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Open Access 01-10-2019 | Addiction | Original Paper

Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse

Authors: Brian J. Grim, Melissa E. Grim

Published in: Journal of Religion and Health | Issue 5/2019

Abstract

This study reviews the voluminous empirical evidence on faith’s contribution to preventing people from falling victim to substance abuse and helping them recover from it. We find that 73% of addiction treatment programs in the USA include a spirituality-based element, as embodied in the 12-step programs and fellowships initially popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous, the vast majority of which emphasize reliance on God or a Higher Power to stay sober. We introduce and flesh out a typology of faith-based substance abuse treatment facilities, recovery programs, and support groups. This typology provides important background as we then move on to make an economic valuation of nearly 130,000 congregation-based substance abuse recovery support programs in the USA. We find that these faith-based volunteer support groups contribute up to $316.6 billion in savings to the US economy every year at no cost to tax payers. While negative experiences with religion (e.g., clergy sex abuse and other horrendous examples) have been a contributory factor to substance abuse among some victims, given that more than 84% of scientific studies show that faith is a positive factor in addiction prevention or recovery and a risk in less than 2% of the studies reviewed, we conclude that the value of faith-oriented approaches to substance abuse prevention and recovery is indisputable. And, by extension, we also conclude that the decline in religious affiliation in the USA is not only a concern for religious organizations but constitutes a national health concern.

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Grim and Grim (2016, p. 17) estimated that 129,680 faith congregations (which is 37.6% of an estimated total of 344,894 congregations) in the United States have groups for people struggling with drug or alcohol abuse.

Alcoholics Anonymous is an international fellowship of men and women who want to resolve their drinking problems. A.A.’s 12 steps encompass a group of principles, spiritual in nature, which A.A. advocates practicing as a way of life to dispel the obsession with alcohol and enable the sufferer to become happily and usefully whole (see https://www.aa.org/). Many different types of addiction recovery support programs have adopted and adapted the 12-step approach pioneered by A.A.

There is some debate whether A.A. is religious, although the group itself clearly states that it is not religious. However, the Second, Seventh, and Ninth United States courts have ruled that compelling inmates, parolees, and probationers to attend A.A. is unconstitutionally coercive and a violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the US Constitution (United States Ninth Circuit 2007).

VSL is sometimes misleadingly referred to simply as “value of life.” This is erroneous because monetization does not actually place a “value” on individual lives because the value of any individual’s life cannot be expressed in monetary terms. The sole purpose is to help estimate the likely statistical benefits of a regulatory action that reduces the risks that people face.

The Office of Management and Budget (n.d., p. 10) advises US government agencies against the overly simplistic rationale for the monetization of health and safety benefits, such as the avoided cost of illness or avoided lost earnings. Instead, the measure should capture pain and suffering and other quality-of-life effects including, but not limited to, the private demand for prevention of the risk and the net financial externalities associated with the risk, such as net changes in public medical costs and any net changes in economic production that are not experienced by the target population.

The US DOT (2016b) uses a value of $9.6 million (according to the 2015 value of dollar) for each expected fatality reduction, with sensitivity analysis conducted at alternative values of $5.4 million and $13.4 million. The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) (2016) current guidance calls for using a VSL estimate of $10.1 million (according to the 2015 value of dollar). The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (2016a, b) suggests using the range of estimates from Robinson and Hammitt (2016), a low of $4.4 million to a high of $14.3 million with a central value of $9.4 million (according to the 2015 value of dollar).

While A.A. does not provide data on the number of groups meeting in congregations, they do report on the over 66,000 A.A. groups in the USA and Canada, 61,904 of which are in the USA (Alcoholic Anonymous 2018a), around 1000 are in treatment facilities, and over 1400 are in correctional institutions (Alcoholic Anonymous 2018b, p. 3). The remainder is hosted in congregations, community centers, etc.

Nonreligious are people who hold virtually no religious belief and/or who view religion negatively (Pew 2018), which is a slightly different category than religiously unaffiliated.

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Title: Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse
Authors: Brian J. Grim
Melissa E. Grim
Publication date: 01-10-2019
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Addiction
Addiction
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse
Published in: Journal of Religion and Health / Issue 5/2019
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00876-w

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Belief, Behavior, and Belonging: How Faith is Indispensable in Preventing and Recovering from Substance Abuse

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

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