclusions

This work suggested that unaffected siblings of AS, but not autism, have more hyperactive/impulsive traits and a trend of pervasive attention deficits assessed by CCPT which might serve as potential endophenotypes for genetic studies in AS.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01582256

Available only for authorised users

Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, Bolton P, Simonoff E, Yuzda E, Rutter M. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychol Med. 1995;25(1):63–77.CrossRefPubMed

Lauritsen MB, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. Effects of familial risk factors and place of birth on the risk of autism: a nationwide register-based study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(9):963–71.CrossRefPubMed

Ozonoff S, Young GS, Carter A, Messinger D, Yirmiya N, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Carver LJ, Constantino JN, Dobkins K, Hutman T, Iverson JM, Landa R, Rogers SJ, Sigman M, Stone WL. Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: a Baby Siblings Research Consortium study. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):e488–95.PubMedPubMedCentral

Freitag CM. The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12(1):2–22.CrossRefPubMed

Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):e472–86.CrossRefPubMed

Vorstman JA, Staal WG, van Daalen E, van Engeland H, Hochstenbach PF, Franke L. Identification of novel autism candidate regions through analysis of reported cytogenetic abnormalities associated with autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(1):1. 18-28CrossRefPubMed

Ma DQ, Jaworski J, Menold MM, Donnelly S, Abramson RK, Wright HH, Delong GR, Gilbert JR, Pericak-Vance MA, Cuccaro ML. Ordered-subset analysis of savant skills in autism for 15q11-q13. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;135(1):38–41.CrossRef

Spencer MD, Chura LR, Holt RJ, Suckling J, Calder AJ, Bullmore ET, Baron-Cohen S. Failure to deactivate the default mode network indicates a possible endophenotype of autism. Mol Autism. 2012;3(1):15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Blangero J, Williams JT, Almasy L. Novel family-based approaches to genetic risk in thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(7):1391–7.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Gadow KD, DeVincent CJ, Pomeroy J. ADHD symptom subtypes in children with pervasive developmental disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(2):271–83.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Goldstein S, Schwebach AJ. The comorbidity of pervasive developmental disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of a retrospective chart review. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34(3):329–39.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Lee DO, Ousley OY. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adol Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(6):737–46.CrossRef

13.

Sinzig J, Walter D, Doepfner M. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: symptom or syndrome? J Atten Disord. 2009;13(2):117–26.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Yoshida Y, Uchiyama T. The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;13(5):307–14.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Holtmann M, Bolte S, Poustka F. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders: association with autistic behavior domains and coexisting psychopathology. Psychopathol. 2007;40(3):172–7.CrossRef

16.

Gjevik E, Eldevik S, Fjaeran-Granum T, Sponheim E. Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41(6):761–9.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Guttmann-Steinmetz S, Gadow KD, Devincent CJ. Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder behaviors in boys with autism spectrum disorder with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder versus several comparison samples. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(7):976–85.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Lamanna AL, Craig F, Matera E, Simone M, Buttiglione M, Margari L. Risk factors for the existence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1559–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(8):921–29.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Lee DO, Ousley OY. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;16(6):737–46.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Yoshida Y, Uchiyama T. The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13(5):307–14.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Noterdaeme M, Amorosa H, Mildenberger K, Sitter S, Minow F. Evaluation of attention problems in children with autism and children with a specific language disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;10(1):58–66.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Goldstein G, Johnson CR, Minshew NJ. Attentional processes in autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2001;31(4):433–40.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Kilincaslan A, Motavalli Mukaddes N, Sozen Kucukyazici G, Gurvit H. Assessment of executive/attentional performance in Asperger’s disorder. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2010;21(4):289–99.PubMed

25.

Nyden A, Niklasson L, Stahlberg O, Anckarsater H, Wentz E, Rastam M, Gillberg C. Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects. Res Dev Disabil. 2010;31(6):1659–68.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Schatz AM, Weimer AK, Trauner DA. Brief report: attention differences in Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 2002;32(4):333–6.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Chien YL, Gau SF, Chiu YN, Tsai WC, Shang CY, Wu YY. Impaired sustained attention, focused attention, and vigilance in youths with autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder as compared to typically developing youths. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8(7):881–9.CrossRef

28.

Jokiranta-Olkoniemi E, Cheslack-Postava K, Sucksdorff D, Suominen A, Gyllenberg D, Chudal R, Leivonen S, Gissler M, Brown AS, Sourander A. Risk of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders among siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(6):622–9.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Ghirardi L, Brikell I, Kuja-Halkola R, Freitag CM, Franke B, Asherson P, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study. Mol Psychiatry. 2017. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.17. [Epub ahead of print].

30.

Chen WJ, Faraone SV. Sustained attention deficits as markers of genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000;97(1):52–7.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Cornblatt BA, Malhotra AK. Impaired attention as an endophenotype for molecular genetic studies of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2001;105(1):11–5.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Slaats-Willemse D, Swaab-Barneveld H, de Sonneville L, van der Meulen E, Buitelaar J. Deficient response inhibition as a cognitive endophenotype of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(10):1242–8.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Slaats-Willemse DI, Swaab-Barneveld HJ, de Sonneville LM, Buitelaar JK. Family-genetic study of executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence for an endophenotype? Neuropsychology. 2007;21(6):751–60.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Andreou P, Neale BM, Chen W, Christiansen H, Gabriels I, Heise A, Meidad S, Muller UC, Uebel H, Banaschewski T, Manor I, Oades R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sham P, Steinhausen HC, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Reaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects. Psychol Med. 2007;37(12):1703–15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Bidwell LC, Willcutt EG, Defries JC, Pennington BF. Testing for neuropsychological endophenotypes in siblings discordant for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(9):991–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Polderman TJ, Gosso MF, Posthuma D, Van Beijsterveldt TC, Heutink P, Verhulst FC, Boomsma DI. A longitudinal twin study on IQ, executive functioning, and attention problems during childhood and early adolescence. Acta Neurol Belg. 2006;106(4):191–207.PubMed

37.

Kollins SH, Anastopoulos AD, Lachiewicz AM, FitzGerald D, Morrissey-Kane E, Garrett ME, Keatts SL, Ashley-Koch AE. SNPs in dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and norepinephrine transporter gene (NET) are associated with continuous performance task (CPT) phenotypes in ADHD children and their families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B(8):1580–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Kebir O, Tabbane K, Sengupta S, Joober R. Candidate genes and neuropsychological phenotypes in children with ADHD: review of association studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2009;34(2):88–101.PubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Cho SC, Kim JW, Kim BN, Hwang JW, Park M, Kim SA, Cho DY, Yoo HJ, Chung US, Son JW, Park TW. Possible association of the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene with response time variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B(6):957–63.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Kim JI, Kim JW, Park S, Hong SB, Lee DS, Paek SH, Han DH, Cheong JH, Kim BN. The GRIN2B and GRIN2A gene variants are associated with continuous performance test variables in ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].

41.

Alemany S, Ribases M, Vilor-Tejedor N, Bustamante M, Sanchez-Mora C, Bosch R, Richarte V, Cormand B, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Sunyer J. New suggestive genetic loci and biological pathways for attention function in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168(6):459–70.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Rommelse NN, Geurts HM, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. A review on cognitive and brain endophenotypes that may be common in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and facilitate the search for pleiotropic genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(6):1363–96.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Hughes C, Leboyer M, Bouvard M. Executive function in parents of children with autism. Psychol Med. 1997;27(1):209–20.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Hughes C, Plumet MH, Leboyer M. Towards a cognitive phenotype for autism: increased prevalence of executive dysfunction and superior spatial span amongst siblings of children with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40(5):705–18.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Van Eylen L, Boets B, Cosemans N, Peeters H, Steyaert J, Wagemans J, Noens I. Executive functioning and local-global visual processing: candidate endophenotypes for autism spectrum disorder? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(3):258–69.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Wong D, Maybery M, Bishop DV, Maley A, Hallmayer J. Profiles of executive function in parents and siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Genes Brain Behav. 2006;5(8):561–76.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Piven J, Palmer P. Cognitive deficits in parents from multiple-incidence autism families. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(8):1011–21.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Ozonoff S, Rogers SJ, Farnham JM, Pennington BF. Can standard measures identify subclinical markers of autism? J Autism Dev Disord. 1993;23(3):429–41.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Howlin P. Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(1):3–13.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Pina-Camacho L, Villero S, Boada L, Fraguas D, Janssen J, Mayoral M, Llorente C, Arango C, Parellada M. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data do not help support DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder category. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2013;7(2):333–43.CrossRef

51.

Tsai LY, Ghaziuddin M. DSM-5 ASD moves forward into the past. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(2):321–30.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Montgomery CB, Allison C, Lai MC, Cassidy S, Langdon PE, Baron-Cohen S. Do adults with high functioning autism or asperger syndrome differ in empathy and emotion recognition? J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(6):1931–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Warrier V, Chakrabarti B, Murphy L, Chan A, Craig I, Mallya U, Lakatosova S, Rehnstrom K, Peltonen L, Wheelwright S, Allison C, Fisher SE, Baron-Cohen S. A pooled genome-wide association study of Asperger syndrome. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0131202.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Di Napoli A, Warrier V, Baron-Cohen S, Chakrabarti B. Genetic variant rs17225178 in the ARNT2 gene is associated with Asperger Syndrome. Mol Autism. 2015;6:9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Epstein JN, Erkanli A, Conners CK, Klaric J, Costello JE, Angold A. Relations between Continuous Performance Test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2003;31(5):543–54.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Sokolova E, Oerlemans AM, Rommelse NN, Groot P, Hartman CA, Glennon JC, Claassen T, Heskes T, Buitelaar JK. A causal and mediation analysis of the comorbidity between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Autism Dev Disord. 2017;47(6):1595–604.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Gau SS-F, Lee C-M, Lai M-C, Chiu Y-N, Huang Y-F, Kao J-D, Wu Y-Y. Psychometric properties of the chinese version of the social communication questionnaire. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2011;5(2):809–18.CrossRef

58.

Gau SF, Soong WT. Psychiatric comorbidity of adolescents with sleep terrors or sleepwalking: a case-control study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33(5):734–9.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Wechsler D. The Wechsler intelligence scale for children—fourth edition. London: Pearson; 2004.

60.

Conners CK, Staff M. Conners’ continuous performance test ii: computer program for windows technical guide and software manual. North Tonwanda, NY: Mutli-Health Systems; 2000.

61.

Egeland J, Kovalik-Gran I. Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. J Atten Disord. 2010;13(4):347–57.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994;24(5):659–85.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Gau SS, Chou MC, Lee JC, Wong CC, Chou WJ, Chen MF, Soong WT, Wu YY. Behavioral problems and parenting style among Taiwanese children with autism and their siblings. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2010;64(1):70–8.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Swanson JM, Kraemer HC, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Conners CK, Abikoff HB, Clevenger W, Davies M, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Hechtman L, Hoza B, Jensen PS, March JS, Newcorn JH, Owens EB, Pelham WE, Schiller E, Severe JB, Simpson S, Vitiello B, Wells K, Wigal T, Wu M. Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001;40(2):168–79.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Gau SS, Shang CY, Liu SK, Lin CH, Swanson JM, Liu YC, Tu CL. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version IV scale—parent form. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 2008;17(1):35–44.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Chien YL, Gau SS, Chiu YN, Tsai WC, Shang CY, Wu YY. Impaired sustained attention, focused attention, and vigilance in youths with autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder. Res Autism Spectrum Disord. 2014;8(7):881–9.CrossRef

67.

Shang CY, Wu YH, Gau SS, Tseng WY. Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med. 2013;43(5):1093–107.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Yang HN, Tai YM, Yang LK, Gau SS. Prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms to quality of life in young adults: adult ADHD and anxiety/depression as mediators. Res Dev Disabil. 2013;34(10):3168–81. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.3106.3011. Epub 2013 Jul 3122CrossRefPubMed

69.

Chiang HL, Chen YJ, Lo YC, Tseng WY, Gau SS. Altered white matter tract property related to impaired focused attention, sustained attention, cognitive impulsivity and vigilance in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2015;40(5):325–35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Chen YL, Chen SH, Gau SS. ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: a longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;39C:20–31. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.1012.1025.CrossRef

71.

Achenbach TM. Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/ 4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry; 1991.

72.

Yang HJ, Chen WJ, Soong WT. Rates and patterns of comorbidity of adolescent behavioral syndromes as reported by parents and teachers in a Taiwanese nonreferred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(9):1045–52.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Coolidge FL, Thede LL, Young SE. Heritability and the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with behavioral disorders and executive function deficits: a preliminary investigation. Dev Neuropsychol. 2000;17(3):273–87.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Oerlemans AM, Droste K, van Steijn DJ, de Sonneville LM, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse NN. Co-segregation of social cognition, executive function and local processing style in children with ASD, their siblings and normal controls. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;43(12):2764–78.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Clark T, Feehan C, Tinline C, Vostanis P. Autistic symptoms in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;8(1):50–5.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Doyle AE, Biederman J, Seidman LJ, Weber W, Faraone SV. Diagnostic efficiency of neuropsychological test scores for discriminating boys with and without attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(3):477–88.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Hart EL, Lahey BB, Loeber R, Applegate B, Frick PJ. Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995;23(6):729–49.CrossRefPubMed

78.

GJ DP, Anastopoulos AD, Power TJ, Reid R, Ikeda MJ, KE MG. Parent ratings of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. J Psychopath Behav Assess. 1998;20:83–102.CrossRef

79.

Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Executive functioning in hyperactive children as young adults: attention, inhibition, response perseveration, and the impact of comorbidity. Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;27(1):107–33.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Trent S, Dean R, Veit B, Cassano T, Bedse G, Ojarikre OA, Humby T, Davies W. Biological mechanisms associated with increased perseveration and hyperactivity in a genetic mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(8):1370–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Cohen AL, Shapiro SK. Exploring the performance differences on the flicker task and the conners’ continuous performance test in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;11(1):49–63.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Lundervold AJ, Stickert M, Hysing M, Sorensen L, Gillberg C, Posserud MB. Attention deficits in children with combined autism and ADHD: a CPT Study. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(7):599–609.

83.

Stergiakouli E, Davey Smith G, Martin J, Skuse DH, Viechtbauer W, Ring SM, Ronald A, Evans DE, Fisher SE, Thapar A, St Pourcain B. Shared genetic influences between dimensional ASD and ADHD symptoms during child and adolescent development. Mol Autism. 2017;8:18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

85.

Lundervold AJ, Stickert M, Hysing M, Sørensen L, Gillberg C, Posserud MB. Attention deficits in children with combined autism and ADHD: a CPT Study. J Atten Disord. 2016; Jul;20(7):599–609.

86.

Lichtenstein P, Carlstrom E, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Anckarsater H. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1357–63.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Rommelse NN, Franke B, Geurts HM, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Shared heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19(3):281–95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Boccuto L, Lauri M, Sarasua SM, Skinner CD, Buccella D, Dwivedi A, Orteschi D, Collins JS, Zollino M, Visconti P, Dupont B, Tiziano D, Schroer RJ, Neri G, Stevenson RE, Gurrieri F, Schwartz CE. Prevalence of SHANK3 variants in patients with different subtypes of autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013;21(3):310–6.CrossRefPubMed

Title: ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger’s disorder
Authors: Yi-Ling Chien
Miao-Chun Chou
Yen-Nan Chiu
Wen-Jiun Chou
Yu-Yu Wu
Wen-Che Tsai
Susan Shur-Fen Gau
Publication date: 01-12-2017
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Molecular Autism / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2040-2392
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-017-0153-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

ADHD-related symptoms and attention profiles in the unaffected siblings of probands with autism spectrum disorder: focus on the subtypes of autism and Asperger’s disorder

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Trial registration

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

A brain proteomic investigation of rapamycin effects in the Tsc1 +/− mouse model

Attitudes toward risk and ambiguity in patients with autism spectrum disorder

Cytokine levels and associations with symptom severity in male and female children with autism spectrum disorder

No preliminary evidence of differences in astrocyte density within the white matter of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in autism

Prenatal levonorgestrel exposure induces autism-like behavior in offspring through ERβ suppression in the amygdala

The association between maternal use of folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children: a meta-analysis