Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 11/2016

01-11-2016 | Genetic Disorders (W Berrettini, Section Editor)

A Slice of the Suicidal Brain: What Have Postmortem Molecular Studies Taught Us?

Authors: Daniel Almeida, Gustavo Turecki

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 11/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Suicide ranks amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. Contemporary models of suicide risk posit that suicide results from the interaction of distal and proximal factors, including neurobiological, psychological/clinical, and social factors. While a wealth of neurobiological studies aimed at identifying biological processes associated with suicidal behaviour have been conducted over the last decades, the more recent development of arrays and high-throughput sequencing methods have led to an increased capacity and interest in the study of genomic factors. Postmortem studies are a unique tool to directly investigate genomic processes that may be dysregulated in the suicidal brain. In this review, we discuss postmortem literature investigating functional genomic studies of suicide, particularly focusing on epigenetic mechanisms.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Mościcki EK. Gender differences in completed and attempted suicides. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4(2):152–8.PubMedCrossRef Mościcki EK. Gender differences in completed and attempted suicides. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4(2):152–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.•
go back to reference Mann JJ. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience Nat ev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):819–28. Neurobiological models of suicide.CrossRef Mann JJ. Neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience Nat ev Neurosci. 2003;4(10):819–28. Neurobiological models of suicide.CrossRef
3.•
go back to reference Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. The Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1227–39. A proposed model of suicide and suicidal behaviour.CrossRef Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. The Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1227–39. A proposed model of suicide and suicidal behaviour.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Beautrais AL. Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: a multiple-group comparison study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(6):1093–9.PubMedCrossRef Beautrais AL. Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: a multiple-group comparison study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(6):1093–9.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Dumais A, Lesage A, Alda M, Rouleau G, Dumont M, Chawky N,…Turecki G. (2005). Risk factors for suicide completion in major depression: a case-control study of impulsive and aggressive behaviors in men. Am J Psychiatry. 162(11):2116–2124. Dumais A, Lesage A, Alda M, Rouleau G, Dumont M, Chawky N,…Turecki G. (2005). Risk factors for suicide completion in major depression: a case-control study of impulsive and aggressive behaviors in men. Am J Psychiatry. 162(11):2116–2124.
6.
go back to reference McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2007;38(03):407–17.PubMed McGirr A, Renaud J, Bureau A, Seguin M, Lesage A, Turecki G. Impulsive-aggressive behaviours and completed suicide across the life cycle: a predisposition for younger age of suicide. Psychol Med. 2007;38(03):407–17.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Talens RP et al. Variation, patterns, and temporal stability of DNA methylation: considerations for epigenetic epidemiology. FASEB J. 2010;24:3135–44.PubMedCrossRef Talens RP et al. Variation, patterns, and temporal stability of DNA methylation: considerations for epigenetic epidemiology. FASEB J. 2010;24:3135–44.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Flanagan JM et al. Temporal stability and determinants of white blood cell DNA methylation in the breakthrough generations study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(1):221–9.PubMedCrossRef Flanagan JM et al. Temporal stability and determinants of white blood cell DNA methylation in the breakthrough generations study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015;24(1):221–9.PubMedCrossRef
9.•
go back to reference Turecki G. The molecular bases of the suicidal brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(12):802–16. A review of literature on the molecular neurobiology of suicide.PubMedCrossRef Turecki G. The molecular bases of the suicidal brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(12):802–16. A review of literature on the molecular neurobiology of suicide.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ramani D, Bandt JD, Cynober L. Aliphatic polyamines in physiology and diseases. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):14–22.PubMedCrossRef Ramani D, Bandt JD, Cynober L. Aliphatic polyamines in physiology and diseases. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(1):14–22.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser. 2016;10(2):73–98.CrossRef Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser. 2016;10(2):73–98.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sequeira A, Gwadry FG, Ffrench-Mullen JM, Canetti L, Gingras Y, Casero R. A,…Turecki G. (2006). Implication of SSAT by gene expression and genetic variation in suicide and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 63(1):35–48. Sequeira A, Gwadry FG, Ffrench-Mullen JM, Canetti L, Gingras Y, Casero R. A,…Turecki G. (2006). Implication of SSAT by gene expression and genetic variation in suicide and major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 63(1):35–48.
13.
go back to reference Guipponi M, Deutsch S, Kohler K, Perroud N, Gal FL, Vessaz M,…Malafosse A. (2009). Genetic and epigenetic analysis of SSAT gene dysregulation in suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet. 150B(6):799–807. Guipponi M, Deutsch S, Kohler K, Perroud N, Gal FL, Vessaz M,…Malafosse A. (2009). Genetic and epigenetic analysis of SSAT gene dysregulation in suicidal behavior. Am J Med Genet. 150B(6):799–807.
14.
go back to reference Monson ET, Klerk KD, Gaynor SC, Wagner AH, Breen ME, Parsons M,…Willour VL. (2016). Whole-gene sequencing investigation of SAT1in attempted suicide. Am J Med. Genet. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32462. Monson ET, Klerk KD, Gaynor SC, Wagner AH, Breen ME, Parsons M,…Willour VL. (2016). Whole-gene sequencing investigation of SAT1in attempted suicide. Am J Med. Genet. doi: 10.​1002/​ajmg.​b.​32462.
15.•
go back to reference Fiori LM, Bureau A, Labbe A, Croteau J, Noël S, Mérette C, et al. Global gene expression profiling of the polyamine system in suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2011;14(05):595–605. A study of global patterns of polyamine gene expression observed in the suicide brain. Subsequent studies have followed up on these findings.CrossRef Fiori LM, Bureau A, Labbe A, Croteau J, Noël S, Mérette C, et al. Global gene expression profiling of the polyamine system in suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2011;14(05):595–605. A study of global patterns of polyamine gene expression observed in the suicide brain. Subsequent studies have followed up on these findings.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Klempan TA, Rujescu D, Mérette C, Himmelman C, Sequeira A, Canetti L,…Turecki G. (2009). Profiling brain expression of the spermidine/spermineN1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) gene in suicide. Am J Med Genet. 150B(7):934–943. Klempan TA, Rujescu D, Mérette C, Himmelman C, Sequeira A, Canetti L,…Turecki G. (2009). Profiling brain expression of the spermidine/spermineN1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) gene in suicide. Am J Med Genet. 150B(7):934–943.
17.
go back to reference Klempan TA, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Lalovic A, Ernst C, Ffrench-Mullen J, et al. Altered expression of genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;14(2):175–89.PubMedCrossRef Klempan TA, Sequeira A, Canetti L, Lalovic A, Ernst C, Ffrench-Mullen J, et al. Altered expression of genes involved in ATP biosynthesis and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral prefrontal cortex of suicides with and without major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;14(2):175–89.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Pantazatos SP, Andrews SJ, Dunning-Broadbent J, Pang J, Huang Y, Arango V,…Mann JJ. (2015). Isoform-level brain expression profiling of the spermidine/spermine N1-Acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) gene in major depression and suicide. Neurobiol Dis. 79:123–134. Pantazatos SP, Andrews SJ, Dunning-Broadbent J, Pang J, Huang Y, Arango V,…Mann JJ. (2015). Isoform-level brain expression profiling of the spermidine/spermine N1-Acetyltransferase1 (SAT1) gene in major depression and suicide. Neurobiol Dis. 79:123–134.
19.
go back to reference Fiori LM, Turecki G. Epigenetic regulation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) in Suicide. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(9):1229–35.PubMedCrossRef Fiori LM, Turecki G. Epigenetic regulation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) in Suicide. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(9):1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Lopez JP, Fiori LM, Gross JA, Labonte B, Yerko V, Mechawar N, et al. Regulatory role of miRNAs in polyamine gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2013;17(01):23–32.CrossRef Lopez JP, Fiori LM, Gross JA, Labonte B, Yerko V, Mechawar N, et al. Regulatory role of miRNAs in polyamine gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide completers. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2013;17(01):23–32.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Fiori LM, Gross JA, Turecki G. Effects of histone modifications on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2011;15(08):1161–6.CrossRef Fiori LM, Gross JA, Turecki G. Effects of histone modifications on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide. Int J Neuropsychopharm. 2011;15(08):1161–6.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Gross JA, Fiori LM, Labonté B, Lopez JP, Turecki G. Effects of promoter methylation on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(4):513–9.PubMedCrossRef Gross JA, Fiori LM, Labonté B, Lopez JP, Turecki G. Effects of promoter methylation on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(4):513–9.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Oberheim NA, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function. Methods in Mol Biol Astrocytes. 2011;814:23–45.CrossRef Oberheim NA, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function. Methods in Mol Biol Astrocytes. 2011;814:23–45.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Wegrzynowicz M, Lee E, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Role of astrocytes in brain function and disease. Toxicol Pathol. 2010;39(1):115–23.PubMedCrossRef Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Wegrzynowicz M, Lee E, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Role of astrocytes in brain function and disease. Toxicol Pathol. 2010;39(1):115–23.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, Overholser JC, Meltzer HY, Stockmeier CA, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(8):861–73.PubMedCrossRef Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, Overholser JC, Meltzer HY, Stockmeier CA, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(8):861–73.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Webster M, Knable M, Johnston-Wilson N, Nagata K, Inagaki M, Yolken R. Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15(4):388–400.PubMedCrossRef Webster M, Knable M, Johnston-Wilson N, Nagata K, Inagaki M, Yolken R. Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15(4):388–400.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O’dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(11):2088–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, O’dwyer G, Stockmeier CA, Rajkowska G. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(11):2088–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Ernst C, Nagy C, Kim S, Yang JP, Deng X, Hellstrom IC,…Turecki G. (2011). dysfunction of astrocyte connexins 30 and 43 in dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex of suicide completers. Biol Psychiatry. 70(4), 312–319 Ernst C, Nagy C, Kim S, Yang JP, Deng X, Hellstrom IC,…Turecki G. (2011). dysfunction of astrocyte connexins 30 and 43 in dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex of suicide completers. Biol Psychiatry. 70(4), 312–319
29.•
go back to reference Nagy C, Suderman M, Yang J, Szyf M, Mechawar N, Ernst C, et al. Astrocytic abnormalities and global DNA methylation patterns in depression and suicide. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;20(3):320–8. A characterization of suicide completers as low or high astrocytic gene expressers followed by subsequent analysis of global DNA methylation patterns in these subjects.PubMedCrossRef Nagy C, Suderman M, Yang J, Szyf M, Mechawar N, Ernst C, et al. Astrocytic abnormalities and global DNA methylation patterns in depression and suicide. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;20(3):320–8. A characterization of suicide completers as low or high astrocytic gene expressers followed by subsequent analysis of global DNA methylation patterns in these subjects.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Torres-Platas SG, Nagy C, Wakid M, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is differentially expressed across cortical and subcortical regions in healthy brains and downregulated in the thalamus and caudate nucleus of depressed suicides. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;21(4):509–15.PubMedCrossRef Torres-Platas SG, Nagy C, Wakid M, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is differentially expressed across cortical and subcortical regions in healthy brains and downregulated in the thalamus and caudate nucleus of depressed suicides. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;21(4):509–15.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Cobb J, O’Neill K, Milner J, Mahajan G, Lawrence T, May W,…Stockmeier C. (2016). Density of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes is decreased in left hippocampi in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience. 316:209–220. Cobb J, O’Neill K, Milner J, Mahajan G, Lawrence T, May W,…Stockmeier C. (2016). Density of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes is decreased in left hippocampi in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience. 316:209–220.
32.•
go back to reference Torres-Platas SG, Hercher C, Davoli MA, Maussion G, Labonté B, Turecki G, et al. Astrocytic hypertrophy in anterior cingulate white matter of depressed suicides. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(13):2650–8. Interesting differences between white and grey matter astrocytes of suicide completers.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Torres-Platas SG, Hercher C, Davoli MA, Maussion G, Labonté B, Turecki G, et al. Astrocytic hypertrophy in anterior cingulate white matter of depressed suicides. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(13):2650–8. Interesting differences between white and grey matter astrocytes of suicide completers.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Maes M, Yirmyia R, Noraberg J, Brene S, Hibbeln J, Perini G,…Maj M. (2008). The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis. 24(1):27–53. Maes M, Yirmyia R, Noraberg J, Brene S, Hibbeln J, Perini G,…Maj M. (2008). The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis. 24(1):27–53.
34.
go back to reference Chandley M, Szebeni K, Szebeni A, Crawford J, StockmeierA, Turecki G,…Ordway G. (2013). Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 38(4):276–284. Chandley M, Szebeni K, Szebeni A, Crawford J, StockmeierA, Turecki G,…Ordway G. (2013). Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 38(4):276–284.
35.•
go back to reference Dantzer R, O’connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):46–56. An important review introducing the relationship between inflammation and depression.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dantzer R, O’connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):46–56. An important review introducing the relationship between inflammation and depression.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(9):732–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(9):732–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006;27(1):24–31.PubMedCrossRef Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006;27(1):24–31.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Raedler TJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011;24(6):519–25.PubMed Raedler TJ. Inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011;24(6):519–25.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J. Depression: an inflammatory illness?: figure 1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(5):495–502.PubMedCrossRef Krishnadas R, Cavanagh J. Depression: an inflammatory illness?: figure 1. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(5):495–502.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(2):171–86.PubMedCrossRef Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2009;71(2):171–86.PubMedCrossRef
41.•
go back to reference Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446–57. This meta-analysis has provided evidence that peripheral cytokines may serve as a biomarkers of depression.PubMedCrossRef Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446–57. This meta-analysis has provided evidence that peripheral cytokines may serve as a biomarkers of depression.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Liu Y, Ho RC, Mak A. The role of interleukin (IL)-17 in anxiety and depression of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2011;15(2):183–7.PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Ho RC, Mak A. The role of interleukin (IL)-17 in anxiety and depression of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2011;15(2):183–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Shelton RC, Claiborne J, Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Reddy R, Aschner M, Lewis DA, et al. Altered expression of genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis in frontal cortex in major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;16(7):751–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shelton RC, Claiborne J, Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz M, Reddy R, Aschner M, Lewis DA, et al. Altered expression of genes involved in inflammation and apoptosis in frontal cortex in major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;16(7):751–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(7):1105–18.PubMedCrossRef Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(7):1105–18.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Dickens C, Mcgowan L, Clark-Carter D, Creed F. Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(1):52–60.PubMedCrossRef Dickens C, Mcgowan L, Clark-Carter D, Creed F. Depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(1):52–60.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Fermo SL, Barone R, Patti F, Laisa P, Cavallaro TL, Nicoletti A, et al. Outcome of psychiatric symptoms presenting at onset of multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. Mult Scler. 2010;16(6):742–8.PubMedCrossRef Fermo SL, Barone R, Patti F, Laisa P, Cavallaro TL, Nicoletti A, et al. Outcome of psychiatric symptoms presenting at onset of multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. Mult Scler. 2010;16(6):742–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kojima M, Kojima T, Suzuki S, Takahashi N, Funahashi K, Kato D,…Ishiguro N. (2014). Alexithymia, depression, inflammation, and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Res. 66(5):679–686. Kojima M, Kojima T, Suzuki S, Takahashi N, Funahashi K, Kato D,…Ishiguro N. (2014). Alexithymia, depression, inflammation, and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Res. 66(5):679–686.
48.
go back to reference Capuron L, Ravaud A, Miller AH, Dantzer R. Baseline mood and psychosocial characteristics of patients developing depressive symptoms during interleukin-2 and/or interferon-alpha cancer therapy. Brain Behav Immun. 2004;18(3):205–13.PubMedCrossRef Capuron L, Ravaud A, Miller AH, Dantzer R. Baseline mood and psychosocial characteristics of patients developing depressive symptoms during interleukin-2 and/or interferon-alpha cancer therapy. Brain Behav Immun. 2004;18(3):205–13.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Musselman DL, Miller AH, Porter MR, Manatunga A, Gao F, Penna S,…Nemeroff C. B. (2001). Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 158(8):1252–1257. Musselman DL, Miller AH, Porter MR, Manatunga A, Gao F, Penna S,…Nemeroff C. B. (2001). Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 158(8):1252–1257.
50.
go back to reference Raison CL, Broadwell SD, Borisov AS, Manatunga AK, Capuron L, Woolwine B. J,…Miller AH. (2005). Depressive symptoms and viral clearance in patients receiving interferon-α and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Brain Behav Immun. 19(1):23–27. Raison CL, Broadwell SD, Borisov AS, Manatunga AK, Capuron L, Woolwine B. J,…Miller AH. (2005). Depressive symptoms and viral clearance in patients receiving interferon-α and ribavirin for hepatitis C. Brain Behav Immun. 19(1):23–27.
51.
go back to reference Constant A, Castera L, Dantzer R, Couzigou P, Ledinghen VD, Demotes-Mainard J, et al. Mood alterations during interferon-Alfa therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(08):1050–7.PubMedCrossRef Constant A, Castera L, Dantzer R, Couzigou P, Ledinghen VD, Demotes-Mainard J, et al. Mood alterations during interferon-Alfa therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(08):1050–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Roberts RC,…Dwivedi Y. (2012). Proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide victims. J Psychiatr Res. 46(1):57–63. Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Roberts RC,…Dwivedi Y. (2012). Proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex of teenage suicide victims. J Psychiatr Res. 46(1):57–63.
53.
go back to reference Tonelli LH, Stiller J, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Schneider B, Maurer K,…Postolache TT. (2008). Elevated cytokine expression in the orbitofrontal cortex of victims of suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 117(3):198–206. Tonelli LH, Stiller J, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Schneider B, Maurer K,…Postolache TT. (2008). Elevated cytokine expression in the orbitofrontal cortex of victims of suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 117(3):198–206.
54.
go back to reference Devorak J, Torres-Platas SG, Davoli MA, Prud’Homme J, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Cellular and molecular inflammatory profile of the choroid plexus in depression and suicide. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Devorak J, Torres-Platas SG, Davoli MA, Prud’Homme J, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Cellular and molecular inflammatory profile of the choroid plexus in depression and suicide. Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:138.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Crack PJ, Bray PJ. Toll-like receptors in the brain and their potential roles in neuropathology. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007;85(6):476–80.PubMedCrossRef Crack PJ, Bray PJ. Toll-like receptors in the brain and their potential roles in neuropathology. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007;85(6):476–80.PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
go back to reference Janelidze S, Mattei D, Westrin Å, Träskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Cytokine levels in the blood may distinguish suicide attempters from depressed patients. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):335–9.PubMedCrossRef Janelidze S, Mattei D, Westrin Å, Träskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Cytokine levels in the blood may distinguish suicide attempters from depressed patients. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):335–9.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Holm TH, Draeby D, Owens T. Microglia are required for astroglial toll-like receptor 4 response and for optimal TLR2 and TLR3 response. Glia. 2012;60(4):630–8.PubMedCrossRef Holm TH, Draeby D, Owens T. Microglia are required for astroglial toll-like receptor 4 response and for optimal TLR2 and TLR3 response. Glia. 2012;60(4):630–8.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Mcnally L, Bhagwagar Z, Hannestad J. Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(06):501–10.PubMedCrossRef Mcnally L, Bhagwagar Z, Hannestad J. Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(06):501–10.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Schnieder TP, Trencevska I, Rosoklija G, Stankov A, Mann JJ, Smiley J, et al. Microglia of prefrontal white matter in suicide. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2014;73(9):880–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schnieder TP, Trencevska I, Rosoklija G, Stankov A, Mann JJ, Smiley J, et al. Microglia of prefrontal white matter in suicide. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2014;73(9):880–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
61.•
go back to reference Torres-Platas SG, Cruceanu C, Chen GG, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Evidence for increased microglial priming and macrophage recruitment in the dorsal anterior cingulate white matter of depressed suicides. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;42:50–9. The authors characterization of microglial by morphology lead to important insights into microglia and suicide.PubMedCrossRef Torres-Platas SG, Cruceanu C, Chen GG, Turecki G, Mechawar N. Evidence for increased microglial priming and macrophage recruitment in the dorsal anterior cingulate white matter of depressed suicides. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;42:50–9. The authors characterization of microglial by morphology lead to important insights into microglia and suicide.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Schiavone S, Neri M, Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Cantatore S, Bove M,…Trabace L. (2016). The NADPH oxidase NOX2 as a novel biomarker for suicidality: evidence from human post mortem brain samples. Transl Psychiatry. 6:e813. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.76. Schiavone S, Neri M, Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Cantatore S, Bove M,…Trabace L. (2016). The NADPH oxidase NOX2 as a novel biomarker for suicidality: evidence from human post mortem brain samples. Transl Psychiatry. 6:e813. doi: 10.​1038/​tp.​2016.​76.
63.
go back to reference Ventorp F, Barzilay R, Erhardt S, Samuelsson M, Träskman-Bendz L, Janelidze S,…Brundin L. (2016). The CD44 ligand hyaluronic acid is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters and is associated with increased blood–brain barrier permeability. J Affect Disord. 193:349–354. Ventorp F, Barzilay R, Erhardt S, Samuelsson M, Träskman-Bendz L, Janelidze S,…Brundin L. (2016). The CD44 ligand hyaluronic acid is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters and is associated with increased blood–brain barrier permeability. J Affect Disord. 193:349–354.
64.
go back to reference Bibel M. Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev. 2000;14(23):2919–37.PubMedCrossRef Bibel M. Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev. 2000;14(23):2919–37.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Fiore M, Chaldakov GN, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor as a signaling molecule for nerve cells and also for the neuroendocrine-immune systems. Rev Neurosci. 2009;20(2):133–45.PubMed Fiore M, Chaldakov GN, Aloe L. Nerve growth factor as a signaling molecule for nerve cells and also for the neuroendocrine-immune systems. Rev Neurosci. 2009;20(2):133–45.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(8):804–15.PubMedCrossRef Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Tamminga CA, Pandey GN. Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(8):804–15.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Zhang H, Mondal AC, Roberts RC, Conley RR, et al. Neurotrophin receptor activation and expression in human postmortem brain: effect of suicide. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):319–28.PubMedCrossRef Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Zhang H, Mondal AC, Roberts RC, Conley RR, et al. Neurotrophin receptor activation and expression in human postmortem brain: effect of suicide. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):319–28.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference B. Ghosh A, Ghosh B, Bhattacharya S, & Mondal A. (2013). Decreased mRna and protein expression of BDNF, NGF, and their receptors in the hippocampus from suicide: an analysis in human postmortem brain. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 6:1–11. B. Ghosh A, Ghosh B, Bhattacharya S, & Mondal A. (2013). Decreased mRna and protein expression of BDNF, NGF, and their receptors in the hippocampus from suicide: an analysis in human postmortem brain. Clin Med Insights Pathol. 6:1–11.
69.
go back to reference Pandey GN, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Dwivedi Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B receptor signalling in post-mortem brain of teenage suicide victims. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(08):1047–61.PubMedCrossRef Pandey GN, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Conley RR, Roberts RC, Dwivedi Y. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B receptor signalling in post-mortem brain of teenage suicide victims. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(08):1047–61.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Hayley S, Du L, Litteljohn D, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Merali Z,…Anisman H. (2015). Gender and brain regions specific differences in brain derived neurotrophic factor protein levels of depressed individuals who died through suicide. Neuroscience Lett. 600:12–16. Hayley S, Du L, Litteljohn D, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Merali Z,…Anisman H. (2015). Gender and brain regions specific differences in brain derived neurotrophic factor protein levels of depressed individuals who died through suicide. Neuroscience Lett. 600:12–16.
71.
go back to reference Qi X, Zhao J, Liu J, Fang H, Swaab DF, Zhou J. Abnormal retinoid and trkb signaling in the prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Cereb Cortex. 2013;25(1):75–83.PubMedCrossRef Qi X, Zhao J, Liu J, Fang H, Swaab DF, Zhou J. Abnormal retinoid and trkb signaling in the prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Cereb Cortex. 2013;25(1):75–83.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Miller FD, Kaplan DR. Neurotrophin signalling pathways regulating neuronal apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58(8):1045–53.PubMedCrossRef Miller FD, Kaplan DR. Neurotrophin signalling pathways regulating neuronal apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001;58(8):1045–53.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Lei L, Parada LF. Transcriptional regulation of Trk family neurotrophin receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;64(5):522–32.CrossRef Lei L, Parada LF. Transcriptional regulation of Trk family neurotrophin receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;64(5):522–32.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Ernst C, Deleva V, Deng X, Sequeira A, Pomarenski A, Klempan T,…Turecki G. (2009). Alternative splicing, methylation state, and expression profile of tropomyosin-related kinase b in the frontal cortex of suicide completers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66(1):22. Ernst C, Deleva V, Deng X, Sequeira A, Pomarenski A, Klempan T,…Turecki G. (2009). Alternative splicing, methylation state, and expression profile of tropomyosin-related kinase b in the frontal cortex of suicide completers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66(1):22.
75.
go back to reference Maussion G, Yang J, Suderman M, Diallo A, Nagy C, Arnovitz M,…Turecki G. (2014). Functional DNA methylation in a transcript specific 3′UTR region of TrkB associates with suicide. Epigenetics. 9(8):1061–1070. Maussion G, Yang J, Suderman M, Diallo A, Nagy C, Arnovitz M,…Turecki G. (2014). Functional DNA methylation in a transcript specific 3′UTR region of TrkB associates with suicide. Epigenetics. 9(8):1061–1070.
76.
go back to reference Maussion G, Yang J, Yerko V, Barker P, Mechawar N, Ernst C, et al. Regulation of a truncated form of tropomyosin-related kinase b (trkb) by hsa-mir-185* in frontal cortex of suicide completers. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maussion G, Yang J, Yerko V, Barker P, Mechawar N, Ernst C, et al. Regulation of a truncated form of tropomyosin-related kinase b (trkb) by hsa-mir-185* in frontal cortex of suicide completers. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39301.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Rizavi HS, Torvik VI, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y. MicroRNA expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33201.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Rizavi HS, Torvik VI, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y. MicroRNA expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e33201.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Pandya C, Kutiyanawalla A, Turecki G, Pillai A. Glucocorticoid regulates TrkB protein levels via c-Cbl dependent ubiquitination: a decrease in c-Cbl mRNA in the prefrontal cortex of suicide subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;45:108–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pandya C, Kutiyanawalla A, Turecki G, Pillai A. Glucocorticoid regulates TrkB protein levels via c-Cbl dependent ubiquitination: a decrease in c-Cbl mRNA in the prefrontal cortex of suicide subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;45:108–18.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Yerevanian BI, Feusner JD, Koek RJ, Mintz J. The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of suicidal behavior in unipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2004;83(2–3):103–8.PubMedCrossRef Yerevanian BI, Feusner JD, Koek RJ, Mintz J. The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of suicidal behavior in unipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2004;83(2–3):103–8.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Jokinen J, Nordström P. HPA axis hyperactivity and attempted suicide in young adult mood disorder inpatients. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(1–2):117–20.PubMedCrossRef Jokinen J, Nordström P. HPA axis hyperactivity and attempted suicide in young adult mood disorder inpatients. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(1–2):117–20.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Beauchaine TP, Crowell SE, Hsiao RC. Post-dexamethasone cortisol, self-inflicted injury, and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;43(4):619–32.CrossRef Beauchaine TP, Crowell SE, Hsiao RC. Post-dexamethasone cortisol, self-inflicted injury, and suicidal ideation among depressed adolescent girls. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;43(4):619–32.CrossRef
82.
go back to reference Ghaziuddin N, King CA, Welch K, Ghaziuddin M. Depressed suicidal adolescent males have an altered cortisol response to a pharmacological challenge. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;7:28–33.CrossRef Ghaziuddin N, King CA, Welch K, Ghaziuddin M. Depressed suicidal adolescent males have an altered cortisol response to a pharmacological challenge. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;7:28–33.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Melhem NM, Keilp JG, Porta G, Oquendo MA, Burke A, Stanley B,…Brent DA. (2015). Blunted HPA axis activity in suicide attempters compared to those at high risk for suicidal behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41(6):1447–1456. Melhem NM, Keilp JG, Porta G, Oquendo MA, Burke A, Stanley B,…Brent DA. (2015). Blunted HPA axis activity in suicide attempters compared to those at high risk for suicidal behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41(6):1447–1456.
84.
go back to reference O’Connor D, Ferguson E, Green J, O’Carroll R, O’Connor R. Cortisol levels and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;63:370–9.PubMedCrossRef O’Connor D, Ferguson E, Green J, O’Carroll R, O’Connor R. Cortisol levels and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;63:370–9.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Ambrus L, Lindqvist D, Träskman-Bendz L, Westrin Å. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity is associated with decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in female suicide attempters. Nordic J Psychiatry. 2016;23:1–7. Ambrus L, Lindqvist D, Träskman-Bendz L, Westrin Å. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivity is associated with decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in female suicide attempters. Nordic J Psychiatry. 2016;23:1–7.
86.
go back to reference Sequeira A, Morgan L, Walsh DM, Cartagena PM, Choudary P, Li J,…Vawter MP. (2012). Gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens of mood disorders subjects that committed suicide. PLoS ONE. 7(4):e35367. Sequeira A, Morgan L, Walsh DM, Cartagena PM, Choudary P, Li J,…Vawter MP. (2012). Gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens of mood disorders subjects that committed suicide. PLoS ONE. 7(4):e35367.
87.
go back to reference Medina A, Seasholtz AF, Sharma V, Burke S, Bunney W, Myers RM,…Watson SJ. (2013). Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the human hippocampus in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatric Res. 47(3):307–314. Medina A, Seasholtz AF, Sharma V, Burke S, Bunney W, Myers RM,…Watson SJ. (2013). Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the human hippocampus in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatric Res. 47(3):307–314.
88.
go back to reference Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Dwivedi Y, Palkovits M. Region-specific alterations in glucocorticoid receptor expression in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(11):2628–39.PubMedCrossRef Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Ren X, Dwivedi Y, Palkovits M. Region-specific alterations in glucocorticoid receptor expression in the postmortem brain of teenage suicide victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(11):2628–39.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Pérez-Ortiz JM, García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Giner S, Manzanares J. Gene and protein alterations of FKBP5 and glucocorticoid receptor in the amygdala of suicide victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(8):1251–8.PubMedCrossRef Pérez-Ortiz JM, García-Gutiérrez MS, Navarrete F, Giner S, Manzanares J. Gene and protein alterations of FKBP5 and glucocorticoid receptor in the amygdala of suicide victims. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(8):1251–8.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Zhao J, Qi X, Gao S, Lu J, Wamelen DV, Kamphuis W,…Swaab D. (2015). Different stress-related gene expression in depression and suicide. J Psychiatric Res. 68:176–185. Zhao J, Qi X, Gao S, Lu J, Wamelen DV, Kamphuis W,…Swaab D. (2015). Different stress-related gene expression in depression and suicide. J Psychiatric Res. 68:176–185.
91.
go back to reference Yin H, Galfalvy H, Pantazatos SP, Huang Y, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ,…Mann JJ. (2016). Glucocorticoid receptor-related genes: genotype and brain gene expression relationships to suicide and major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 33(6):531–540. Yin H, Galfalvy H, Pantazatos SP, Huang Y, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ,…Mann JJ. (2016). Glucocorticoid receptor-related genes: genotype and brain gene expression relationships to suicide and major depressive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 33(6):531–540.
92.
go back to reference Herman J, Mcklveen J, Solomon M, Carvalho-Netto E, Myers B. Neural regulation of the stress response: glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(4):292–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Herman J, Mcklveen J, Solomon M, Carvalho-Netto E, Myers B. Neural regulation of the stress response: glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012;45(4):292–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.••
go back to reference McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D’alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B, Szyf M, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12(3):342–8. The first study pointing towards a long lasting epigenetic effect of childhood maltreatment in the suicidal brain.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef McGowan PO, Sasaki A, D’alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B, Szyf M, et al. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12(3):342–8. The first study pointing towards a long lasting epigenetic effect of childhood maltreatment in the suicidal brain.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Supriyanto I, Sasada T, Fukutake M, Asano M, Ueno Y, Nagasaki Y,…Hishimoto A. (2011). Association of FKBP5 gene haplotypes with completed suicide in the Japanese population. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 35(1):252–256. Supriyanto I, Sasada T, Fukutake M, Asano M, Ueno Y, Nagasaki Y,…Hishimoto A. (2011). Association of FKBP5 gene haplotypes with completed suicide in the Japanese population. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 35(1):252–256.
95.
go back to reference Labonte B, Yerko V, Gross J, Mechawar N, Meaney MJ, Szyf M, et al. Differential glucocorticoid receptor exon 1B, 1C, and 1H expression and methylation in suicide completers with a history of childhood abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(1):41–8.PubMedCrossRef Labonte B, Yerko V, Gross J, Mechawar N, Meaney MJ, Szyf M, et al. Differential glucocorticoid receptor exon 1B, 1C, and 1H expression and methylation in suicide completers with a history of childhood abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(1):41–8.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Na K, Chang HS, Won E, Han K, Choi S, Tae WS,…Ham B. (2014). Association between glucocorticoid receptor methylation and hippocampal subfields in major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE. 9(1):e85425. Na K, Chang HS, Won E, Han K, Choi S, Tae WS,…Ham B. (2014). Association between glucocorticoid receptor methylation and hippocampal subfields in major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE. 9(1):e85425.
97.
go back to reference Fudalej S, Kopera M, Wolynczyk-Gmaj D, Fudalej M, Krajewski P, Wasilewska K,…Ploski R. (2015). Association between FKBP5 functional polymorphisms and completed suicide. Neuropsychobiology. 72(2):126–131. Fudalej S, Kopera M, Wolynczyk-Gmaj D, Fudalej M, Krajewski P, Wasilewska K,…Ploski R. (2015). Association between FKBP5 functional polymorphisms and completed suicide. Neuropsychobiology. 72(2):126–131.
98.
go back to reference Roth TL, Sweatt JD. Annual research review: epigenetic mechanisms and environmental shaping of the brain during sensitive periods of development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;52(4):398–408.CrossRef Roth TL, Sweatt JD. Annual research review: epigenetic mechanisms and environmental shaping of the brain during sensitive periods of development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;52(4):398–408.CrossRef
99.•
go back to reference Turecki G, Meaney MJ. Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(2):87–96. A meta-analysis summarizing studies that show a robust effect of childhood maltreatment on glucocorticoid receptor methylation.PubMedCrossRef Turecki G, Meaney MJ. Effects of the social environment and stress on glucocorticoid receptor gene methylation: a systematic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(2):87–96. A meta-analysis summarizing studies that show a robust effect of childhood maltreatment on glucocorticoid receptor methylation.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Lutz PE, Turecki G. DNA methylation and childhood maltreatment: from animal models to human studies. Neuroscience. 2014;264:142–56.PubMedCrossRef Lutz PE, Turecki G. DNA methylation and childhood maltreatment: from animal models to human studies. Neuroscience. 2014;264:142–56.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Lutz P-E, Almeida D, Fiori L, Turecki G. Childhood maltreatment and stress-related psychopathology: the epigenetic memory hypothesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(11):1413–7.PubMedCrossRef Lutz P-E, Almeida D, Fiori L, Turecki G. Childhood maltreatment and stress-related psychopathology: the epigenetic memory hypothesis. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21(11):1413–7.PubMedCrossRef
102.•
go back to reference Labonté B, Suderman M, Maussion G, Lopez JP, Navarro-Sánchez L, Yerko V,…Turecki G. (2013). Genome-wide methylation changes in the brains of suicide completers. Am J Psychiatry. 170(5):511–520. Genome-wide changes in methylation in the suicide brain. Labonté B, Suderman M, Maussion G, Lopez JP, Navarro-Sánchez L, Yerko V,…Turecki G. (2013). Genome-wide methylation changes in the brains of suicide completers. Am J Psychiatry. 170(5):511–520. Genome-wide changes in methylation in the suicide brain.
103.
go back to reference Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Rizavi HS, Torvik VI, Turecki G, & Dwivedi Y. (2012). Microrna expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE, 7(3), 7(3):e3320. Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Rizavi HS, Torvik VI, Turecki G, & Dwivedi Y. (2012). Microrna expression is down-regulated and reorganized in prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects. PLoS ONE, 7(3), 7(3):e3320.
104.
go back to reference Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS., Gu H, Wernig M, Hanna J, Sivachenko A,…Lander ES (2008). Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature. 454(7205):766–70. Meissner A, Mikkelsen TS., Gu H, Wernig M, Hanna J, Sivachenko A,…Lander ES (2008). Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature. 454(7205):766–70.
105.
go back to reference Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB, Issac B, Lieberman E, Giannoukos G,…Bernstein BE, (2007). Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature. 448(7153):553–560. Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB, Issac B, Lieberman E, Giannoukos G,…Bernstein BE, (2007). Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature. 448(7153):553–560.
106.••
go back to reference Lister R, Mukamel EA, Nery JR, Urich M, Puddifoot CA, Johnson ND,…Ecker JR. (2013). Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development. Science. 341(6146):1237905–1237905. An important study characterizing several epigenetic marks in neurons throughout development Lister R, Mukamel EA, Nery JR, Urich M, Puddifoot CA, Johnson ND,…Ecker JR. (2013). Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development. Science. 341(6146):1237905–1237905. An important study characterizing several epigenetic marks in neurons throughout development
107.
go back to reference Davies MN, Volta M, Pidsley R, Lunnon K, Dixit A, Lovestone S,…Mill, J. (2012). Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biol. 13(6):R43. Davies MN, Volta M, Pidsley R, Lunnon K, Dixit A, Lovestone S,…Mill, J. (2012). Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biol. 13(6):R43.
108.
go back to reference Liang P, Song F, Ghosh S, Morien E, Qin M, Mahmood S,…Held WA. (2011). Genome-wide survey reveals dynamic widespread tissue-specific changes in DNA methylation during development. BMC Genomics. 12(1):231. Liang P, Song F, Ghosh S, Morien E, Qin M, Mahmood S,…Held WA. (2011). Genome-wide survey reveals dynamic widespread tissue-specific changes in DNA methylation during development. BMC Genomics. 12(1):231.
109.
go back to reference Xin Y, Chanrion B, Liu M, Galfalvy H, Costa R, Ilievski B,…Haghighi F. (2010). Genome-wide divergence of dna methylation marks in cerebral and cerebellar cortices. PLoS ONE. 5(6):e11357. Xin Y, Chanrion B, Liu M, Galfalvy H, Costa R, Ilievski B,…Haghighi F. (2010). Genome-wide divergence of dna methylation marks in cerebral and cerebellar cortices. PLoS ONE. 5(6):e11357.
110.
go back to reference Xin Y, O’Donnell AH, Ge Y, Chanrion B, Milekic M, Rosoklija G,…Haghighi F. G. (2011). Role of CpG context and content in evolutionary signatures of brain DNA methylation. Epigenetics. 6(11):1308–1318. Xin Y, O’Donnell AH, Ge Y, Chanrion B, Milekic M, Rosoklija G,…Haghighi F. G. (2011). Role of CpG context and content in evolutionary signatures of brain DNA methylation. Epigenetics. 6(11):1308–1318.
111.
go back to reference Mo A, Mukamel E, Davis F, Luo C, Henry G, Picard S,…Nathans J. (2015). Epigenomic signatures of neuronal diversity in the mammalian brain. Neuron. 86(6):1369–1384. Mo A, Mukamel E, Davis F, Luo C, Henry G, Picard S,…Nathans J. (2015). Epigenomic signatures of neuronal diversity in the mammalian brain. Neuron. 86(6):1369–1384.
112.•
go back to reference Kozlenkov, A., Roussos, P., Timashpolsky, A., Barbu, M., Rudchenko, S., Bibikova, M.,…Dracheva, S. (2013). Differences in DNA methylation between human neuronal and glial cells are concentrated in enhancers and non-CpG sites. Nucleic Acids Res. 42(1):109–127. Work advancing the use of FACs sorting in postmortem brain for studying epigenetic differences between neurons and glia. Kozlenkov, A., Roussos, P., Timashpolsky, A., Barbu, M., Rudchenko, S., Bibikova, M.,…Dracheva, S. (2013). Differences in DNA methylation between human neuronal and glial cells are concentrated in enhancers and non-CpG sites. Nucleic Acids Res. 42(1):109–127. Work advancing the use of FACs sorting in postmortem brain for studying epigenetic differences between neurons and glia.
113.
go back to reference Kozlenkov A, Wang M, Roussos P, Rudchenko S, Barbu M, Bibikova M,…Dracheva S. (2015). Substantial DNA methylation differences between two major neuronal subtypes in human brain. Nucleic Acids Res. 44(6):2593–2612. Kozlenkov A, Wang M, Roussos P, Rudchenko S, Barbu M, Bibikova M,…Dracheva S. (2015). Substantial DNA methylation differences between two major neuronal subtypes in human brain. Nucleic Acids Res. 44(6):2593–2612.
Metadata
Title
A Slice of the Suicidal Brain: What Have Postmortem Molecular Studies Taught Us?
Authors
Daniel Almeida
Gustavo Turecki
Publication date
01-11-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 11/2016
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0736-8

Other articles of this Issue 11/2016

Current Psychiatry Reports 11/2016 Go to the issue

Anxiety Disorders (A Pelissolo, Section Editor)

Anxiety Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Disaster Psychiatry: Trauma, PTSD, and Related Disorders (E Foa and A Asnaani, Section Editors)

The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak

Disaster Psychiatry: Trauma, PTSD, and Related Disorders (E Foa and A Asnaani, Section Editors)

Psychological Mechanisms of PTSD and Its Treatment

Mood Disorders (MA Oquendo and MF Grunebaum, Section Editors)

Cognitive, Emotional, Temperament, and Personality Trait Correlates of Suicidal Behavior