Top

Published in:

01-12-2003 | Editorial Update

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Septic Surgical Patient

Authors: Jose L. Balibrea, M.D., Ph.D., Javier Arias-Díaz, M.D., Ph.D.

Published in: World Journal of Surgery | Issue 12/2003

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a process of acute inflammatory lung injury that affects a diverse array of surgical and medical patients. The syndrome is mediated by a complex and interacting system of chemical mediators produced by several types of pulmonary cells. Regardless of the predisposing causes, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B seems to be, at the molecular level, a signature event of ARDS, leading to the rapid activation of intracellular signaling pathways, which coordinate the induction of multiple genes encoding inflammatory mediators. There are at least two compelling reasons for promoting an understanding of these interactions and their molecular mediators and second messengers: new therapies intended to modulate these factors continue to be developed, and the levels of some of these molecules, most notably cytokines, may serve as early indicators of the onset of ARDS.

Ashbaugh, DG, Bigelow, DB, Petty, TL, et al. 1967Acute respiratory distress in adultsLancet2319323PubMed

Bernard, GR, Luce, JM, Sprung, CL, et al. 1987High dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndromeN. Engl. J. Med.31715651570PubMed

Jepsen, S, Herlevsen, P, Knudsen, P, et al. 1992Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled studyCrit. Care Med.20918923PubMed

The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network2000Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndromeN. Engl. J. Med.34213011308

Bernard, GR, Artigas, A, Brigham, KL, et al. 1994The American-European Consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trials coordinationAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.149818824PubMed

Sloane, PJ, Gee, MH, Gottlieb, JE, et al. 1992A multicenter registry of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiology and outcomeAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.146419426PubMed

Doyle, RL, Szaflarski, N, Modin, GW, et al. 1995Identification of patients with acute lung injury: predictors of mortalityAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.15218181824PubMed

Zilberberg, MD, Epstein, SK 1998Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcomeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.15711591164PubMed

Hudson, LD, Milberg, JA, Anardi, D, et al. 1995Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndromeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.151293301PubMed

10.

Gattinoni, L, Pelosi, P, Suter, PM, et al. 1998Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease: different syndromes?Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.158311PubMed

11.

Kim, Y, Imdad, RY, Stephenson, AH, et al. 1998Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in pericytes is upregulated by phorbol myristate acetateHypertension31511515PubMed

12.

Shields, CJ, Winter, DC, Sookhai, S, et al. 2000Hypertonic saline attenuates end-organ damage in an experimental model of acute pancreatitisBr. J. Surg.8713361340PubMed

13.

Shields, CJ, Sookhai, S, Winter, DC, et al. 2001Attenuation of pancreatitis-induced pulmonary injury by aerosolized hypertonic salineSurg. Infect.2215224

14.

Bulger, EM, Jurkovich, GJ, Gentilello, LM, et al. 2000Current clinical options for the treatment and management of acute respiratory distress syndromeJ. Trauma48562572PubMed

15.

Wiedemann, HP, Tai, DY 1997Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): current management, future directionsCleve. Clin. J. Med.64365372PubMed

16.

Sachdeva, RC, Guntupalli, KK 1997Acute respiratory distress syndromeCrit. Care Clin.13503521PubMed

17.

Karima, R, Matsumoto, S, Higashi, H, et al. 1999The molecular pathogenesis of endotoxic shock and organ failureMol. Med. Today5123132PubMed

18.

Beutler, B, Mahoney, J, Trang, N, et al. 1985Purification of cachectin, a lipoprotein lipase-suppressing hormone secreted by endotoxin-induced RAW 264.7 cellsJ. Exp. Med.161984995PubMed

19.

Alexander, C, Rietschel, ET 2001Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunityJ. Endotoxin Res.7167202PubMed

20.

Guha, M, Mackman, N 2001LPS induction of gene expression in human monocytesCell. Signal.138594PubMed

21.

Tobias, PS, Soldau, K, Ulevitch, RJ 1989Identification of a lipid A binding site in the acute phase reactant lipopolysaccharide binding proteinJ. Biol. Chem.2641086710871PubMed

22.

Dziarski, R, Tapping, RI, Tobias, P 1998Binding of bacterial peptidoglycan to CD14J. Biol. Chem.27386808690PubMed

23.

Beutler, B 2000TLR4. Central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensorCurr. Opin. Immunol.122026PubMed

24.

Visintin, A, Mazzoni, A, Spitzer, JA, et al. 2001Secreted MD-2 is a large polymeric protein that efficiently confers lipopolysaccharide sensitivity to Toll-like receptor 4Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.981215612161PubMed

25.

Blunck, R, Scheel, O, Müller, M, et al. 2001New insights into endotoxin-induced activation of macrophages: involvement of a K+ channel in transmembrane signalingJ. Immunol.16610091015PubMed

26.

Akira, S, Takeda, K, Kaisho, T 2001Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunityNat. Immunol.2675680PubMed

27.

Ohashi, K, Burkart, V, Flohe, S, et al. 2000Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the Toll-like receptor-4 complexJ. Immunol.164558561PubMed

28.

Smiley, ST, King, JA, Hancock, WW 2001Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through Toll-like receptor 4J. Immunol.16728872894PubMed

29.

Blackwell, TS, Christman, JW 1997The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cytokine gene regulationAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.1739PubMed

30.

Carter, AB, Monick, MM, Hunninghake, GW 1998Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappa B activation and cytokine release in human alveolar macrophages is PKC-independent and TK- and PC-PLC-dependentAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.18384391PubMed

31.

Ghosh, S, May, MJ, Kopp, EB 1998NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responsesAnnu. Rev. Immunol.16225260PubMed

32.

Siebenlist, U, Franzoso, G, Brown, K 1994Structure, regulation and function of NF-kappa BAnnu. Rev. Cell Biol.10405455PubMed

33.

Edward, A 2000NF-kappa B activationCrit. Care Med.28N100N104PubMed

34.

Blackwell, TS, Blackwell, TR, Holden, EP, et al. 1996In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and neutrophilic lung inflammationJ. Immunol.15716301637PubMed

35.

Shenkar, R, Abraham, E 1997Hemorrhage induces rapid in vivo activation of CREB and NF-kappa B in murine intraparenchymal lung mononuclear cellsAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.16145152PubMed

36.

George, CLS, Fantuzzi, G, Bursten, S, et al. 1999Effects of lisofylline on hyperoxia induced lung injuryAm. J. Physiol.276L776L785PubMed

37.

Shenkar, R, Abraham, E 1999Mechanisms of lung neutrophil activation after hemorrhage or endotoxemia: roles of reactive oxygen intermediates, NF-kappa B, and CREBJ. Immunol.163954962PubMed

38.

Browder, W, Ha, T, Cuanfu, L, et al. 1999Early activation of pulmonary nuclear factor kappaB and nuclear factor interleukin-6 in polymicrobial sepsisJ. Trauma46590596PubMed

39.

Schwartz, MD, Moore, E, Moore, FA, et al. 1996Nuclear factor-B is activated in alveolar macrophages from patients with acute respiratory distress syndromeCrit. Care Med.2412851292PubMed

40.

Schmitz, ML, Baeuerle, PA 1991The p65 subunit is responsible for the strong transcription activating potential of NF-BEMBO J.1038053817PubMed

41.

Bohrer, H, Qiu, F, Zimmermann, T, et al. 1997Role of NF-kappa B in the mortality of sepsisJ. Clin. Invest.100972985PubMed

42.

Tracey, KJ, Beutler, B, Lowry, SF, et al. 1986Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectinScience234470474PubMed

43.

Beutler, B, Milsark, IW, Cerami, AC 1985Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxinScience229869871PubMed

44.

Ashkenazi, A, Marsters, SA, Capon, DJ, et al. 1991Protection against endotoxic shock by a tumor necrosis factor receptor immunoadhesinProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.881053510539PubMed

45.

Stolpen, AH, Guinan, EC, Fiers, W, et al. 1986Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon act singly and in combination to reorganize human vascular endothelial cell monolayersAm. J. Pathol.1231624PubMed

46.

Sherry, B, Cerami, A 1988Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor exerts endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine control of inflammatory responsesJ. Cell Biol.10712691277PubMed

47.

Ming, WJ, Bersani, L, Mantovani, A 1987Tumor necrosis factor is chemotactic for monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytesJ. Immunol.13814691474PubMed

48.

Gamble, JR, Harlam, JM, Klebanoff, SJ, et al. 1985Stimulation of the adherence of neutrophils to umbilical vein endothelium by human recombinant tumor necrosis factorProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.8286678671PubMed

49.

Pober, JS 1988Cytokine-mediated activation of vascular endothelium: physiology and pathologyAm. J. Pathol.133426433PubMed

50.

Heyers, TM, Gee, M, Andreadis, NA 1987Cellular interactions in the multiple organ injury syndromeAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.135952953PubMed

51.

Stern, DM, Nawroth, PP 1986Modulation of endothelial haemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factorJ. Exp. Med.163740745PubMed

52.

Nathan, CF 1987Secretory products of macrophagesJ. Clin. Invest.79319326PubMed

53.

Koyama, S, Rennard, SI, Leikauf, GD, et al. 1991Endotoxin stimulates bronchial epithelial cells to release chemotactic factors for neutrophils. A potential mechanism for neutrophil recruitment, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of proliferation in bronchial inflammationJ. Immunol.14742934301PubMed

54.

Arias-Diaz, J, García, C, DelReal, A, et al. 1999Cytokine-induced production of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and p-selectin by human type II pneumocytesBr. J. Surg.86829

55.

Nash, JR, McLaughlin, P, Hoyle, C, et al. 1991Immunolocalization of tumour necrosis factor alpha in lung tissue from patients dying with adult respiratory distress syndromeHistopathology19395402PubMed

56.

Hyers, TM, Tricomi, SM, Dettenmeier, PA, et al. 1991Tumor necrosis factor levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndromeAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.14016861692

57.

Suter, PM, Suter, S, Girardin, E, et al. 1992High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndromeAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.14510161022PubMed

58.

Borden, E, Chin, P 1994Interleukin-6: a cytokine with potential diagnostic and therapeutic rolesJ. Lab. Clin. Med.123824829PubMed

59.

Miller, EJ, Cohen, AB, Nagao, S, et al. 1992Elevated levels of NAP-1/interleukin-8 are present in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortalityAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.146427432PubMed

60.

Swope, M, Sun, HW, Blake, PR, et al. 1998Direct link between cytokine activity and a catalytic site for macrophage migration inhibitory factorEMBO J.1735343541PubMed

61.

Hierholzer, C, Kelly, E, Lyons, V, et al. 1998G-CSF instillation into rat lungs mediates neutrophil recruitment, pulmonary edema, and hypoxiaJ. Leukocyte Biol.63169174PubMed

62.

Thomassen, MJ, Divis, LT, Fisher, CJ 1996Regulation of human alveolar macrophage inflammatory cytokine production by Interleukin-10Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol.80321324PubMed

63.

Wang, P, Wu, P, Siegel, MI, et al. 1995Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor B (NF-kappa B) activation in human monocytesJ. Biol. Chem.2095589563

64.

Lo, CJ, Fu, M, Cryer, HG 1998Interleukin 10 inhibits alveolar macrophage production of inflammatory mediators involved in adult respiratory distress syndromeJ. Surg. Res.79179184PubMed

65.

Ito, CY, Kazantsev, AG, Baldwin, AS,Jr 1994Three NF-kappa B sites in the I kappa B-alpha promoter are required for induction of gene expression by TNF alphaNucleic Acids Res.2237873792PubMed

66.

Kubo, H, Morgenstern, D, Quinian, WM, et al. 1996Preservation of complement-induced lung injury in mice with deficiency of NADPH oxidaseJ. Clin. Invest.9726802684PubMed

67.

Moncada, S, Palmer, RMJ, Higgs, EA 1989Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine. A pathway for the regulation of cell function and communicationBiochem. Pharmacol.1117091715CrossRef

68.

Ding, A, Nathan, CF, Stuehr, DJ 1988Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages: comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent productionJ. Immunol.14124072412PubMed

69.

Brune, B, Lapetina, EG 1989Activation of a cytosolic ADP-ribosyltransferase by nitric oxide-generating agentsJ. Biol. Chem.26484558458PubMed

70.

Drapier, JC, Hibbs, JB,Jr 1988Differentiation of murine macrophages to express nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumour cells results in L-arginine-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial iron-sulfur enzymes in the macrophage effector cellsJ. Immunol.14028292838PubMed

71.

Fehsel, K, Jalowy, A, Qi, S, et al. 1993Islet cell DNA is a target of inflammatory attack by nitric oxideDiabetes42496500

72.

Beckman, JS, Beckman, TW, Chen, J, et al. 1990Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxideProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.8716201624PubMed

73.

Radi, R, Beckman, JS, Bush, KM, et al. 1991Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxideJ. Biol. Chem.26642444250PubMed

74.

Bloomfield, GL, Holloway, S, Ridings, PC, et al. 1997Pretreatment with inhaled nitric oxide inhibits neutrophil migration and oxidative activity resulting in attenuated sepsis-induced acute lung injuryCrit. Care Med.25584593PubMed

75.

Chollet-Martin, S, Gatecel, C, Kermarrec, N, et al. 1996Alveolar neutrophil functions and cytokine levels in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome during nitric oxide inhalationAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.153985990PubMed

76.

Meldrum, DR, Shames, BD, Meng, X, et al. 1998Nitric oxide downregulates lung macrophage inflammatory cytokine productionAnn. Thorac. Surg.66313317PubMed

77.

Neely, CF, Jie, J, Keith, IM 1997A1-adenosine receptor antagonists block endotoxin-induced lung injuryAm. J. Physiol.272L353L361PubMed

78.

Tamura, DY, Moore, EE, Patrick, DA, et al. 1998Prostaglandin E1 attenuates cytotoxic mechanisms of primed neutrophilsShock9171176PubMed

79.

Katja, B, Hartmut, K, Pawel, M, et al. 2001The value of immune modulating parameters in predicting the progression from peritonitis to septic shockShock1595100PubMed

80.

Hack, CE, Groot, ER, Felt-Bersma, RJF, et al. 1989Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsisBlood7417041710PubMed

81.

Hack, CE, Nuijens, JH, Felt-Bersma, RJ, et al. 1989Elevated plasma levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C4a are associated with a fatal outcome in sepsisAm. J. Med.862026PubMed

82.

Calandra, T, Gerain, J, Heumann, D, et al. 1991Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study Group and M.P. Glauser, High circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with septic shock: evolution during sepsis, prognostic value, and interplay with other cytokinesAm. J. Med.912329PubMed

83.

Dofferhoff, ASM, Bom, VJJ, Vries-Hospers, HG, et al. 1992Patterns of cytokines, plasma endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and acute-phase proteins during the treatment of severe sepsis in humansCrit. Care Med.20185192PubMed

84.

Casey, LC, Balk, RA, Bone, RC 1993Plasma cytokine and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndromeAnn. Intern. Med.119771778PubMed

85.

Gardinali, M, Padaino, P, Vesconi, S, et al. 1992Complement activation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte elastase in sepsisArch. Surg.12712191224PubMed

86.

Pinsky, MR, Vincent, JL, Deviere, J, et al. 1993Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock. Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortalityChest103565575PubMed

87.

Endo, S, Inada, K, Nakae, H, et al. 1995Plasma levels of type 11 phospholipase A2 and cytokines in patients with sepsisRes. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol.90413421PubMed

88.

Stöve, S, Welte, T, Wagner, TOF, et al. 1996Circulating complement proteins in patients with sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndromeClin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.3175183PubMed

89.

Guidet, B, Piot, O, Masliah, J, et al. 1996Secretory non-pancreatic phospholipase A2 in severe sepsis: relation to endotoxin, cytokines and thromboxane B2Infection24103108PubMed

90.

Damas, P, Canivet, JL, Grootte, D, et al. 1997Sepsis and serum cytokine concentrationsCrit. Care Med.25405412PubMed

91.

Presterl, E, Staudinger, T, Pettermann, M, et al. 1997Cytokine profile and correlation to the APACHE III and MPM II scores in patients with sepsisAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.156825832PubMed

92.

Czermak, BJ, Sarma, V, Pierson, CL, et al. 1999Protective effect of C5a blockade in sepsisNat. Med.5788792PubMed

93.

Huber-Lang, M, Sarma, VJ, Lu, KT, et al. 2001Role of C5a in multiorgan failure during sepsisJ. Immunol.16611931199PubMed

94.

Bulger, EM, Maier, RV 2000Lipid mediators in the pathophysiology of critical illnessCrit. Care Med.28N27N36PubMed

95.

Zanetti, G, Heumann, D, Gerain, J, et al. 1992Cytokine production after intravenous or peritoneal gram-negative bacterial challenge in mice. Comparative protective efficacy of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor and to lipopolysacharideJ. Immunol.14818901897PubMed

96.

Poll, T, Keogh, CV, Buurman, WA, et al. 1997Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor- impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia in miceAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.155603608PubMed

97.

Arndt, P, Abraham, E 2001Immunological therapy of sepsis: experimental therapiesIntensive Care Med.27S104S115PubMed

98.

Reinhart, K, Menges, T, Gardlund, B, et al. 2001Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody fragment in hyperinflammatory response during severe sepsis: the RAMSES StudyCrit. Care Med.29765769PubMed

99.

Ware, LB, Matthay, MA 2000The acute respiratory distress syndromeN. Engl. J. Med.34213341349PubMed

100.

Kawabata, K, Hagio, T, Matsumoto, S, et al. 2000Delayed neutrophil elastase inhibition prevents subsequent progression of acute lung injury induced by endotoxin inhalation in hamstersAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.16120132018PubMed

101.

Closa, D, Sabater, L, Fernandez-Cruz, L, et al. 1999Activation of alveolar macrophages in lung injury associated with experimental acute pancreatitis is mediated by the liverAnn. Surg.229230236PubMed

102.

Shields, CJ, Winter, DC, Redmond, HP 2002Lung injury in acute pancreatitis: mechanisms, prevention, and therapyCurr. Opin. Crit. Care8158163PubMed

103.

Yamamoto, T, Kajikawa, O, Martin, TR, et al. 1998The role of leukocyte emigration and IL-8 on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rabbitsJ. Immunol.16157045709PubMed

104.

Skoutelis, AT, Kaleridis, V, Athanassiou, GM, et al. 2000Neutrophil deformability in patients with sepsis, septic shock, and adult respiratory distress syndromeCrit. Care Med.2823552359PubMed

105.

Sookhai, S, Wang, JH, McCourt, M, et al. 1999Dopamine induces neutrophil apoptosis through a dopamine D-1 receptor-independent mechanismSurgery126314322PubMed

106.

Lu, H, Ballantyne, C, Smith, CW 2000LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) triggers hydrogen peroxide production by canine neutrophilsJ. Leukocyte Biol.687380PubMed

107.

Downey, GP, Dong, Q, Kruger, J, et al. 1999Regulation of neutrophil activation in acute lung injuryChest11646S54S

108.

Yan, SR, Berton, G 1998Antibody-induced engagement of beta2 integrins in human neutrophils causes a rapid redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins, Src-family tyrosine kinases, and p72syk that precedes de novo actin polymerizationJ. Leukocyte Biol.64401408PubMed

109.

Capodici, C, Hanft, S, Feoktistov, M, et al. 1998Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates chemoattractant-stimulated, CD11b/CD18-dependent cell-cell adhesion of human neutrophils: evidence for an ERK-independent pathwayJ. Immunol.16019011909PubMed

110.

Toker, A, Cantley, LC 1997Signalling through the lipid products of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinaseNature387673676PubMed

111.

Scherle, PA, Jones, EA, Favata, MF, et al. 1998Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase prevents cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytesJ. Immunol.16156815686PubMed

112.

St-Denis, A, Chano, F, Tremblay, P, et al. 1998Protein kinase C-alpha modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced functions in a murine macrophage cell lineJ. Biol. Chem.2733278732792PubMed

113.

Nick, JA, Avdi, NJ, Young, SK, et al. 1997Common and distinct intracellular signaling pathways in human neutrophils used by platelet activating factor and FMLPJ. Clin. Invest.99975986PubMed

114.

Denham, W, Yang, J, Wang, H, et al. 2000Inhibition of p38 mitogen activate kinase attenuates the severity of pancreatitis-induced adult respiratory distress syndromeCrit. Care Med.2825672572PubMed

115.

Johnson, JL, Moore, EE, Tamura, DY, et al. 1998Interleukin-6 augments neutrophil cytotoxic potential via selective enhancement of elastase releaseJ. Surg. Res.769194PubMed

116.

Delclaux, C, Rezaiguia-Delclaux, S, Delacourt, C, et al. 1997Alveolar neutrophils in endotoxin-induced and bacteria-induced acute lung injury in ratsAm. J. Physiol.273L104L112PubMed

117.

Krump, E, Sanghera, JS, Pelech, SL, et al. 1997Chemotactic peptide N-formyl-met-leu-phe activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 in human neutrophilsJ. Biol. Chem.272937944PubMed

118.

Mendez, C, Garcia, I, Maier, RV 1996Oxidants augment endotoxin-induced activation of alveolar macrophagesShock6157163PubMed

119.

Braun, J, Pein, M, Djonlagic, H, et al. 1997Production of reactive oxygen species by central venous and arterial neutrophils in severe pneumonia and cardiac lung edemaIntensive Care Med.23170176PubMed

120.

Groenveld, AB, Raijmakers, PG, Hack, CE, et al. 1995Interleukin 8-related neutrophil elastase and the severity of the adult respiratory distress syndromeCytokine7746752PubMed

121.

Tkalcevic, J, Novelli, M, Phylactides, M, et al. 2000Impaired immunity and enhanced resistance to endotoxin in the absence of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin GImmunity12201210PubMed

122.

Delclaux, C, Delacourt, C, D’Ortho, MP, et al. 1996Role of gelatinase B and elastase in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration across basement membraneAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.14288295PubMed

123.

Harlan, JM 1985Leukocyte-endothelial interactionsBlood65513525PubMed

124.

Majno, G, Joris, I 1995Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell deathAm. J. Pathol.146315PubMed

125.

Gerschenson, LE, Rotello, RJ 1992Apoptosis: a different type of cell deathFASEB J.624502455PubMed

126.

Kaufmann, SH, Hengartner, MO 2001Programmed cell death: alive and well in the new millenniumTrends Cell Biol.11526534PubMed

127.

Wang, CY, Mayo, MW, Kroneluk, RG, et al. 1998NF-kappa B antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activationScience28116801683CrossRefPubMed

128.

Parsey, MV, Kaneko, D, Shenkar, R, et al. 1999Neutrophil apoptosis in the lung after hemorrhage or endotoxemia: Apoptosis and migration are independent of IL-1betaClin. Immunol.91219225PubMed

129.

Matute-Bello, G, Liles, WC, Radella, F, et al. 1997Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndromeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.15619691977PubMed

130.

Fine, A, Anderson, NL, Rothstein, TL, et al. 1997Fas expression in pulmonary alveolar type II cellsAm. J. Physiol.273L64L71PubMed

131.

Matute-Bello, G, Liles, WC, Steinberg, KP, et al. 1999Soluble Fas ligand induces epithelial cell apoptosis in humans with acute lung injuryJ. Immunol.16322172225PubMed

132.

Kitamura, Y, Hashimoto, S, Mizuta, N, et al. 2001Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of alveolar cells after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in miceAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.163762769PubMed

133.

Kawasaki, M, Kuwano, K, Hagimoto, N, et al. 2000Protection from lethal apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by a caspase inhibitorAm. J. Pathol.157597603PubMed

134.

Matute-Bello, G, Winn, RK, Jonas, M, et al. 2001Fas (CD95) induces alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo: implications for acute pulmonary inflammationAm. J. Pathol.158153161PubMed

135.

Matute-Bello, G, Liles, WC, Frevert, CS, et al. 2001Recombinant human Fas ligand induces alveolar epithelial apoptosis and lung injury in rabbitsAm. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.281L328L335PubMed

136.

Hashimoto, S, Kobayashi, A, Kooguchi, K, et al. 2000Upregulation of two death pathways of perforin/granzyme and FasL/Fas in septic acute respiratory distress syndromeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161237243PubMed

137.

Bardales, RH, Xie, SS, Schaefer, RF, et al. 1996Apoptosis is a major pathway responsible for the resolution of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injuryAm. J. Pathol.149845852PubMed

138.

Guinee, D, Fleming, M, Hayashi, T, et al. 1996Association of p53 and WAF1 expression with apoptosis in diffuse alveolar damageAm. J. Pathol.149531538PubMed

139.

Wang, HC, Shun, CT, Hsu, SM, et al. 2002Fas/Fas ligand pathway is involved in the resolution of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia after acute lung injury: evidence from a rat modelCrit. Care Med.3015281534PubMed

140.

Guinee, D, Brambilla, E, Fleming, M, et al. 1997The potential role of BAX and BCL-2 expression in diffuse alveolar damageAm. J. Pathol.1519991007PubMed

141.

Tesfaigzi, J, Wood, MB, Johnson, NF, et al. 1998Apoptosis is a pathway responsible for resolution of endotoxin-induced alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in the ratInt. J. Exp. Pathol.79303311PubMed

142.

Hallman, MR, Spragg, JH, Harrel, KM, et al. 1982Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure: study of bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids, surface activity, phospholipase activity and plasma myoinositolJ. Clin. Invest.70673683PubMed

143.

Hallman, M, Maasilta, P, Sipilô, I, et al. 1989Composition and function of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndromeEur. Respir. J.2104S108S

144.

Balibrea, JL, García-Barreno, B, Garcia-Barreno, P, et al. 1979Pulmonary lung and surfactant lipid biosynthesis in dogs under septic and hypovolemia shock syndromesInt. J. Biochem.109196PubMed

145.

Arias-Diaz, J, Vara, E, García, C, et al. 1994TNF-alpha-induced inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by human type II pneumocytes is partially mediated by prostaglandinsJ. Clin. Invest.94244250PubMed

146.

Pison, U, Seeger, W, Buchhorn, R, et al. 1989Surfactant abnormalities in patients with respiratory failure after multiple traumaAm. Rev. Respir. Dis.14010331039PubMed

147.

Whitsett, JA, Weaver, TE 2002Hydrophobic surfactant proteins in lung function and diseaseN. Engl. J. Med.347214121488PubMed

148.

McCormack, F 1997The structure and function of surfactant protein-AChest111114S119SPubMed

149.

Thomassen, MJ, Antal, JM, Barna, BP, et al. 1996Surfactant downregulates synthesis of DNA and inflammatory mediators in normal human lung fibroblastsAm. J. Physiol.270L159L163PubMed

150.

Iwaarden, F, Welmers, B, Verhoef, J, et al. 1990Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophagesAm. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.29198PubMed

151.

McIntosh, JC, Mervin-Blake, S, Conner, E, et al. 1996Surfactant protein A protects growing cells and reduces TNF-alpha activity from LPS-stimulated macrophagesAm. J. Physiol.271L310L319PubMed

152.

Sano, H, Sohma, H, Muta, T, et al. 1999Pulmonary surfactant protein A modulates the cellular response to smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides by interaction with CD14J. Immunol.163387395PubMed

153.

Arias-Diaz, J, García-Verdugo, I, Casals, C, et al. 2000Effect of surfactant protein A (SP-A) on the production of cytokines by human pulmonary macrophagesShock14300306PubMed

154.

Harrod, KS, Trapnell, BC, Otake, K, et al. 1999SP-A enhances viral clearance and inhibits inflammation after pulmonary adenoviral infectionAm. J. Physiol.277L580L588PubMed

155.

Borron, P, McIntosh, JC, Korfhagen, TR, et al. 2000Surfactant-associated protein A inhibits LPS-induced cytokine and nitric oxide production in vivoAm. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.278L840L847PubMed

156.

Anzueto, A, Baughman, RP, Guntupalli, KK, et al. 1996Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndromeN. Engl. J. Med.33414171421PubMed

157.

Gregory, T, Steinberg, KP, Spragg, R, et al. 1997Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndromeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.15513091315PubMed

158.

Spragg, RG, Gilliard, N, Richman, P, et al. 1994Acute effects of a single dose of porcine surfactant on patients with the adult respiratory distress syndromeChest105195202PubMed

159.

Walmrath, D, Vaal, JB, Bruining, HA, et al. 2000Treatment of ARDS with rSP-C surfactantAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.161A379

160.

Wiswell, TE, Smith, RM, Katz, LB, et al. 1999Bronchopulmonary segmental lavage with Surfaxin (KL4-surfactant) for acute respiratory distress syndromeAm. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.16011881195PubMed

Title: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Septic Surgical Patient
Authors: Jose L. Balibrea, M.D., Ph.D.
Javier Arias-Díaz, M.D., Ph.D.
Publication date: 01-12-2003
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: World Journal of Surgery / Issue 12/2003
Print ISSN: 0364-2313
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2323
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-003-7258-3

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Septic Surgical Patient

Abstract

2024 ASCO Annual Meeting

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2003

High Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin G Pretreatment: Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Reperfusion Injury to the Liver

Superior Performance of a Paraaortic Counterpulsation Device Compared to the Intraaortic Balloon Pump

To the Editor (DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-1024-4)

Reply (DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-1027-1)

To the Editor (DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-7224-0)

To the Editor (DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-1026-2)