Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2011

01-06-2011

A Tipping Point in Drug Dosing in Late-Life Schizophrenia

Authors: Takashi Tsuboi, Takefumi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Uchida

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Minimally effective doses of antipsychotics are likely influenced by several clinical and demographic characteristics of patients, with age being one of the most important elements. In light of age-related physiologic changes as well as interindividual differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systems, individualized dosing with regard to age will be critically important for safer drug treatment for older patients with schizophrenia. In the present review, we propose the following cautious psychopharmacologic interventions for this population: 1) simple regimen (avoid polypharmacy), 2) be aware of the presence of patients who are very sensitive to drugs, 3) gradual dose titration, and 4) timely and thorough assessments of therapeutic and side effects. The age-related antipsychotic sensitivity highlights the importance of finding the lowest possible effective dose of antipsychotic drugs as patients with schizophrenia age to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize side effects.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Effects of age and age of onset on prescribed antipsychotic dose in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a survey of 1, 418 patients in Japan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16:584–93.PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Effects of age and age of onset on prescribed antipsychotic dose in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a survey of 1, 418 patients in Japan. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16:584–93.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:225–35.PubMedCrossRef Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:225–35.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;294:1934–43.PubMedCrossRef Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;294:1934–43.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Uchida H, Mamo DC. Dosing of antipsychotics in schizophrenia across the life-spectrum. Prog Neuro psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:917–20.CrossRef Uchida H, Mamo DC. Dosing of antipsychotics in schizophrenia across the life-spectrum. Prog Neuro psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:917–20.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kane JM, Leucht S, Carpenter D, et al. The expert consensus guideline series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders. Introduction: methods, commentary, and summary. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 12:5–19.PubMed Kane JM, Leucht S, Carpenter D, et al. The expert consensus guideline series. Optimizing pharmacologic treatment of psychotic disorders. Introduction: methods, commentary, and summary. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 Suppl 12:5–19.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Haro JM, Novick D, Suarez D, et al. Remission and relapse in the outpatient care of schizophrenia: three-year results from the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:571–8.PubMedCrossRef Haro JM, Novick D, Suarez D, et al. Remission and relapse in the outpatient care of schizophrenia: three-year results from the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:571–8.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Lieberman JA. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia: efficacy, safety and cost outcomes of CATIE and other trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:e04.PubMedCrossRef Lieberman JA. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia: efficacy, safety and cost outcomes of CATIE and other trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:e04.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, et al. Low-dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:893–6.PubMed Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, et al. Low-dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40:893–6.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Alexopoulos GS, Streim J, Carpenter D, et al. Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 2:5–99.PubMed Alexopoulos GS, Streim J, Carpenter D, et al. Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 2:5–99.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, Part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2005;6:132–91.PubMedCrossRef Falkai P, Wobrock T, Lieberman J, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, Part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2005;6:132–91.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1–56.PubMedCrossRef Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1–56.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sernyak MJ, Dausey D, Desai R, et al. Prescribers’ nonadherence to treatment guidelines for schizophrenia when prescribing neuroleptics. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54:246–8.PubMedCrossRef Sernyak MJ, Dausey D, Desai R, et al. Prescribers’ nonadherence to treatment guidelines for schizophrenia when prescribing neuroleptics. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54:246–8.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Leslie DL, Rosenheck RA. Adherence of schizophrenia pharmacotherapy to published treatment recommendations: patient, facility, and provider predictors. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:649–58.PubMed Leslie DL, Rosenheck RA. Adherence of schizophrenia pharmacotherapy to published treatment recommendations: patient, facility, and provider predictors. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:649–58.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Chen RS, Nadkarni PM, Levin FL, et al. Using a computer database to monitor compliance with pharmacotherapeutic guidelines for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51:791–4.PubMedCrossRef Chen RS, Nadkarni PM, Levin FL, et al. Using a computer database to monitor compliance with pharmacotherapeutic guidelines for schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2000;51:791–4.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Jeste DV, Lacro JP, Gilbert PL, et al. Treatment of late-life schizophrenia with neuroleptics. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:817–30.PubMed Jeste DV, Lacro JP, Gilbert PL, et al. Treatment of late-life schizophrenia with neuroleptics. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:817–30.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Mamo DC, Sweet RA, Chengappa KN, et al. The effect of age on the pharmacological management of ambulatory patients treated with depot neuroleptic medications for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:1012–7.PubMedCrossRef Mamo DC, Sweet RA, Chengappa KN, et al. The effect of age on the pharmacological management of ambulatory patients treated with depot neuroleptic medications for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:1012–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Ayd Jr FJ. A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. JAMA. 1961;175:1054–60.PubMed Ayd Jr FJ. A survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions. JAMA. 1961;175:1054–60.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Caligiuri MP, Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Incidence and predictors of drug-induced parkinsonism in older psychiatric patients treated with very low doses of neuroleptics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:322–8.PubMedCrossRef Caligiuri MP, Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Incidence and predictors of drug-induced parkinsonism in older psychiatric patients treated with very low doses of neuroleptics. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19:322–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Jabs BE, Bartsch AJ, Pfuhlmann B. Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism–age and increased substantia nigra echogenicity as putative risk factors. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18:177–81.PubMedCrossRef Jabs BE, Bartsch AJ, Pfuhlmann B. Susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism–age and increased substantia nigra echogenicity as putative risk factors. Eur Psychiatry. 2003;18:177–81.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Jeste DV. Tardive dyskinesia rates with atypical antipsychotics in older adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 9:21–4.PubMed Jeste DV. Tardive dyskinesia rates with atypical antipsychotics in older adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 9:21–4.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:414–25.PubMedCrossRef Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:414–25.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Jeste DV, Okamoto A, Napolitano J, et al. Low incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients with dementia treated with risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1150–5.PubMedCrossRef Jeste DV, Okamoto A, Napolitano J, et al. Low incidence of persistent tardive dyskinesia in elderly patients with dementia treated with risperidone. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1150–5.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman J. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:52S–6.PubMedCrossRef Kane JM, Woerner M, Lieberman J. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8:52S–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Sachdev P, Kruk J. Clinical characteristics and predisposing factors in acute drug-induced akathisia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:963–74.PubMed Sachdev P, Kruk J. Clinical characteristics and predisposing factors in acute drug-induced akathisia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:963–74.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Addonizio G, Alexopoulos GS. Drug-induced dystonia in young and elderly patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:869–71.PubMed Addonizio G, Alexopoulos GS. Drug-induced dystonia in young and elderly patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:869–71.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B. A combined analysis of double-blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents: factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99:160–70.PubMedCrossRef Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B. A combined analysis of double-blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents: factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99:160–70.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Uchida H, Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, et al. D2 receptor blockade by risperidone correlates with attention deficits in late-life schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:571–5.PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, et al. D2 receptor blockade by risperidone correlates with attention deficits in late-life schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29:571–5.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ballard C, Margallo-Lana M, Juszczak E, et al. Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2005;330:874.PubMedCrossRef Ballard C, Margallo-Lana M, Juszczak E, et al. Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2005;330:874.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Brodaty H, Ames D, Snowdon J, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis of dementia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:134–43.PubMedCrossRef Brodaty H, Ames D, Snowdon J, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for the treatment of aggression, agitation, and psychosis of dementia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:134–43.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Chan WC, Lam LC, Choy CN, et al. A double-blind randomised comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in Chinese dementia patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:1156–62.PubMedCrossRef Chan WC, Lam LC, Choy CN, et al. A double-blind randomised comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms in Chinese dementia patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16:1156–62.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Clark WS, Street JS, Feldman PD, et al. The effects of olanzapine in reducing the emergence of psychosis among nursing home patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:34–40.PubMedCrossRef Clark WS, Street JS, Feldman PD, et al. The effects of olanzapine in reducing the emergence of psychosis among nursing home patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:34–40.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference De Deyn P, Jeste DV, Swanink R, et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:463–7.PubMedCrossRef De Deyn P, Jeste DV, Swanink R, et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of psychosis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:463–7.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference De Deyn PP, Carrasco MM, Deberdt W, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:115–26.PubMedCrossRef De Deyn PP, Carrasco MM, Deberdt W, et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of psychosis with or without associated behavioral disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:115–26.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology. 1999;53:946–55.PubMed De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology. 1999;53:946–55.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Deberdt WG, Dysken MW, Rappaport SA, et al. Comparison of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of psychosis and associated behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:722–30.PubMed Deberdt WG, Dysken MW, Rappaport SA, et al. Comparison of olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of psychosis and associated behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:722–30.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Fontaine CS, Hynan LS, Koch K, et al. A double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the acute treatment of dementia-related behavioral disturbances in extended care facilities. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:726–30.PubMedCrossRef Fontaine CS, Hynan LS, Koch K, et al. A double-blind comparison of olanzapine versus risperidone in the acute treatment of dementia-related behavioral disturbances in extended care facilities. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:726–30.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, et al. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double-blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:107–15.PubMedCrossRef Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, et al. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double-blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:107–15.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Mintzer J, Greenspan A, Caers I, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer disease: results from a prospective clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:280–91.PubMedCrossRef Mintzer J, Greenspan A, Caers I, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of psychosis of Alzheimer disease: results from a prospective clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:280–91.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:191–210.PubMedCrossRef Schneider LS, Dagerman K, Insel PS. Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:191–210.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:968–76.PubMedCrossRef Street JS, Clark WS, Gannon KS, et al. Olanzapine treatment of psychotic and behavioral symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease in nursing care facilities: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The HGEU Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:968–76.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Tariot PN, Schneider L, Katz IR, et al. Quetiapine treatment of psychosis associated with dementia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:767–76.PubMedCrossRef Tariot PN, Schneider L, Katz IR, et al. Quetiapine treatment of psychosis associated with dementia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14:767–76.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Howanitz E, Pardo M, Smelson DA, et al. The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:41–4.PubMedCrossRef Howanitz E, Pardo M, Smelson DA, et al. The efficacy and safety of clozapine versus chlorpromazine in geriatric schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:41–4.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Jeste DV, Barak Y, Madhusoodanan S, et al. International multisite double-blind trial of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine in 175 elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;11:638–47.PubMed Jeste DV, Barak Y, Madhusoodanan S, et al. International multisite double-blind trial of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone and olanzapine in 175 elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;11:638–47.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Kennedy JS, Jeste D, Kaiser CJ, et al. Olanzapine vs haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: analysis of data from a double-blind controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:1013–20.PubMedCrossRef Kennedy JS, Jeste D, Kaiser CJ, et al. Olanzapine vs haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: analysis of data from a double-blind controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:1013–20.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Sproule BA, Lake J, Mamo DC, et al. Are antipsychotic prescribing patterns different in older and younger adults?: a survey of 1357 psychiatric inpatients in Toronto. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:248–54.PubMed Sproule BA, Lake J, Mamo DC, et al. Are antipsychotic prescribing patterns different in older and younger adults?: a survey of 1357 psychiatric inpatients in Toronto. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:248–54.PubMed
46.
go back to reference • Uchida H, Mamo DC, Mulsant BH, et al. Increased antipsychotic sensitivity in elderly patients: evidence and mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:397–405. This article reviews the literature on the increased sensitivity to antipsychotic drugs in older adults and discusses potential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon..PubMedCrossRef • Uchida H, Mamo DC, Mulsant BH, et al. Increased antipsychotic sensitivity in elderly patients: evidence and mechanisms. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70:397–405. This article reviews the literature on the increased sensitivity to antipsychotic drugs in older adults and discusses potential mechanisms underlying this phenomenon..PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Coley KC, et al. Sex, race, and smoking impact olanzapine exposure. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:157–65.PubMedCrossRef Bigos KL, Pollock BG, Coley KC, et al. Sex, race, and smoking impact olanzapine exposure. J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;48:157–65.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Ng W, Uchida H, Ismail Z, et al. Clozapine exposure and the impact of smoking and gender: a population pharmacokinetic study. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31:360–6.PubMedCrossRef Ng W, Uchida H, Ismail Z, et al. Clozapine exposure and the impact of smoking and gender: a population pharmacokinetic study. Ther Drug Monit. 2009;31:360–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: a critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:359–88.PubMedCrossRef Mauri MC, Volonteri LS, Colasanti A, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atypical antipsychotics: a critical review of the relationship between plasma concentrations and clinical response. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;46:359–88.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Young A. Ageing and physiological functions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1997;352:1837–43.PubMedCrossRef Young A. Ageing and physiological functions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1997;352:1837–43.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Cadieux RJ. Drug interactions in the elderly. How multiple drug use increases risk exponentially. Postgrad Med. 1989;86:179–86.PubMed Cadieux RJ. Drug interactions in the elderly. How multiple drug use increases risk exponentially. Postgrad Med. 1989;86:179–86.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Toornvliet R, van Berckel BN, Luurtsema G, et al. Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:540–8.PubMedCrossRef Toornvliet R, van Berckel BN, Luurtsema G, et al. Effect of age on functional P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier measured by use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil and positron emission tomography. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:540–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Antonini A, Leenders KL, Reist H, et al. Effect of age on D2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron emission tomography and 11 C-raclopride. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:474–80.PubMed Antonini A, Leenders KL, Reist H, et al. Effect of age on D2 dopamine receptors in normal human brain measured by positron emission tomography and 11 C-raclopride. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:474–80.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Ichise M, Ballinger JR, Tanaka F, et al. Age-related changes in D2 receptor binding with iodine-123-iodobenzofuran SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1511–8.PubMed Ichise M, Ballinger JR, Tanaka F, et al. Age-related changes in D2 receptor binding with iodine-123-iodobenzofuran SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1511–8.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Wong DF, Wagner Jr HN, Dannals RF, et al. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Science. 1984;226:1393–6.PubMedCrossRef Wong DF, Wagner Jr HN, Dannals RF, et al. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Science. 1984;226:1393–6.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Uchida H, Kapur S, Mulsant BH, et al. Sensitivity of older patients to antipsychotic motor side effects: a PET study examining potential mechanisms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:255–63.PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Kapur S, Mulsant BH, et al. Sensitivity of older patients to antipsychotic motor side effects: a PET study examining potential mechanisms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:255–63.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Physical comorbidity and polypharmacy in older psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;36:146–52.PubMedCrossRef Lacro JP, Jeste DV. Physical comorbidity and polypharmacy in older psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;36:146–52.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Benzodiazepine and antidepressant use in elderly patients with anxiety disorders: a survey of 796 outpatients in Japan. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:477–81.PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Benzodiazepine and antidepressant use in elderly patients with anxiety disorders: a survey of 796 outpatients in Japan. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:477–81.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Survey of benzodiazepine and antidepressant use in outpatients with mood disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63:244–6.PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mamo DC, et al. Survey of benzodiazepine and antidepressant use in outpatients with mood disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63:244–6.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Angus WR, Romney DM. The effect of diazepam on patients’ memory. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1984;4:203–6.PubMedCrossRef Angus WR, Romney DM. The effect of diazepam on patients’ memory. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1984;4:203–6.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Swift CG, Swift MR, Hamley J, et al. Side-effect ‘tolerance’ in elderly long-term recipients of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Age Ageing. 1984;13:335–43.PubMedCrossRef Swift CG, Swift MR, Hamley J, et al. Side-effect ‘tolerance’ in elderly long-term recipients of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Age Ageing. 1984;13:335–43.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Tsunoda K, Uchida H, Suzuki T, et al. Effects of discontinuing benzodiazepine-derivative hypnotics on postural sway and cognitive functions in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;25:1259–65.CrossRef Tsunoda K, Uchida H, Suzuki T, et al. Effects of discontinuing benzodiazepine-derivative hypnotics on postural sway and cognitive functions in the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;25:1259–65.CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Nurmi-Luthje I, Kaukonen JP, Luthje P, et al. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs among 223 patients with an acute hip fracture in Finland: comparison of benzodiazepine findings in medical records and laboratory assays. Drugs Aging. 2006;23:27–37.PubMedCrossRef Nurmi-Luthje I, Kaukonen JP, Luthje P, et al. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs among 223 patients with an acute hip fracture in Finland: comparison of benzodiazepine findings in medical records and laboratory assays. Drugs Aging. 2006;23:27–37.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2716–24.PubMedCrossRef Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2716–24.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Hori H, Noguchi H, Hashimoto R, et al. Antipsychotic medication and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;86:138–46.PubMedCrossRef Hori H, Noguchi H, Hashimoto R, et al. Antipsychotic medication and cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006;86:138–46.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Hughes AM, Lynch P, Rhodes J, et al. Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:323–30.CrossRef Hughes AM, Lynch P, Rhodes J, et al. Electroencephalographic and psychomotor effects of chlorpromazine and risperidone relative to placebo in normal healthy volunteers. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48:323–30.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Morrens M, Wezenberg E, Verkes RJ, et al. Psychomotor and memory effects of haloperidol, olanzapine, and paroxetine in healthy subjects after short-term administration. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:15–21.PubMedCrossRef Morrens M, Wezenberg E, Verkes RJ, et al. Psychomotor and memory effects of haloperidol, olanzapine, and paroxetine in healthy subjects after short-term administration. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:15–21.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, et al. Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:116–24.PubMedCrossRef Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, et al. Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:116–24.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference • Uchida H, Pollock BG, Bies RR, et al. Predicting age-specific dosing of antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86:360–2. This article discusses potential advantages of combining population pharmacokinetic techniques and brain imaging with the goal of establishing a model for the prediction of age-specific dosing of antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia..PubMedCrossRef • Uchida H, Pollock BG, Bies RR, et al. Predicting age-specific dosing of antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86:360–2. This article discusses potential advantages of combining population pharmacokinetic techniques and brain imaging with the goal of establishing a model for the prediction of age-specific dosing of antipsychotic drugs for patients with schizophrenia..PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Tipping Point in Drug Dosing in Late-Life Schizophrenia
Authors
Takashi Tsuboi
Takefumi Suzuki
Hiroyuki Uchida
Publication date
01-06-2011
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0189-z

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2011 Go to the issue