Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 5/2021

Open Access 01-10-2021 | Addiction | Original Article

Measurement, Profiles, Prevalence, and Psychological Risk Factors of Problematic Gaming Among the Turkish Community: A Large-scale National Study

Authors: Hüseyin Ünübol, Ayşe Şenay Koç, Gökben Hızlı Sayar, Vasileios Stavropoulos, Kagan Kircaburun, Mark D. Griffiths

Published in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Issue 5/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

The present study investigated the prevalence, the potential different profiles, and the associated psychological factors of disordered gaming using data from a large-scale epidemiological study (TURBAHAR [Turkey’s Addiction and Mental Health Risk Profile Map Project]) carried out in Turkey in 2018 with 24,494 participants aged 18–81 years. Participants completed a comprehensive survey comprising a demographic questionnaire, Gaming Addiction Risk Questionnaire, Brief Symptom Inventory, Personal Well-Being Index Adult Form, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Scale. Latent class analysis showed the existence of eight different game profiles, which differed in relation to the intensity and specific features of the behavior. Results showed that 1.6% of the participants were problematic gamers. Being male, being younger, lower education level, being single, using alcohol and cigarettes, psychiatric distress, positive and negative affect, and anxious adult attachment were positively associated with problematic gaming.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
Adams, B. L., Stavropoulos, V., Burleigh, T. L., Liew, L. W., Beard, C. L., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Internet gaming disorder behaviors in emergent adulthood: A pilot study examining the interplay between anxiety and family cohesion. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 828–844.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.CrossRef
Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and problematic internet use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22, 430–454.
Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016). The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 252–262.
Arcelus, J., Bouman, W., Jones, B., Richards, C., Jimenez-Murcia, S., & Griffiths, M. (2017). Video gaming and gaming addiction in transgender people: An exploratory study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6, 1–9.
Arıcak, O. T., Dinç, M., Yay, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Adapting the short form of the internet gaming disorder scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6, 15–22.
Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., & Parker, J. D. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity.. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33–40.
Bartholow, B. D., Sestir, M. A., & Davis, E. B. (2005). Correlates and consequences of exposure to video game violence: Hostile personality, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1573–1586.
Baysak, E., Kaya, F. D., Dalgar, I., & Candansayar, S. (2016). Online game addiction in a sample from Turkey: Development and validation of the Turkish version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26, 21–31.
Bean, A. M., Nielsen, R. K. L., Van Rooij, A. J., & Ferguson, C. J. (2017). Video game addiction: The push to pathologize video games. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 48, 378–389.
Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wölfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266.
Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Melkevik, O. R., Torsheim, T., Samdal, O., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2013). Gaming addiction, gaming engagement, and psychological health complaints among Norwegian adolescents. Media Psychology, 16, 115–128.CrossRef
Burleigh, T. L., Stavropoulos, V., Liew, L. W., Adams, B. L., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Depression, internet gaming disorder, and the moderating effect of the gamer-avatar relationship: An exploratory longitudinal study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16(1), 102–124.
Burleigh, T. L., Griffiths, M. D., Sumich, A., Stavropoulos, V., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). A systematic review of the co-occurrence of gaming disorder and other potentially addictive behaviors. Current Addiction Reports, 6, 383–401.CrossRef
Cai, L., Du Toit, S. H. C., & Thissen, D. (2011). IRTPRO: flexible, multidimensional, multiple categorical IRT modeling [computer software]. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
Canale, N., Marino, C., Griffiths, M. D., Scacchi, L., Monaci, M. G., & Vieno, A. (2019). The association between problematic online gaming and perceived stress: The moderating effect of psychological resilience. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8, 174–180.
Carnagey, N. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2005). The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychological Science, 16, 882–889.CrossRef
Carras, M. C., & Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2018). When addiction symptoms and life problems diverge: A latent class analysis of problematic gaming in a representative multinational sample of European adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 513–525.
Chen, I. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. C., Leung, H., Lin, C. Y., et al. (2020). Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS-SF9) (Study part B). Addictive Behaviors, 101, 105960.
Costa, S., & Kuss, D. (2019). Clinical practices for gaming disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, e578.
Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1993). Brief symptom inventory: BSI. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRef
Dong, G., Lu, Q., Zhou, H., & Zhao, X. (2011). Precursor or sequela: Pathological disorders in people with internet addiction disorder. PLoS One, 6, e14703.
Eichenberg, C., Schott, M., Decker, O., & Sindelar, B. (2017). Attachment style and internet addiction: An online survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19, e170.
Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2013). Item response theory for psychologists. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.CrossRef
Evers, C., Dingemans, A., Junghans, A. F., & Boevé, A. (2018). Feeling bad or feeling good, does emotion affect your consumption of food? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 92, 195–208.CrossRef
Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., Kutlu, N., Evren, B., & Pontes, H. M. (2018). Psychometric validation of the Turkish nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF). Psychiatry Research, 265, 349–354.
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2019). Relationships of internet addiction and internet gaming disorder symptom severities with probable attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, aggression and negative affect among university students. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11, 413–421.CrossRef
Fam, J. Y. (2018). Prevalence of internet gaming disorder in adolescents: A meta-analysis across three decades. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59, 524–531.
Ferguson, C. J., Coulson, M., & Barnett, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1573–1578.CrossRef
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 350–364.CrossRef
Gearhardt, A. N., Corbin, W. R., & Brownell, K. D. (2016). Development of the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30, 113–121.
Gençöz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 15, 19–26.
Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: A two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127, 319–329.
Glass, C. R., Merluzzi, T. V., Biever, J. L., & Larsen, K. H. (1982). Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Development and validation of a self-statement questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 37–55.
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V., Beard, C., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). Item response theory analysis of the recoded Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF). International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 859–879.
González-Bueso, V., Santamaría, J., Fernández, D., Merino, L., Montero, E., & Ribas, J. (2018). Association between internet gaming disorder or pathological video-game use and comorbid psychopathology: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, e668.
Granero, R., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G., Steward, T., Baño, M., del Pino-Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2016). Compulsive buying behavior: clinical comparison with other behavioral addictions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, e914.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191–197.CrossRef
Griffiths, M. D., Davies, M. N. O., & Chappell, D. (2004). Online computer gaming: A comparison of adolescent and adult gamers. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 87–96.
Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & King, D. L. (2012). Video game addiction: past, present and future. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 308–318.CrossRef
Griffiths, M. D., Van Rooij, A., Kardefelt-Winther, D., Starcevic, V., Király, O., et al. (2016). Working towards an international consensus on criteria for assessing internet gaming disorder: A critical commentary on Petry et al (2014). Addiction, 111, 167–175.CrossRef
Guedes, E., Sancassiani, F., Carta, M. G., Campos, C., Machado, S., King, A. L. S., & Nardi, A. E. (2016). Internet addiction and excessive social networks use: What about Facebook? Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 12, 43–48.
Güleç, H., Köse, S., Güleç, M. Y., Çitak, S., Evren, C., Borckardt, J., & Sayar, K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 19, 214–220.
Han, L., Geng, J., Jou, M., Gao, F., & Yang, H. (2017). Relationship between shyness and mobile phone addiction in Chinese young adults: Mediating roles of self-control and attachment anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 363–371.
Hofmann, S. G. (2000). Self-focused attention before and after treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 717–725.CrossRef
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1–55.
Hu, E., Stavropoulos, V., Anderson, A., Clarke, M., Beard, C., Papapetrou, S., & Gomez, R. (2019). Assessing online flow across cultures: A two-fold measurement invariance study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, e407.
Jang, K. S., Hwang, S. Y., & Choi, J. Y. (2008). Internet addiction and psychiatric symptoms among Korean adolescents. Journal of School Health, 78, 165–171.CrossRef
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Hudiburgh, L. M. (2012). The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 33, 294–301.CrossRef
Kim, J. H., & Seo, J. S. (2015). Brain and addiction: From neuroscientific evidence to Korean legislation. Japanese Journal of General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 227–232.
King, D. L., Haagsma, M. C., Delfabbro, P. H., Gradisar, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2013). Toward a consensus definition of pathological video-gaming: A systematic review of psychometric assessment tools. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 331–342.
King, D. L., Delfabbro, P. H., Doh, Y. Y., Wu, A. M., Kuss, D. J., Pallesen, S., et al. (2018). Policy and prevention approaches for disordered and hazardous gaming and internet use: An international perspective. Prevention Science, 19, 233–249.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practices of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Ko, C., Yen, J., Chen, C., Chen, S., & Yen, C. (2005). Gender differences and related factors affecting online gaming addiction among Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 273–277.CrossRef
Kühn, S., Berna, F., Lüdtke, T., Gallinat, J., & Moritz, S. (2018). Fighting depression: Action video game play may reduce rumination and increase subjective and objective cognition in depressed patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, e129.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10, 278–296.
Lee, Y. S., Hana, D. H., Kim, S. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2013). Substance abuse precedes internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2022–2025.CrossRef
Lehenbauer-Baum, M., & Fohringer, M. (2015). Towards classification criteria for internet gaming disorder: Debunking differences between addiction and high engagement in a German sample of World of Warcraft players. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 345–351.
Lin, J. H. (2015). The role of attachment style in Facebook use and social capital: Evidence from university students and a national sample. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18, 173–180.
Lubke, G., & Neale, M. C. (2006). Distinguishing between latent classes and continuous factors: Resolution by maximum likelihood? Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41, 499–532.
Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: The role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 13, 313–316.
Mentzoni, R. A., Brunborg, G. S., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2011). Problematic video game use: Estimated prevalence and associations with mental and physical health. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 591–596.
Meral, B. F. (2014). Psychometric properties of Turkish form of the Personal Well-being Index-Adult. Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 2, 119–131.
Milani, L., La Torre, G., Fiore, M., Grumi, S., Gentile, D. A., Ferrante, M., et al. (2018). Internet gaming addiction in adolescence: Risk factors and maladjustment correlates. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 888–904.
Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Griffiths, M. D., & Sinatra, M. (2017). Exploring individual differences in online addictions: The role of identity and attachment. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15, 853–868.
Montag, C., Schivinski, B., Sariyska, R., Kannen, C., Demetrovics, Z., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). Psychopathological symptoms and gaming motives in disordered gaming—a psychometric comparison between the WHO and APA diagnostic frameworks. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8, e1691.CrossRef
Morcos, M., Stavropoulos, V., Rennie, J. J., Clark, M., & Pontes, H. M. (2019). Internet gaming disorder: compensating as a Draenei in World of Warcraft. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17.
Müller, M., & Montag, C. (2017). The relationship between internet addiction and alcohol consumption is ınfluenced by the smoking status in male online video gamers. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14, 34–43.
Mullin, B. C., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2007). Emotion regulation and externalizing disorders in children and adolescents. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 523–541). New York: Guilford Press.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus statistical modeling software: Release 7.0. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
O’Farrell, D. L., Baynes, K. L., Pontes, H. M., Griffiths, M. D., & Stavropoulos, V. (2020). Depression and disordered gaming: Does culture matter? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–19.
Odacı, H. (2011). Academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination as predictors of problematic internet use in university students. Computers & Education, 57, 1109–1113.CrossRef
Odacı, H., & Çelik, Ç. B. (2013). Who are problematic internet users? An investigation of the correlations between problematic internet use and shyness, loneliness, narcissism, aggression and self-perception. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2382–2387.CrossRef
Odacı, H., & Çıkrıkçı, Ö. (2014). Problematic internet use in terms of gender, attachment styles and subjective well-being in university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 32, 61–66.CrossRef
Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Carroll, J. S., & Jensen, A. C. (2010). More than a just a game: Video game and internet use during emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 103–113.
Parker, J. D. A., Wood, L. M., Bond, B. J., & Shaughnessy, P. (2005). Alexithymia in young adulthood: A risk factor for pathological gambling. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74, 51–55.
Petry, N. M., Zajac, K., Ginley, M., Lemmens, J., Rumpf, H. J., Ko, C. H., & Rehbein, F. (2018). Policy and prevention efforts for gaming should consider a broad perspective: commentary on: policy responses to problematic video game use: A systematic review of current measures and future possibilities (Király et al., 2018). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, 543–547.
Pontes, H. M., Kiraly, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). The conceptualisation and measurement of DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: the development of the IGD-20 Test. PloS One, 9, e110137.
Pontes, H. M., Stavropoulos, V., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Measurement invariance of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) between the United States of America, India and the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Research, 257, 472–478.
Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Brzozowska-Woś, M., & Stavropoulos, V. (2019a). Laxer clinical criteria for gaming disorder may hinder future efforts to devise an efficient diagnostic approach: A tree-based model study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(10), e1730.
Ramos-Diaz, J., Guevara-Cordero, C., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018, August). Excessive gaming and internet use: Preliminary results with anxiety and depression among highly engaged Peruvian gamers. In 2018 IEEE XXV International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Robbins, T. W., & Clark, L. (2015). Behavioral addictions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 30, 66–72.CrossRef
Sahin, N. H., & Durak, A. (1994). Brief Symptom Inventory-BSI: A study of the brief symptom inventory in Turkish youth. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9, 44–56.
Scerri, M., Anderson, A., Stavropoulos, V., & Hu, E. (2019). Need fulfilment and internet gaming disorder: A preliminary integrative model. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, e100144.
Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Sümer, N., & Uysal, A. (2005). A new scale developed to measure adult attachment dimensions: Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) – Psychometric evaluation in a Turkish sample. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 8, 1–11.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck Jr., P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57, 267–272.CrossRef
Smith, J. P., & Book, S. W. (2008). Anxiety and substance use disorders: A review. Psychiatry Times, 25, 19–23.
Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., Steen, E., Beard, C., Liew, L., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The longitudinal association between anxiety and internet addiction in adolescence: The moderating effect of classroom extraversion. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 237–247.
Stavropoulos, V., Beard, C., Griffiths, M. D., Buleigh, T., Gomez, R., & Pontes, H. M. (2018a). Measurement invariance of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) between Australia, the USA, and the UK. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 377–392.
Stavropoulos, V., Mastrotheodoros, S., Burleigh, T. L., Papadopoulos, N., & Gomez, R. (2018b). Avoidant romantic attachment in adolescence: Gender, excessive internet use and romantic relationship engagement effects. PLoS One, 13(7), e0201176.
Stavropoulos, V., Adams, B. L., Beard, C. L., Dumble, E., Trawley, S., Gomez, R., & Pontes, H. M. (2019a). Associations between attention deficit hyperactivity and internet gaming disorder symptoms: Is there consistency across types of symptoms, gender and countries? Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, e100158.
Stavropoulos, V., Bamford, L., Beard, C., Gomez, R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019b). Test-retest measurement invariance of the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale in two countries: A preliminary longitudinal study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-18. Epub ahead of print. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11469-019-00099-w.
Stavropoulos, V., Gomez, R., & Motti, F. (2019c). Introduction to the special topic:“Internet gaming disorder: A pathway towards assessment consensus”. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, e1822.
Throuvala, M. A., Janikian, M., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). The role of family and personality traits in internet gaming disorder: A mediation model combining cognitive and attachment perspectives. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8, 48–62.
Ünübol, H., Sayar, F. G. H., & Kanpolat, S. (2018). Investigation of the relationship between alexithymia and eating attitude, self-esteem and anger in women who applied to psychological counseling center. The European Respiratory Journal, 4, 280–288.
Van Rooij, A. J., Kuss, D. J., Griffiths, M. D., Shorter, G. W., Schoenmakers, T. M., & van de Mheen, D. (2014). The (co-)occurrence of problematic video gaming, substance use, and psychosocial problems in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3, 157–165.CrossRef
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
Wenzel, H. G., Bakken, I. J., Johansson, A., Götestam, K. G., & Oren, A. (2009). Excessive computer game playing among Norwegian adults: Self-reported consequences of playing and association with mental health problems. Psychological Reports, 105, 1237–1247.
Witkiewitz, K., Roos, C. R., Tofighi, D., & Van Horn, M. L. (2018). Broad coping repertoire mediates the effect of the combined behavioral intervention on alcohol outcomes in the COMBINE study: An application of latent class mediation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79, 199–207.
Wittek, C. T., Finserås, T. R., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R. A., Hanss, D., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of video game addiction: A study based on a national representative sample of gamers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 672–686.
Wu, A. M., Chen, J. H., Tong, K. K., Yu, S., & Lau, J. T. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of internet gaming disorder among community dwelling adults in Macao, China. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, 62–69.CrossRef
Yang, Z., Asbury, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). An exploration of problematic smartphone use among Chinese university students: Associations with academic anxiety, academic procrastination, self-regulation and subjective wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 596–614.
Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., Huang, C. J., & Ko, C. H. (2011). Hostility in the real world and online: The effect of internet addiction, depression, and online activity. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 649–655.
Metadata
Title
Measurement, Profiles, Prevalence, and Psychological Risk Factors of Problematic Gaming Among the Turkish Community: A Large-scale National Study
Authors
Hüseyin Ünübol
Ayşe Şenay Koç
Gökben Hızlı Sayar
Vasileios Stavropoulos
Kagan Kircaburun
Mark D. Griffiths
Publication date
01-10-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Issue 5/2021
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00254-8

Other articles of this Issue 5/2021

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 5/2021 Go to the issue

Brief Report

Validation of the Japanese Version of the Pathological Gambling Adaptation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS-J) Among Subclinical Japanese Gamblers

Original Article

The Role of Social Support and Subjective Well-Being as Predictors of Internet Addiction among Israeli-Palestinian College Students in Israel

Original Article

Nonmedical Benzodiazepine Use in Adolescents: Indirect Effects of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Original Article

Outcomes of a Residential and Community-Based Co-occurring Disorders Treatment Program

Brief Report

Percentage and Currency Framing of House-Edge Gambling Warning Labels

Original Article

Consumption of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Pilot Study