Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Obesity Surgery 7/2015

01-07-2015 | Review

Abnormalities of Reproductive Function in Male Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery—A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Alberto Rosenblatt, Joel Faintuch, Ivan Cecconello

Published in: Obesity Surgery | Issue 7/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Young males represent one of the populations with the steepest increases in the incidence of obesity. They are also prone to significant derangements in sexual health and fertility. Despite a growing number of reports about female reproductive health, in the setting of bariatric surgery, males have received much less attention. In the current review of reproductive abnormalities in severe obese males before and after bariatric surgery, erectile function, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis status, sex hormones, semen quality, fertility and assisted reproductive techniques, along with analysis of adipokines, gut hormones, and environmental factors are addressed. Available evidence about weight loss benefits, both medical and surgical, are highlighted, along with perspectives for future investigations, which may be relevant for the patient, for the couple, and for the community alike.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81.
2.
go back to reference Lutz W, O'Neill BC, Scherbov S. Demographics. Europe's population at a turning point. Science. 2003;299:1991–2.PubMed Lutz W, O'Neill BC, Scherbov S. Demographics. Europe's population at a turning point. Science. 2003;299:1991–2.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Rosenfield A, Schwartz K. Population and development—shifting paradigms, setting goals. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:647–9.PubMed Rosenfield A, Schwartz K. Population and development—shifting paradigms, setting goals. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:647–9.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Magnusdottir EV, Thorsteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir S, et al. Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:208–15.PubMed Magnusdottir EV, Thorsteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir S, et al. Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:208–15.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, et al. Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:863–70.PubMed Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, et al. Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004;82:863–70.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Andersen AG, Jensen TK, Carlsen E, et al. High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:366–72.PubMed Andersen AG, Jensen TK, Carlsen E, et al. High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:366–72.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Duggar E, Bokil M. Population aging will dampen economic growth over the next two decades. In: Moody's Investors Service Moody's, Editor; 2014. Duggar E, Bokil M. Population aging will dampen economic growth over the next two decades. In: Moody's Investors Service Moody's, Editor; 2014.
9.
go back to reference Kolotkin RL, Zunker C, Ostbye T. Sexual functioning and obesity: a review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:2325–33. Kolotkin RL, Zunker C, Ostbye T. Sexual functioning and obesity: a review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20:2325–33.
10.
go back to reference Muller M, Grobbee DE, den Tonkelaar I, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2618–23.PubMed Muller M, Grobbee DE, den Tonkelaar I, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:2618–23.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Solomon H, Man JW, Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Heart. 2003;89:251–3.PubMedCentralPubMed Solomon H, Man JW, Jackson G. Erectile dysfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial dysfunction is the common denominator. Heart. 2003;89:251–3.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
go back to reference Diaz-Arjonilla M, Schwarcz M, Swerdloff RS, et al. Obesity, low testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2009;21:89–98.PubMed Diaz-Arjonilla M, Schwarcz M, Swerdloff RS, et al. Obesity, low testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2009;21:89–98.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Giugliano F, Esposito K, Di Palo C, et al. Erectile dysfunction associates with endothelial dysfunction and raised proinflammatory cytokine levels in obese men. J Endocrinol Investig. 2004;27:665–9. Giugliano F, Esposito K, Di Palo C, et al. Erectile dysfunction associates with endothelial dysfunction and raised proinflammatory cytokine levels in obese men. J Endocrinol Investig. 2004;27:665–9.
14.
go back to reference Hotaling JM. Genetics of male infertility. Urol Clin N Am. 2014;41:1–17. Hotaling JM. Genetics of male infertility. Urol Clin N Am. 2014;41:1–17.
15.
go back to reference Birkeland KI, Hanssen KF, Torjesen PA, et al. Level of sex hormone-binding globulin is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:275–8.PubMed Birkeland KI, Hanssen KF, Torjesen PA, et al. Level of sex hormone-binding globulin is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in men with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:275–8.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Pasquali R, Casimirri F, De Iasio R, et al. Insulin regulates testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in adult normal weight and obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:654–8.PubMed Pasquali R, Casimirri F, De Iasio R, et al. Insulin regulates testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in adult normal weight and obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:654–8.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Cantobelli S, et al. Effect of obesity and body fat distribution on sex hormones and insulin in men. Metabolism. 1991;40:101–4.PubMed Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Cantobelli S, et al. Effect of obesity and body fat distribution on sex hormones and insulin in men. Metabolism. 1991;40:101–4.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Roth MY, Amory JK, Page ST. Treatment of male infertility secondary to morbid obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:415–9.PubMedCentralPubMed Roth MY, Amory JK, Page ST. Treatment of male infertility secondary to morbid obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:415–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
19.
go back to reference Rebuffe-Scrive M, Marin P, Bjorntorp P. Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men. Int J Obes. 1991;15:791–5.PubMed Rebuffe-Scrive M, Marin P, Bjorntorp P. Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men. Int J Obes. 1991;15:791–5.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Boden G, Jadali F, White J, et al. Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:960–6.PubMedCentralPubMed Boden G, Jadali F, White J, et al. Effects of fat on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate metabolism in normal men. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:960–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
21.
go back to reference Fariello RM, Pariz JR, Spaine DM, et al. Association between obesity and alteration of sperm DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity. BJU Int. 2012;110:863–7.PubMed Fariello RM, Pariz JR, Spaine DM, et al. Association between obesity and alteration of sperm DNA integrity and mitochondrial activity. BJU Int. 2012;110:863–7.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Evenson D, Wixon R. Meta-analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;12:466–72.PubMed Evenson D, Wixon R. Meta-analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;12:466–72.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Deslypere JP, et al. Attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse amplitude but normal LH pulse frequency, and its relation to plasma androgens in hypogonadism of obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1140–6.PubMed Vermeulen A, Kaufman JM, Deslypere JP, et al. Attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse amplitude but normal LH pulse frequency, and its relation to plasma androgens in hypogonadism of obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1140–6.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Ryu JW, Kim MS, Kim CH, et al. DHEA administration increases brown fat uncoupling protein 1 levels in obese OLETF rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;303:726–31.PubMed Ryu JW, Kim MS, Kim CH, et al. DHEA administration increases brown fat uncoupling protein 1 levels in obese OLETF rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;303:726–31.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, et al. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1636–42.PubMed Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, et al. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1636–42.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Edmunds SE, Stubbs AP, Santos AA, et al. Estrogen and androgen regulation of sex hormone binding globulin secretion by a human liver cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990;37:733–9.PubMed Edmunds SE, Stubbs AP, Santos AA, et al. Estrogen and androgen regulation of sex hormone binding globulin secretion by a human liver cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990;37:733–9.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Williams T, Berelowitz M, Joffe SN, et al. Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1403–7.PubMed Williams T, Berelowitz M, Joffe SN, et al. Impaired growth hormone responses to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1403–7.PubMed
28.
go back to reference George JT, Millar RP, Anderson RA. Hypothesis: kisspeptin mediates male hypogonadism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;91:302–7.PubMed George JT, Millar RP, Anderson RA. Hypothesis: kisspeptin mediates male hypogonadism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;91:302–7.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Luque RM, Kineman RD, Tena-Sempere M. Regulation of hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes by metabolic factors: analyses using mouse models and a cell line. Endocrinology. 2007;148:4601–11.PubMed Luque RM, Kineman RD, Tena-Sempere M. Regulation of hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1 and GPR54 genes by metabolic factors: analyses using mouse models and a cell line. Endocrinology. 2007;148:4601–11.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin offers a novel therapeutic target in reproduction. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;10:311–8.PubMed Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. Kisspeptin offers a novel therapeutic target in reproduction. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;10:311–8.PubMed
31.
go back to reference George JT, Veldhuis JD, Tena-Sempere M, et al. Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;79:100–4. George JT, Veldhuis JD, Tena-Sempere M, et al. Exploring the pathophysiology of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: kisspeptin-10 stimulates serum testosterone and LH secretion in men with type 2 diabetes and mild biochemical hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;79:100–4.
32.
go back to reference Esposito K, Giugliano D. The metabolic syndrome and inflammation: association or causation? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;14:228–32.PubMed Esposito K, Giugliano D. The metabolic syndrome and inflammation: association or causation? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;14:228–32.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Traish AM, Feeley RJ, Guay A. Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: androgen deficiency and endothelial dysfunction may be the link between obesity and erectile dysfunction. FEBS J. 2009;276:5755–67.PubMed Traish AM, Feeley RJ, Guay A. Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: androgen deficiency and endothelial dysfunction may be the link between obesity and erectile dysfunction. FEBS J. 2009;276:5755–67.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Chung WS, Sohn JH, Park YY. Is obesity an underlying factor in erectile dysfunction? Eur Urol. 1999;36:68–70.PubMed Chung WS, Sohn JH, Park YY. Is obesity an underlying factor in erectile dysfunction? Eur Urol. 1999;36:68–70.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61.PubMed Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol. 1994;151:54–61.PubMed
36.
37.
go back to reference Hammoud A, Gibson M, Hunt SC, et al. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on the sex steroids and quality of life in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1329–32.PubMedCentralPubMed Hammoud A, Gibson M, Hunt SC, et al. Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on the sex steroids and quality of life in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:1329–32.PubMedCentralPubMed
38.
go back to reference Omana JJ, Tamler R, Strohmayer E, et al. Sex hormones levels in men undergoing bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:S22–3. Omana JJ, Tamler R, Strohmayer E, et al. Sex hormones levels in men undergoing bariatric surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;209:S22–3.
39.
go back to reference Reis LO, Favaro WJ, Barreiro GC, et al. Erectile dysfunction and hormonal imbalance in morbidly obese male is reversed after gastric bypass surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Int J Androl. 2010;33:736–44.PubMed Reis LO, Favaro WJ, Barreiro GC, et al. Erectile dysfunction and hormonal imbalance in morbidly obese male is reversed after gastric bypass surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Int J Androl. 2010;33:736–44.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Pauli EM, Legro RS, Demers LM, et al. Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:346–51.PubMedCentralPubMed Pauli EM, Legro RS, Demers LM, et al. Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:346–51.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
go back to reference MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M, et al. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16:293–311.PubMed MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M, et al. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16:293–311.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Aggerholm AS, Thulstrup AM, Toft G, et al. Is overweight a risk factor for reduced semen quality and altered serum sex hormone profile? Fertil Steril. 2008;90:619–26.PubMed Aggerholm AS, Thulstrup AM, Toft G, et al. Is overweight a risk factor for reduced semen quality and altered serum sex hormone profile? Fertil Steril. 2008;90:619–26.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Duits FH, van Wely M, van der Veen F, et al. Healthy overweight male partners of subfertile couples should not worry about their semen quality. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1356–9.PubMed Duits FH, van Wely M, van der Veen F, et al. Healthy overweight male partners of subfertile couples should not worry about their semen quality. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1356–9.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Relwani R, Berger D, Santoro N, et al. Semen parameters are unrelated to BMI but vary with SSRI use and prior urological surgery. Reprod Sci. 2011;18:391–7.PubMed Relwani R, Berger D, Santoro N, et al. Semen parameters are unrelated to BMI but vary with SSRI use and prior urological surgery. Reprod Sci. 2011;18:391–7.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Lotti F, Corona G, Colpi GM, et al. Elevated body mass index correlates with higher seminal plasma interleukin 8 levels and ultrasonographic abnormalities of the prostate in men attending an andrology clinic for infertility. J Endocrinol Investig. 2011;34:e336–42. Lotti F, Corona G, Colpi GM, et al. Elevated body mass index correlates with higher seminal plasma interleukin 8 levels and ultrasonographic abnormalities of the prostate in men attending an andrology clinic for infertility. J Endocrinol Investig. 2011;34:e336–42.
46.
go back to reference Eskandar M, Al-Asmari M, Babu Chaduvula S, et al. Impact of male obesity on semen quality and serum sex hormones. Adv Urol. 2012;2012:407601.PubMedCentralPubMed Eskandar M, Al-Asmari M, Babu Chaduvula S, et al. Impact of male obesity on semen quality and serum sex hormones. Adv Urol. 2012;2012:407601.PubMedCentralPubMed
47.
go back to reference Hammoud AO, Wilde N, Gibson M, et al. Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:2222–5.PubMed Hammoud AO, Wilde N, Gibson M, et al. Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:2222–5.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Kort HI, Massey JB, Elsner CW, et al. Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006;27:450–2.PubMed Kort HI, Massey JB, Elsner CW, et al. Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006;27:450–2.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, et al. Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2222–31.PubMedCentralPubMed Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, et al. Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2010;93:2222–31.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
go back to reference Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Nohr EA, et al. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1634–7.PubMed Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Nohr EA, et al. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:1634–7.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Hajshafiha M, Ghareaghaji R, Salemi S, et al. Association of body mass index with some fertility markers among male partners of infertile couples. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:447–51.PubMedCentralPubMed Hajshafiha M, Ghareaghaji R, Salemi S, et al. Association of body mass index with some fertility markers among male partners of infertile couples. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:447–51.PubMedCentralPubMed
52.
go back to reference Koloszar S, Fejes I, Zavaczki Z, et al. Effect of body weight on sperm concentration in normozoospermic males. Arch Androl. 2005;51:299–304.PubMed Koloszar S, Fejes I, Zavaczki Z, et al. Effect of body weight on sperm concentration in normozoospermic males. Arch Androl. 2005;51:299–304.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, et al. BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19:221–31.PubMedCentralPubMed Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, et al. BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2013;19:221–31.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
go back to reference Hofny ER, Ali ME, Abdel-Hafez HZ, et al. Semen parameters and hormonal profile in obese fertile and infertile males. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:581–4.PubMed Hofny ER, Ali ME, Abdel-Hafez HZ, et al. Semen parameters and hormonal profile in obese fertile and infertile males. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:581–4.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Sekhavat L, Moein MR. The effect of male body mass index on sperm parameters. Aging Male. 2010;13:155–8.PubMed Sekhavat L, Moein MR. The effect of male body mass index on sperm parameters. Aging Male. 2010;13:155–8.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Fejes I, Koloszar S, Zavaczki Z, et al. Effect of body weight on testosterone/estradiol ratio in oligozoospermic patients. Arch Androl. 2006;52:97–102.PubMed Fejes I, Koloszar S, Zavaczki Z, et al. Effect of body weight on testosterone/estradiol ratio in oligozoospermic patients. Arch Androl. 2006;52:97–102.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Hammiche F, Laven JS, Twigt JM, et al. Body mass index and central adiposity are associated with sperm quality in men of subfertile couples. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:2365–72.PubMed Hammiche F, Laven JS, Twigt JM, et al. Body mass index and central adiposity are associated with sperm quality in men of subfertile couples. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:2365–72.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Shayeb AG, Harrild K, Mathers E, et al. An exploration of the association between male body mass index and semen quality. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:717–23.PubMed Shayeb AG, Harrild K, Mathers E, et al. An exploration of the association between male body mass index and semen quality. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:717–23.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R, et al. Men's body mass index and infertility. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:2488–93.PubMed Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R, et al. Men's body mass index and infertility. Hum Reprod. 2007;22:2488–93.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Ohwaki K, Endo F, Yano E. Relationship between body mass index and infertility in healthy male Japanese workers: a pilot study. Andrologia. 2009;41:100–4.PubMed Ohwaki K, Endo F, Yano E. Relationship between body mass index and infertility in healthy male Japanese workers: a pilot study. Andrologia. 2009;41:100–4.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Sallmen M, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, et al. Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men. Epidemiology. 2006;17:520–3.PubMed Sallmen M, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, et al. Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men. Epidemiology. 2006;17:520–3.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Hanafy S, Halawa FA, Mostafa T, et al. Serum leptin correlates in infertile oligozoospermic males. Andrologia. 2007;39:177–80.PubMed Hanafy S, Halawa FA, Mostafa T, et al. Serum leptin correlates in infertile oligozoospermic males. Andrologia. 2007;39:177–80.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Eisenberg ML, Kim S, Chen Z, et al. The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:193–200.PubMedCentralPubMed Eisenberg ML, Kim S, Chen Z, et al. The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Hum Reprod. 2014;29:193–200.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
go back to reference Stewart TM, Liu DY, Garrett C, et al. Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in fertile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:1561–8.PubMed Stewart TM, Liu DY, Garrett C, et al. Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in fertile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:1561–8.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Keltz J, Zapantis A, Jindal SK, et al. Overweight men: clinical pregnancy after ART is decreased in IVF but not in ICSI cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010;27:539–44.PubMedCentralPubMed Keltz J, Zapantis A, Jindal SK, et al. Overweight men: clinical pregnancy after ART is decreased in IVF but not in ICSI cycles. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010;27:539–44.PubMedCentralPubMed
66.
go back to reference Merhi ZO, Keltz J, Zapantis A, et al. Male adiposity impairs clinical pregnancy rate by in vitro fertilization without affecting day 3 embryo quality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1608–12. Merhi ZO, Keltz J, Zapantis A, et al. Male adiposity impairs clinical pregnancy rate by in vitro fertilization without affecting day 3 embryo quality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21:1608–12.
67.
go back to reference Braga DP, Halpern G, Figueira Rde C, et al. Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:53–9.PubMed Braga DP, Halpern G, Figueira Rde C, et al. Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril. 2012;97:53–9.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Martini AC, Tissera A, Estofan D, et al. Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1739–43.PubMed Martini AC, Tissera A, Estofan D, et al. Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1739–43.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Klaus S. Adipose tissue as a regulator of energy balance. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5:241–50.PubMed Klaus S. Adipose tissue as a regulator of energy balance. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5:241–50.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Warren MP, Perlroth NE. The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J Endocrinol. 2001;170:3–11.PubMed Warren MP, Perlroth NE. The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J Endocrinol. 2001;170:3–11.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, et al. Reproductive health outcomes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:826–33.PubMed Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, et al. Reproductive health outcomes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46:826–33.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Leisegang K, Bouic PJ, Menkveld R, et al. Obesity is associated with increased seminal insulin and leptin alongside reduced fertility parameters in a controlled male cohort. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:34.PubMedCentralPubMed Leisegang K, Bouic PJ, Menkveld R, et al. Obesity is associated with increased seminal insulin and leptin alongside reduced fertility parameters in a controlled male cohort. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:34.PubMedCentralPubMed
73.
go back to reference Machtinger R, Combelles CM, Missmer SA, et al. The association between severe obesity and characteristics of failed fertilized oocytes. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:3198–207.PubMed Machtinger R, Combelles CM, Missmer SA, et al. The association between severe obesity and characteristics of failed fertilized oocytes. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:3198–207.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, et al. Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:440–2.PubMed Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, et al. Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:440–2.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Kotani K, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S, et al. Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18:207–12.PubMed Kotani K, Tokunaga K, Fujioka S, et al. Sexual dimorphism of age-related changes in whole-body fat distribution in the obese. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18:207–12.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Pasquali R. Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:1319–40.PubMed Pasquali R. Obesity and androgens: facts and perspectives. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:1319–40.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Marin P, Andersson B, Ottosson M, et al. The morphology and metabolism of intraabdominal adipose tissue in men. Metabolism. 1992;41:1242–8.PubMed Marin P, Andersson B, Ottosson M, et al. The morphology and metabolism of intraabdominal adipose tissue in men. Metabolism. 1992;41:1242–8.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Garcia-Cruz E, Piqueras M, Gosalbez D, et al. Erectile dysfunction and its severity are related to the number of cardiovascular risk factors. Actas Urol Esp. 2010;36:291–5. Garcia-Cruz E, Piqueras M, Gosalbez D, et al. Erectile dysfunction and its severity are related to the number of cardiovascular risk factors. Actas Urol Esp. 2010;36:291–5.
79.
go back to reference Ahmed I, Goldstein BJ. Cardiovascular risk in the spectrum of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73:759–68.PubMed Ahmed I, Goldstein BJ. Cardiovascular risk in the spectrum of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med. 2006;73:759–68.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Haque WA, Garg A. Adipocyte biology and adipocytokines. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:217–34.PubMed Haque WA, Garg A. Adipocyte biology and adipocytokines. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:217–34.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Bigornia SJ, Farb MG, Mott MM, et al. Relation of depot-specific adipose inflammation to insulin resistance in human obesity. Nutr Diabetes. 2012;2:e30.PubMedCentralPubMed Bigornia SJ, Farb MG, Mott MM, et al. Relation of depot-specific adipose inflammation to insulin resistance in human obesity. Nutr Diabetes. 2012;2:e30.PubMedCentralPubMed
82.
go back to reference Moschos S, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and reproduction: a review. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:433–44.PubMed Moschos S, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and reproduction: a review. Fertil Steril. 2002;77:433–44.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Jope T, Lammert A, Kratzsch J, et al. Leptin and leptin receptor in human seminal plasma and in human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2003;26:335–41.PubMed Jope T, Lammert A, Kratzsch J, et al. Leptin and leptin receptor in human seminal plasma and in human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2003;26:335–41.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Isidori AM, Caprio M, Strollo F, et al. Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3673–80.PubMed Isidori AM, Caprio M, Strollo F, et al. Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:3673–80.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, et al. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:26746–9.PubMed Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, et al. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:26746–9.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, et al. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1391–6.PubMed Hoffstedt J, Arvidsson E, Sjolin E, et al. Adipose tissue adiponectin production and adiponectin serum concentration in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1391–6.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Bai J, Liu Y, Niu GF, et al. Relationship between adiponectin and testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2011;21:65–70. Bai J, Liu Y, Niu GF, et al. Relationship between adiponectin and testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2011;21:65–70.
88.
go back to reference Kratzsch J, Paasch U, Grunewald S, et al. Resistin correlates with elastase and interleukin-6 in human seminal plasma. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16:283–8.PubMed Kratzsch J, Paasch U, Grunewald S, et al. Resistin correlates with elastase and interleukin-6 in human seminal plasma. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;16:283–8.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Patrikakos P, Toutouzas KG, Gazouli M, et al. Long-term plasma ghrelin and leptin modulation after sleeve gastrectomy in Wistar rats in comparison with gastric tissue ghrelin expression. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1432–7.PubMed Patrikakos P, Toutouzas KG, Gazouli M, et al. Long-term plasma ghrelin and leptin modulation after sleeve gastrectomy in Wistar rats in comparison with gastric tissue ghrelin expression. Obes Surg. 2011;21:1432–7.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, et al. Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Investig. 2000;23:493–5. Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, et al. Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Investig. 2000;23:493–5.
91.
go back to reference Lasselin J, Magne E, Beau C, et al. Adipose inflammation in obesity: relationship with circulating levels of inflammatory markers and association with surgery-induced weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E53–61.PubMed Lasselin J, Magne E, Beau C, et al. Adipose inflammation in obesity: relationship with circulating levels of inflammatory markers and association with surgery-induced weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E53–61.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Mesarwi O, Polak J, Jun J, et al. Sleep disorders and the development of insulin resistance and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013;42:617–34. Mesarwi O, Polak J, Jun J, et al. Sleep disorders and the development of insulin resistance and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2013;42:617–34.
93.
go back to reference Nannapaneni S, Ramar K, Surani S. Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive literature review. World J Diabetes. 2013;4:238–44.PubMedCentralPubMed Nannapaneni S, Ramar K, Surani S. Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive literature review. World J Diabetes. 2013;4:238–44.PubMedCentralPubMed
94.
go back to reference Gaytan F, Barreiro ML, Chopin LK, et al. Immunolocalization of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the cyclic human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:879–87.PubMed Gaytan F, Barreiro ML, Chopin LK, et al. Immunolocalization of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the cyclic human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:879–87.PubMed
95.
go back to reference Tena-Sempere M, Barreiro ML. Leptin in male reproduction: the testis paradigm. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;188:9–13.PubMed Tena-Sempere M, Barreiro ML. Leptin in male reproduction: the testis paradigm. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;188:9–13.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Luboshitzky R, Aviv A, Hefetz A, et al. Decreased pituitary-gonadal secretion in men with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3394–8.PubMed Luboshitzky R, Aviv A, Hefetz A, et al. Decreased pituitary-gonadal secretion in men with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:3394–8.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Marinelli D, Gaspari L, Pedotti P, et al. Mini-review of studies on the effect of smoking and drinking habits on semen parameters. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004;207:185–92.PubMed Marinelli D, Gaspari L, Pedotti P, et al. Mini-review of studies on the effect of smoking and drinking habits on semen parameters. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2004;207:185–92.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Fronczak CM, Kim ED, Barqawi AB. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. J Androl. 2012;33:515–28.PubMed Fronczak CM, Kim ED, Barqawi AB. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. J Androl. 2012;33:515–28.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Pant N, Pant AB, Chaturvedi PK, et al. Semen quality of environmentally exposed human population: the toxicological consequence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013;20:8274–81.PubMed Pant N, Pant AB, Chaturvedi PK, et al. Semen quality of environmentally exposed human population: the toxicological consequence. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013;20:8274–81.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Hauser R, Altshul L, Chen Z, et al. Environmental organochlorines and semen quality: results of a pilot study. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:229–33.PubMedCentralPubMed Hauser R, Altshul L, Chen Z, et al. Environmental organochlorines and semen quality: results of a pilot study. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110:229–33.PubMedCentralPubMed
101.
go back to reference Gumbs AA, Modlin IM, Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulin resistance following bariatric surgery: role of caloric restriction and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2005;15:462–73.PubMed Gumbs AA, Modlin IM, Ballantyne GH. Changes in insulin resistance following bariatric surgery: role of caloric restriction and weight loss. Obes Surg. 2005;15:462–73.PubMed
102.
go back to reference Petelin A, Bizjak M, Cernelic-Bizjak M, et al. Low-grade inflammation in overweight and obese adults is affected by weight loss program. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37:745–55 Petelin A, Bizjak M, Cernelic-Bizjak M, et al. Low-grade inflammation in overweight and obese adults is affected by weight loss program. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37:745–55
103.
go back to reference Kadera BE, Lum K, Grant J, et al. Remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is associated with greater weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5:305–9.PubMed Kadera BE, Lum K, Grant J, et al. Remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is associated with greater weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5:305–9.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Fava C, Montagnana M, Favaloro EJ, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2011;37:280–97.PubMed Fava C, Montagnana M, Favaloro EJ, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2011;37:280–97.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Hammoud AO, Walker JM, Gibson M, et al. Sleep apnea, reproductive hormones and quality of sexual life in severely obese men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1118–23. Hammoud AO, Walker JM, Gibson M, et al. Sleep apnea, reproductive hormones and quality of sexual life in severely obese men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19:1118–23.
106.
go back to reference Budweiser S, Enderlein S, Jorres RA, et al. Sleep apnea is an independent correlate of erectile and sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009;6:3147–57.PubMed Budweiser S, Enderlein S, Jorres RA, et al. Sleep apnea is an independent correlate of erectile and sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2009;6:3147–57.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:352–8.PubMed Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ, et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:352–8.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Luboshitzky R, Lavie L, Shen-Orr Z, et al. Altered luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in middle-aged obese men with obstructive sleep apnea. Obes Res. 2005;13:780–6.PubMed Luboshitzky R, Lavie L, Shen-Orr Z, et al. Altered luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in middle-aged obese men with obstructive sleep apnea. Obes Res. 2005;13:780–6.PubMed
109.
go back to reference Macrea MM, Martin TJ, Zagrean L. Infertility and obstructive sleep apnea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on serum prolactin levels. Sleep Breath. 2010;14:253–7.PubMed Macrea MM, Martin TJ, Zagrean L. Infertility and obstructive sleep apnea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on serum prolactin levels. Sleep Breath. 2010;14:253–7.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Slutsky M, Levin JL, Levy BS. Azoospermia and oligospermia among a large cohort of DBCP applicators in 12 countries. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999;5:116–22.PubMed Slutsky M, Levin JL, Levy BS. Azoospermia and oligospermia among a large cohort of DBCP applicators in 12 countries. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1999;5:116–22.PubMed
111.
go back to reference Jensen TK, Heitmann BL, Jensen MB, et al. High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:411–8.PubMed Jensen TK, Heitmann BL, Jensen MB, et al. High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97:411–8.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Attaman JA, Toth TL, Furtado J, et al. Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:1466–74.PubMedCentralPubMed Attaman JA, Toth TL, Furtado J, et al. Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Hum Reprod. 2012;27:1466–74.PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
go back to reference Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Fullston T, et al. Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition. Spermatogenesis. 2012;2:253–63.PubMedCentralPubMed Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Fullston T, et al. Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition. Spermatogenesis. 2012;2:253–63.PubMedCentralPubMed
114.
go back to reference Thonneau P, Bujan L, Multigner L, et al. Occupational heat exposure and male fertility: a review. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2122–5.PubMed Thonneau P, Bujan L, Multigner L, et al. Occupational heat exposure and male fertility: a review. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2122–5.PubMed
115.
go back to reference Shafik A, Olfat S. Lipectomy in the treatment of scrotal lipomatosis. Br J Urol. 1981;53:55–61.PubMed Shafik A, Olfat S. Lipectomy in the treatment of scrotal lipomatosis. Br J Urol. 1981;53:55–61.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Ghanayem BI, Bai R, Kissling GE, et al. Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:96–104.PubMedCentralPubMed Ghanayem BI, Bai R, Kissling GE, et al. Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Biol Reprod. 2010;82:96–104.PubMedCentralPubMed
117.
go back to reference Aitken RJ, Clarkson JS, Fishel S. Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function. Biol Reprod. 1989;41:183–97.PubMed Aitken RJ, Clarkson JS, Fishel S. Generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and human sperm function. Biol Reprod. 1989;41:183–97.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Le Lay S, Simard G, Martinez MC, et al. Oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies: from an adipocentric point of view. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:908539. Le Lay S, Simard G, Martinez MC, et al. Oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies: from an adipocentric point of view. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:908539.
119.
go back to reference Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:1752–61.PubMedCentralPubMed Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:1752–61.PubMedCentralPubMed
120.
go back to reference Mack SR, Everingham J, Zaneveld LJ. Isolation and partial characterization of the plasma membrane from human spermatozoa. J Exp Zool. 1986;240:127–36.PubMed Mack SR, Everingham J, Zaneveld LJ. Isolation and partial characterization of the plasma membrane from human spermatozoa. J Exp Zool. 1986;240:127–36.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Cross NL. Role of cholesterol in sperm capacitation. Biol Reprod. 1998;59:7–11.PubMed Cross NL. Role of cholesterol in sperm capacitation. Biol Reprod. 1998;59:7–11.PubMed
122.
go back to reference Ollero M, Powers RD, Alvarez JG. Variation of docosahexaenoic acid content in subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation: implications for sperm lipoperoxidative damage. Mol Reprod Dev. 2000;55:326–34.PubMed Ollero M, Powers RD, Alvarez JG. Variation of docosahexaenoic acid content in subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation: implications for sperm lipoperoxidative damage. Mol Reprod Dev. 2000;55:326–34.PubMed
123.
go back to reference Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, et al. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation. 2005;111:1448–54.PubMed Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, et al. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation. 2005;111:1448–54.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Tunc O, Bakos HW, Tremellen K. Impact of body mass index on seminal oxidative stress. Andrologia. 2011;43:121–8.PubMed Tunc O, Bakos HW, Tremellen K. Impact of body mass index on seminal oxidative stress. Andrologia. 2011;43:121–8.PubMed
125.
go back to reference Dusing R. Sexual dysfunction in male patients with hypertension: influence of antihypertensive drugs. Drugs. 2005;65:773–86.PubMed Dusing R. Sexual dysfunction in male patients with hypertension: influence of antihypertensive drugs. Drugs. 2005;65:773–86.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Rosen RC, Marin H. Prevalence of antidepressant-associated erectile dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 10:5–10.PubMed Rosen RC, Marin H. Prevalence of antidepressant-associated erectile dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 10:5–10.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Peuskens J, Sienaert P, De Hert M. Sexual dysfunction: the unspoken side effect of antipsychotics. Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13:23s–30. Peuskens J, Sienaert P, De Hert M. Sexual dysfunction: the unspoken side effect of antipsychotics. Eur Psychiatry. 1998;13:23s–30.
128.
go back to reference Levy BR, Pilver CE. Residual stigma: psychological distress among the formerly overweight. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75:297–9. Levy BR, Pilver CE. Residual stigma: psychological distress among the formerly overweight. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75:297–9.
129.
go back to reference Marin P, Holmang S, Gustafsson C, et al. Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men. Obes Res. 1993;1:245–51.PubMed Marin P, Holmang S, Gustafsson C, et al. Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men. Obes Res. 1993;1:245–51.PubMed
130.
go back to reference Saad F, Gooren L, Haider A, et al. Effects of testosterone gel followed by parenteral testosterone undecanoate on sexual dysfunction and on features of the metabolic syndrome. Andrologia. 2008;40:44–8.PubMed Saad F, Gooren L, Haider A, et al. Effects of testosterone gel followed by parenteral testosterone undecanoate on sexual dysfunction and on features of the metabolic syndrome. Andrologia. 2008;40:44–8.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med. 2013;11:108.PubMedCentralPubMed Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, et al. Testosterone therapy and cardiovascular events among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. BMC Med. 2013;11:108.PubMedCentralPubMed
132.
go back to reference Stokes VJ, Anderson RA, George JT. How does obesity affect fertility in men - and what are the treatment options? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014. doi:10.1111/cen.12591. Stokes VJ, Anderson RA, George JT. How does obesity affect fertility in men - and what are the treatment options? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014. doi:10.​1111/​cen.​12591.
133.
go back to reference Zumoff B, Miller LK, Strain GW. Reversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Metabolism. 2003;52:1126–8.PubMed Zumoff B, Miller LK, Strain GW. Reversal of the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obese men by administration of the aromatase inhibitor testolactone. Metabolism. 2003;52:1126–8.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Du Plessis SS, Cabler S, McAlister DA, et al. The effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:153–61.PubMed Du Plessis SS, Cabler S, McAlister DA, et al. The effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:153–61.PubMed
135.
go back to reference Li Z, Wang L, Cai J, et al. Correlation of sperm DNA damage with IVF and ICSI outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2006;23:367–76.PubMedCentralPubMed Li Z, Wang L, Cai J, et al. Correlation of sperm DNA damage with IVF and ICSI outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2006;23:367–76.PubMedCentralPubMed
136.
go back to reference Orvieto R, Meltcer S, Nahum R, et al. The influence of body mass index on in vitro fertilization outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104:53–5.PubMed Orvieto R, Meltcer S, Nahum R, et al. The influence of body mass index on in vitro fertilization outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104:53–5.PubMed
137.
go back to reference Rittenberg V, Seshadri S, Sunkara SK, et al. Effect of body mass index on IVF treatment outcome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:421–39.PubMed Rittenberg V, Seshadri S, Sunkara SK, et al. Effect of body mass index on IVF treatment outcome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2011;23:421–39.PubMed
138.
go back to reference Sneed ML, Uhler ML, Grotjan HE, et al. Body mass index: impact on IVF success appears age-related. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:1835–9.PubMed Sneed ML, Uhler ML, Grotjan HE, et al. Body mass index: impact on IVF success appears age-related. Hum Reprod. 2008;23:1835–9.PubMed
139.
go back to reference Zhang D, Zhu Y, Gao H, et al. Overweight and obesity negatively affect the outcomes of ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilisation: a cohort study of 2628 Chinese women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26:325–32.PubMed Zhang D, Zhu Y, Gao H, et al. Overweight and obesity negatively affect the outcomes of ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilisation: a cohort study of 2628 Chinese women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26:325–32.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Martinuzzi K, Ryan S, Luna M, et al. Elevated body mass index (BMI) does not adversely affect in vitro fertilization outcome in young women. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2008;25:169–75.PubMedCentralPubMed Martinuzzi K, Ryan S, Luna M, et al. Elevated body mass index (BMI) does not adversely affect in vitro fertilization outcome in young women. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2008;25:169–75.PubMedCentralPubMed
141.
go back to reference Rosenblatt A, Faintuch J, Cecconello I. Sexual hormones and erectile function more than 6 years after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:636–40. Rosenblatt A, Faintuch J, Cecconello I. Sexual hormones and erectile function more than 6 years after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:636–40.
142.
go back to reference Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, et al. Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168:829–43.PubMed Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, et al. Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168:829–43.PubMed
143.
go back to reference Calderon B, Galdon A, Calanas A, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism: comparison of laparoscopic gastric bypass with restrictive procedures. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1686–92.PubMed Calderon B, Galdon A, Calanas A, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism: comparison of laparoscopic gastric bypass with restrictive procedures. Obes Surg. 2014;24:1686–92.PubMed
144.
go back to reference Samavat J, Facchiano E, Lucchese M, et al. Hypogonadism as an additional indication for bariatric surgery in male morbid obesity? Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:555–60.PubMed Samavat J, Facchiano E, Lucchese M, et al. Hypogonadism as an additional indication for bariatric surgery in male morbid obesity? Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171:555–60.PubMed
145.
go back to reference Reis LO, Zani EL, Saad RD, et al. Bariatric surgery does not interfere with sperm quality—a preliminary long-term study. Reprod Sci. 2012;19:1057–62.PubMed Reis LO, Zani EL, Saad RD, et al. Bariatric surgery does not interfere with sperm quality—a preliminary long-term study. Reprod Sci. 2012;19:1057–62.PubMed
146.
go back to reference di Frega AS, Dale B, Di Matteo L, et al. Secondary male factor infertility after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity: case report. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:997–8.PubMed di Frega AS, Dale B, Di Matteo L, et al. Secondary male factor infertility after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity: case report. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:997–8.PubMed
147.
go back to reference Sermondade N, Massin N, Boitrelle F, et al. Sperm parameters and male fertility after bariatric surgery: three case series. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24:206–10.PubMed Sermondade N, Massin N, Boitrelle F, et al. Sperm parameters and male fertility after bariatric surgery: three case series. Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24:206–10.PubMed
148.
go back to reference Lazaros L, Hatzi E, Markoula S, et al. Dramatic reduction in sperm parameters following bariatric surgery: report of two cases. Andrologia. 2012;44:428–32.PubMed Lazaros L, Hatzi E, Markoula S, et al. Dramatic reduction in sperm parameters following bariatric surgery: report of two cases. Andrologia. 2012;44:428–32.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Abnormalities of Reproductive Function in Male Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery—A Comprehensive Review
Authors
Alberto Rosenblatt
Joel Faintuch
Ivan Cecconello
Publication date
01-07-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Obesity Surgery / Issue 7/2015
Print ISSN: 0960-8923
Electronic ISSN: 1708-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1663-1

Other articles of this Issue 7/2015

Obesity Surgery 7/2015 Go to the issue