Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

A non-equivalent group pilot trial of a school-based physical activity and fitness intervention for 10–11 year old english children: born to move

Authors: Stuart J. Fairclough, Bronagh McGrane, George Sanders, Sarah Taylor, Michael Owen, Whitney Curry

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

PE lessons are the formal opportunity in schools for promotion of physical activity and fitness. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot PE intervention on physical activity, fitness, and psychosocial outcomes.

Methods

Participants were 139 children aged 10–11 years from four schools. For six weeks children in two schools received a twice-weekly pilot ‘Born to Move’ (BTM) physical activity (PA) and fitness intervention alongside one regular PE lesson. Children in the two comparison (COM) schools received their regular twice weekly PE lessons. Outcomes were lesson time and whole-day light (LPA), moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and MVPA, and sedentary time, muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and lesson-specific perceived exertion, enjoyment, and perceived competence. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (T0), midway through the intervention (T1), and at the end (T2) using ANOVAs and ANCOVAs. Intervention fidelity was measured using child and teacher surveys at T2 and analysed using Chi-square tests.

Results

The BTM group engaged in moderate PA for significantly more lesson time (29.4 %) than the COM group (25.8 %; p = .009, d = .53). The amount of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) during the T1 BTM lesson contributed 14.0 % to total MVPA, which was significantly more than the COM group’s T1 PE lesson (11.4 %; p < .001, d = .47). The BTM group were significantly more active during the whole-day (p < .05) and the school-day (p < .01). In both groups push-up test performance increased (p < .001) and CRF test performance decreased (p < .01). Perceived exertion, enjoyment, and perceived competence increased in both groups (p < .05), but the BTM group rated their enjoyment of the T1 BTM lesson higher than the COM group rated their PE lesson (p = .02, d = .56). The children’s and teachers’ responses to the intervention indicated that the delivery aims of enjoyment, engagement, inclusivity, and challenge were satisfied.

Conclusions

The BTM pilot programme has potential to positively impact on physical activity, fitness, and psychosocial outcomes. Further, BTM was enjoyed by the children, and valued by the teachers. This study can inform the design of a modified larger-scale cluster RCT evaluation.
Literature
1.
Chief Medical Officers. Start active, stay active. A report on physical activity for health from the four home countries. London: DH; 2011.
2.
Smith J, Eather N, Morgan P, Plotnikoff R, Faigenbaum A, Lubans D. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2014;44(9):1209–23.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Cliff DP, Barnett LM, Okely AD. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):1019–35.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Janz KF, Letuchy EM, Eichenberger Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Torner JC, Willing MC, et al. Early physical activity provides sustained bone health benefits later in childhood. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1072–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
7.
Parikh T, Stratton G. Influence of intensity of physical activity on adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness in 5–18 year olds. Sports Med. 2011;41(6):477–88.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Boddy LM, Fairclough SJ, Atkinson G, Stratton G. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in 9- to 10.9-year-old children: SportsLinx 1998–2010. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):481–6.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Cohen DD, Voss C, Taylor MJD, Delextrat A, Ogunleye AA, Sandercock GRH. Ten-year secular changes in muscular fitness in english children. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(10):e175–7.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Carson V, Ridgers ND, Howard BJ, Winkler EAH, Healy GN, Owen N, et al. Light-intensity physical activity and cardiometabolic biomarkers in US adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):1–7.CrossRef
11.
Kwon S, Janz KF, Burns TL, Levy SM. Association between light-intensity physical activity and adiposity in childhood. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2011;23(2):218–29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Tremblay M, Leblanc A, Kho M, Saunders T, Larouche R, Colley R. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:98.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Kriemler S, Meyer U, Martin E, van Sluijs EMF, Andersen LB, Martin BW. Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: a review of reviews and systematic update. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):923–30.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Dobbins M, Husson H, DeCorby K, LaRocca RL. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD007651.
15.
Kriemler S, Zahner L, Schindler C, Meyer U, Hartmann T, Hebestreit H, et al. Effect of a school based physical activity programme (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in primary schoolchildren: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c785.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Dishman RK, Motl RW, Saunders R, Felton G, Ward DS, Dowda M, et al. Enjoyment mediates effects of a school-based physical-activity intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):478–87.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Beets MW, Beighle A, Erwin H, Lee S. Physical education’s role in public health: steps forward and backward over 20 years and HOPE for the future. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2012;83(2):125–35.PubMed
18.
Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Fahey P, Lubans DR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev Med. 2013;56(2):152–61.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Erfle SE, Gamble A. Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. J Sch Health. 2015;85(1):27–35.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Alcaraz JE, Kolody B, Faucette N, Hovell MF. The effects of a 2 year physical education programme (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1328–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Fairclough SJ, Stratton G. Improving health-enhancing physical activity in girls’ physical education. Health Educ Res. 2005;20(4):448–57.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Department for Education. The national crriculum in England. Framework document. London: DfE; 2013.
23.
Fairclough SJ, Stratton G, Baldwin G. The contribution of secondary school physical education to lifetime physical activity. Eur Phys Educ Rev. 2002;8(1):69–84.CrossRef
24.
Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):361–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Department for Communities and Local Government. The english indices of deprivation. Statistical release. London: DCLG; 2015.
26.
Billingham SA, Whitehead AL, Julious SA. An audit of sample sizes for pilot and feasibility trials being undertaken in the United Kingdom registered in the United Kingdom clinical research network database. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):1–6.CrossRef
27.
Thabane L, Ma J, Chu R, Cheng J, Ismaila A, Rios LP, et al. A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10(1):1–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Welk GJ. The youth physical activity promotion model: a conceptual bridge between theory and practice. Quest. 1999;51:5–23.CrossRef
29.
Rowe DA, Raedeke TD, Wiersma LD, Mahar MT. Investigating the youth physical activity promotion model: internal structure and external validity evidence for a potential measurement model. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2007;19:42–435.
30.
Lohman TG, Roche AFM, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1991.
31.
32.
Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones ADG, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(4):689–94.PubMed
34.
35.
Hraski M, Hraski Z, Mrakovic S, Horvat V. Relation between anthropometric characteristics and kinematic parameters which influence standing long jump efficiency in boys and adolescents. Coll Antropol. 2015;39 Suppl 1:47–55.PubMed
36.
Andersen LB, Andersen TE, Andersen E, Anderssen SA. An intermittent running test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake: the Andersen test. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008;48:434–7.PubMed
37.
Aadland E, Terum T, Mamen A, Andersen LB, Resaland GK. The Andersen aerobic fitness test: reliability and validity in 10-year-old children. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e110492.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Andreacci JL, Dube JJ, Rutlowski JJ, Snee BM, et al. Validation of the children’s OMNI scale for stepping exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):290–8.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Cuddihy TF, Corbin CB, Dale D. A short instrument for assessing intrinsic motivation for physical activity. Phys Educ. 2002;59(1):26–37.
40.
Goudas M, Biddle S. Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes. Eur J Psychol Educ. 1994;9(3):241–50.CrossRef
41.
Goudas M, Biddle SJH, Fox KR. Perceived locus of causality, goal orientations, and perceived competence in school physical education classes. Br J Educ Psychol. 1994;64:453–63.CrossRefPubMed
42.
43.
Evenson K, Catellier D, Gill K, Ondrak K, McMurray R. Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children. J Sports Sci. 2008;26:1557–65.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Chandler JL, Brazendale K, Beets MW, Mealing BA. Classification of physical activity intensities using a wrist-worn accelerometer in 8–12-year-old children. Pediatr Obes. 2016;11:120–7.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Vincent W, Weir JP. Statistics in kinesiology. 4th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2012.
46.
Kreft I, de Leeuw J. Introducing multilevel modelling. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1998.CrossRef
47.
de Boer M, Waterlander W, Kuijper L, Steenhuis I, Twisk J. Testing for baseline differences in randomized controlled trials: an unhealthy research behavior that is hard to eradicate. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12(1):4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Lloyd LK, Bishop PA, Walker JL, Sharp KR, Richardson MT. The Influence of body size and composition on FITNESSGRAM test performance and the adjustment of FITNESSGRAM test scores for skinfold thickness in youth. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2003;7(4):205–26.CrossRef
49.
Plowman SA. Top 10 research questions related to musculoskeletal physical fitness testing in children and adolescents. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2014;85(2):174–87.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Charlton R, Gravenor M, Rees A, Knox G, Hill R, Rahman M, et al. Factors associated with low fitness in adolescents - a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):764.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Jimenez-Pavon D, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Chillon P, Castillo R, Artero EG, et al. Influence of socioeconomic factors on fitness and fatness in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA study. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5(6):467–73.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Veligekas P, Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC. Determinants of standing long jump performance in 9–12 year old children. Serb J Sports Sci. 2012;6(4):147–55.
53.
Snijders TAB, Bosker RJ. Standard errors and sample sizes for two-level research. J Educ Stat. 1993;18:237–59.CrossRef
54.
55.
U.S. Department of health and human services. Strategies to improve the quality of physical education. Washington, DC: United States Government; 2010.
56.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Ass. Publishers; 1988.
57.
58.
Fairclough SJ, Stratton G. A review of physical activity levels during elementary school physical education. J Teach Phys Educ. 2006;25:240–58.CrossRef
59.
Chen S, Kim Y, Gao Z. The contributing role of physical education in youth’s daily physical activity and sedentary behavior. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Meyer U, Roth R, Zahner L, Gerber M, Puder JJ, Hebestreit H, et al. Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scan J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(5):600–6.
61.
Alderman BL, Benham-Deal T, Beighle A, Erwin HE, Olson RL. Physical education’s contribution to daily physical activity among middle school youth. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2012;24(4):634–48.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Morgan CF, Beighle A, Pangrazi RP. What are the contributory and compensatory relationships between physical education and physical activity in children? Res Qy Exerc Sport. 2007;78(5):407–12.CrossRef
63.
Mallam K, Metcalf B, Kirkby J, Voss L, Wilkin T. Contribution of timetabled physical education to total physical activity in primary school children: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2004;327:592–3.CrossRef
64.
Wilkin TJ. Can we modulate physical activity in children? No Int J Obes. 2011;36:1270–6.CrossRef
65.
Wu G, Sanderson B, Bittner V. The 6-minute walk test: How important is the learning effect? Am Heart J. 2003;146(1):129–33.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Beunen G, Thomis M. Muscular strength development in children and adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2000;12:174–97.CrossRef
67.
Castro-Piñero J, Ortega FB, Artero EG, Girela-Rejón MJ, Mora J, Sjöström M, et al. Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(7):1810–7.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Bendiksen M, Ahler T, Clausen H, Wedderkopp N, Krustrup P. The use of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 and Andersen testing for fitness and maximal heart rate assessments of 6- to 10-year-old school children. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(6):1583–90.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Cureton KJ, Sloniger MA, O’Bannon JP, Black DM, McCormack WP. A generalized equation for prediction of VO2peak from 1-mile run/walk performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(3):445–51.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Goudas M, Biddle SJH, Fox KR. Achievement goal orientations and intrinsic motivation in physical fitness testing with children. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 1994;6(2):159–67.CrossRef
71.
Wankel LM. The importance of enjoyment to adherenece and psychological benefits from physical activity. Int J Sport Psych. 1993;24:151–69.
72.
Deci EL, Ryan RM. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 1985.CrossRef
73.
Klint K, Weiss M. Perceived competence and motives for participation in youth sports: a test of Harter’s competence motivation theory. J Sport Psychol. 1987;9:55–65.CrossRef
74.
Fairclough SJ, Hilland TA, Stratton G, Ridgers ND. Am I able? is it worth it?” adolescent girls’ motivational predispositions to school physical education: associations with health-enhancing physical activity. Eur Phys Educ Rev. 2012;18:147–58.CrossRef
75.
Cairney J, Kwan M, Velduizen S, Hay J, Bray S, Faught B. Gender, perceived competence and the enjoyment of physical education in children: a longitudinal examination. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9(1):26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Fox KR, Biddle SJH. The child’s perspective in physical education part 2: Children’s participation motives. Br J Phys Educ. 1988;19(2):79–82.
77.
Weiss MR. Self-esteem and achievement in children’s sport and physical activity. In: Gould D, Weiss MR, editors. Advances in pediatric sport sciences, vol. 2, behavioural issues. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 1987.
78.
van Beurden E, Barnett LM, Zask A, Dietrich UC, Brooks LO, Beard J. Can we skill and activate children through primary school physical education lessons? “move it groove it”- a collaborative health promotion intervention. Prev Med. 2003;36(4):493–501.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Timo J, Sami YP, Anthony W, Jarmo L. Perceived physical competence towards physical activity, and motivation and enjoyment in physical education as longitudinal predictors of adolescents’ self-reported physical activity. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;19:750-54.
80.
Eather N, Morgan P, Lubans D. Social support from teachers mediates physical activity behavior change in children participating in the Fit-4-Fun intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10(1):68.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Owen N, Glanz K, Sallis JF, Kelder SH. Evidence-based approaches to dissemination and diffusion of physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2006;31(4S):S35–41.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A non-equivalent group pilot trial of a school-based physical activity and fitness intervention for 10–11 year old english children: born to move
Authors
Stuart J. Fairclough
Bronagh McGrane
George Sanders
Sarah Taylor
Michael Owen
Whitney Curry
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3550-7

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

The effectiveness bundling of zinc with Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) for improving adherence to acute watery diarrhea treatment in Ethiopia: cluster randomised controlled trial

Research article

Objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity of Finnish 7- to 14-year-old children– associations with perceived health status: a cross-sectional study

Research article

Are pit latrines in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa performing? A review of usage, filling, insects and odour nuisances

Research article

Barriers to HIV and sexual and reproductive health care for female sex workers in Tete, Mozambique: results from a cross-sectional survey and focus group discussions

Research article

Determinants of poor self-rated health among adults in urban Mozambique

Research article

Why do marital partners of people living with HIV not test for HIV? A qualitative study in Lusaka, Zambia