Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2024

Open Access 01-12-2024 | Research

A multisite feasibility randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress, and health in law enforcement officers

Authors: Michael Christopher, Sarah Bowen, Katie Witkiewitz, Daniel Grupe, Richard Goerling, Matthew Hunsinger, Barry Oken, Tyrus Korecki, Nils Rosenbaum

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors that can impact their mental health, increasing risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, at-risk alcohol use, depression, and suicidality. Compromised LEO health can subsequently lead to aggression and excessive use of force. Mindfulness training is a promising approach for high-stress populations and has been shown to be effective in increasing resilience and improving mental health issues common among LEOs.

Methods

This multi-site, randomized, single-blind clinical feasibility trial was intended to establish optimal protocols and procedures for a future full-scale, multi-site trial assessing effects of mindfulness-based resilience training (MBRT) versus an attention control (stress management education [SME]) and a no-intervention control, on physiological, attentional, and psychological indices of stress and mental health. The current study was designed to enhance efficiency of recruitment, engagement and retention; optimize assessment, intervention training and outcome measures; and ensure fidelity to intervention protocols. Responsiveness to change over time was examined to identify the most responsive potential proximate and longer-term assessments of targeted outcomes.

Results

We observed high feasibility of recruitment and retention, acceptability of MBRT, fidelity to assessment and intervention protocols, and responsiveness to change for a variety of putative physiological and self-report mechanism and outcome measures.

Conclusions

Results of this multi-site feasibility trial set the stage for a full-scale, multi-site trial testing the efficacy of MBRT on increasing LEO health and resilience, and on decreasing more distal outcomes of aggression and excessive use of force that would have significant downstream benefits for communities they serve.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03784846. Registered on December 24th, 2018.
Literature
1.
Violanti JM, Andrew ME, Mnatsakanova A, Hartley TA, Fekedulegn D, Burchfiel CM. Correlates of hopelessness in the high suicide risk police occupation. Police Pract Res. 2016;17(5):408–19.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Violanti JM, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME, Charles LE, Hartley TA, Burchfield CM. Adiposity in policing: mental health consequences. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2011;13(4):257–66.PubMed
3.
Syed S, Ashwick R, Schlosser M, Jones R, Rowe S, Billings J. Global prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in police personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2020;77(11):737–47.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Violanti JM, Owens SL, McCanlies E, Fekedulegn D, Andrew ME. Law enforcement suicide: a review. Policing. 2019;42(2):141–64.CrossRef
5.
Stevelink SAM, Opie E, Pernet D, Gao H, Elliott P, Wessely S, et al. Probable PTSD, depression and anxiety in 40,299 UK police officers and staff: Prevalence, risk factors and associations with blood pressure. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0240902.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Sherwood L, Hegarty S, Vallières F, Hyland P, Murphy J, Fitzgerald G, et al. Identifying the key risk factors for adverse psychological outcomes among police officers: a systematic literature review. J Trauma Stress. 2019;32(5):688–700.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Baker LD, Stroman JC, Kalantar EA, Bock RC, Berghoff CR. Indirect associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and other psychiatric symptoms, alcohol use, and well‐being via psychological flexibility among police officers. J Trauma Stress. 2021;35:55–65.
8.
Hine KA, Porter LE, Westera NJ, Alpert GP, Allen A. Exploring police use of force decision-making processes and impairments using a naturalistic decision-making approach. Crim Justice Behav. 2018;45(11):1782–801.CrossRef
9.
Kop N, Euwema M, Schaufeli W. Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work Stress. 1999;13(4):326–40.CrossRef
10.
Kurtz DL, Zavala E, Melander LA. The influence of early strain on later strain, stress responses, and aggression by police officers. Crim Justice Rev. 2015;40(2):190–208.CrossRef
11.
Verhage A, Noppe J, Feys Y, Ledegen E. Force, stress, and decision-making within the Belgian police: the impact of stressful situations on police decision-making. J Police Crim Psych. 2018;33(4):345–57.CrossRef
12.
Ménard KS, Arter ML, Khan C. Critical incidents, alcohol and trauma problems, and service utilization among police officers from five countries. Int J Comp Appl Crim Just. 2016;40(1):25–42.
13.
Irizar P, Gage SH, Field M, Fallon V, Goodwin L. The prevalence of hazardous and harmful drinking in the UK Police Service, and their co-occurrence with job strain and mental health problems. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2021;30:e51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
15.
Oehme K, Donnelly EA, Martin A. Alcohol abuse, PTSD, and officer-committed domestic violence. Policing. 2012;6(4):418–30.CrossRef
16.
Di Nota PM, Anderson GS, Ricciardelli R, Carleton RN, Groll D. Mental disorders, suicidal ideation, plans and attempts among Canadian police. Occup Med. 2020;70(3):183–90.CrossRef
17.
Violanti JM. Police Officer Suicide. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018.
18.
O’Hara AF, Violanti JM, Levenson RL Jr, Clark RG Sr. National police suicide estimates: web surveillance study III. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2013;15(1):31–8.PubMed
19.
20.
Stanley EA, Larsen KL. Stressed out: the missing influence of stress arousal in emotion's role in political decision-making. Political Psychol. 2022;43:798–808.
21.
Bibbey A, Carroll D, Roseboom TJ, Phillips AC, de Rooij SR. Personality and physiological reactions to acute psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol. 2013;90(1):28–36.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Nater UM, Skoluda N, Strahler J. Biomarkers of stress in behavioural medicine. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013;26(5):440–5.PubMedCrossRef
23.
24.
Rohleder N. Acute and chronic stress induced changes in sensitivity of peripheral inflammatory pathways to the signals of multiple stress systems – 2011 Curt Richter Award Winner. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(3):307–16.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Nevels TL, Burch JB, Wirth MD, Ginsberg JP, McLain AC, Andrew ME, et al. Shift work adaptation among police officers: The BCOPS study. Chronobiol Int. 2021;38(6):907–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Wright BR, Barbosa-Leiker C, Hoekstra T. Law enforcement officer versus non-law enforcement officer status as a longitudinal predictor of traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(7):730–4.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Coccaro EF, Lee R, Coussons-Read M. Elevated plasma inflammatory markers in individuals with intermittent explosive disorder and correlation with aggression in humans. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(2):158–65.CrossRef
28.
Coccaro EF, Lee R, Breen EC, Irwin MR. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory markers and human aggression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023;48(7):1060–6.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Osimo EF, Baxter LJ, Lewis G, Jones PB, Khandaker GM. Prevalence of low-grade inflammation in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of CRP levels. Psychol Med. 2019;49(12):1958–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Moura HF, Hansen F, Galland F, Silvelo D, Rebelatto FP, Ornell F, et al. Inflammatory cytokines and alcohol use disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Psychiatry. 2022;44(5):548–56.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Gassen J, Prokosch ML, Eimerbrink MJ, Proffitt Leyva RP, White JD, Peterman JL, et al. Inflammation predicts decision-making characterized by impulsivity, present focus, and an inability to delay gratification. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4928.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Patterson GT, Chung IW, Swan PW. Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits: a meta-analysis. J Exp Criminol. 2014;10(4):487–513.CrossRef
34.
Alshahrani KM, Johnson J, Prudenzi A, O’Connor DB. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for reducing PTSD and psychological distress in first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0272732.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Jetelina KK, Molsberry RJ, Gonzalez JR, Beauchamp AM, Hall T. Prevalence of mental illness and mental health care use among police officers. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2019658-e.CrossRef
36.
Karaffa KM, Koch JM. Stigma, pluralistic ignorance, and attitudes toward seeking mental health services among police officers. Crim Justice Behav. 2016;43(6):759–77.CrossRef
37.
Creswell JD, Lindsay EK. How does mindfulness training affect health? A mindfulness stress buffering account. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2014;23(6):401–7.CrossRef
38.
Lindsay EK, Young S, Smyth JM, Brown KW, Creswell JD. Acceptance lowers stress reactivity: Dismantling mindfulness training in a randomized controlled trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;87:63–73.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Morton ML, Helminen EC, Felver JC. A systematic review of mindfulness interventions on psychophysiological responses to acute stress. Mindfulness. 2020;11(9):2039–54.CrossRef
40.
Felver JC, Clawson AJ, Ash TL, Martens BK, Wang Q, Singh NN. Meta-analysis of mindfulness-based program soles of the feet for disruptive behaviors. Behav Modif. 2022;0(0):01454455211073738.
41.
Tao S, Li J, Zhang M, Zheng P, Lau EYH, Sun J, et al. The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on child and adolescent aggression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2021;12(6):1301–15.CrossRef
42.
Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, Masse M, Therien P, Bouchard V, et al. Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(6):763–71.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Khoury B, Sharma M, Rush SE, Fournier C. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78(6):519–28.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Pascoe MC, Thompson DR, Jenkins ZM, Ski CF. Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;95:156–78.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Chi X, Bo A, Liu T, Zhang P, Chi I. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1034-.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Goldberg SB, Tucker RP, Greene PA, Davidson RJ, Wampold BE, Kearney DJ, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;59:52–60.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Cavicchioli M, Movalli M, Maffei C. The clinical efficacy of mindfulness-based treatments for alcohol and drugs use disorders: a meta-analytic review of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. Eur Addict Res. 2018;24:137–62.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Li W, Howard MO, Garland EL, McGovern P, Lazar M. Mindfulness treatment for substance misuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;75:62–96.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Hopwood TL, Schutte NS. A meta-analytic investigation of the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on post traumatic stress. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;57:12–20.CrossRef
50.
Taylor J, McLean L, Korner A, Stratton E, Glozier N. Mindfulness and yoga for psychological trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Dissociation. 2020;21(5):536–73.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Luken M, Sammons A. Systematic review of mindfulness practice for reducing job burnout. Am J Occup Ther. 2016;70(2):7002250020p1-p10.CrossRef
52.
Suleiman-Martos N, Gomez-Urquiza JL, Aguayo-Estremera R, Cañadas-De La Fuente GA, De La Fuente-Solana EI, Albendín-García L. The effect of mindfulness training on burnout syndrome in nursing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(5):1124–40.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Joyce S, Shand F, Tighe J, Laurent SJ, Bryant RA, Harvey SB. Road to resilience: a systematic review and meta-analysis of resilience training programmes and interventions. BMJ Open. 2018;8(6):e017858.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
Kallapiran K, Koo S, Kirubakaran R, Hancock K. Review: Effectiveness of mindfulness in improving mental health symptoms of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2015;20(4):182–94.CrossRef
55.
Leyland A, Rowse G, Emerson L-M. Experimental effects of mindfulness inductions on self-regulation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Emotion. 2019;19(1):108–22.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Rahl HA, Lindsay EK, Pacilio LE, Brown KW, Creswell JD. Brief mindfulness meditation training reduces mind wandering: The critical role of acceptance. Emotion. 2017;17(2):224.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Cásedas L, Pirruccio V, Vadillo MA, Lupiáñez J. Does mindfulness meditation training enhance executive control? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults. Mindfulness. 2020;11(2):411–24.CrossRef
58.
Jha AP, Zanesco AP, Denkova E, Rooks J, Morrison AB, Stanley EA. Comparing mindfulness and positivity trainings in high-demand cohorts. Cogn Ther Res. 2020;44(2):311–26.CrossRef
59.
Black DS, Slavich GM. Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016;1373(1):13–24.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Dunn TJ, Dimolareva M. The effect of mindfulness-based interventions on immunity-related biomarkers: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;92:102124.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Sanada K, Montero-Marin J, Barceló-Soler A, Ikuse D, Ota M, Hirata A, et al. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers and low-grade inflammation in patients with psychiatric disorders: a meta-analytic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2484.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Sommers-Spijkerman M, Austin J, Bohlmeijer E, Pots W. New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JMIR Ment Health. 2021;8(7):e28168.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Fan M, Wang Y, Zheng L, Cui M, Zhou X, Liu Z. Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions for cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2023;53(11):1068–76.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Mrazek AJ, Mrazek MD, Cherolini CM, Cloughesy JN, Cynman DJ, Gougis LJ, et al. The future of mindfulness training is digital, and the future is now. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;28:81–6.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zhang Y, Xue J, Huang Y. A meta-analysis: Internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population. Medicine. 2020;99(28):e20493.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Jiang A, Rosario M, Stahl S, Gill JM, Rusch HL. The effect of virtual mindfulness-based interventions on sleep quality: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(9):62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Witarto BS, Visuddho V, Witarto AP, Bestari D, Sawitri B, Melapi TAS, et al. Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2022;17(9):e0274177.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Goldberg SB, Riordan KM, Sun S, Kearney DJ, Simpson TL. Efficacy and acceptability of mindfulness-based interventions for military veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2020;138:110232.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Zanesco AP, Denkova E, Rogers SL, MacNulty WK, Jha AP. Chapter 14 - Mindfulness training as cognitive training in high-demand cohorts: An initial study in elite military servicemembers. In: Srinivasan N, editor. Progress in brain research, vol. 244. London: Elsevier; 2019. p. 323–54.
70.
Colgan DD, Christopher M, Bowen S, Brems C, Hunsinger M, Tucker B, et al. Mindfulness-based Wellness and Resilience intervention among interdisciplinary primary care teams: a mixed-methods feasibility and acceptability trial. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2019;20:e91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Schroeder DA, Stephens E, Colgan D, Hunsinger M, Rubin D, Christopher MS. A brief mindfulness-based intervention for primary care physicians: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;12(1):83–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Denkova E, Zanesco AP, Rogers SL, Jha AP. Is resilience trainable? An initial study comparing mindfulness and relaxation training in firefighters. Psychiatry Res. 2020;285:112794.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Christopher MS, Goerling RJ, Rogers BS, Hunsinger M, Baron G, Bergman AL, et al. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention on cortisol awakening response and health outcomes among law enforcement officers. J Police Crim Psych. 2016;31(1):15–28.CrossRef
74.
Grupe DW, McGehee C, Smith C, Francis AD, Mumford JA, Davidson RJ. Mindfulness training reduces PTSD symptoms and improves stress-related health outcomes in police officers. J Police Crim Psych. 2021;36(1):72–85.CrossRef
75.
Grupe DW, Stoller JL, Alonso C, McGehee C, Smith C, Mumford JA, et al. The impact of mindfulness training on police officer stress, mental health, and salivary cortisol levels. Front Psychol. 2021;12:720753.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Hoeve M, De Bruin EI, Van Rooij F, Bögels SM. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention for police officers. Mindfulness. 2021;12(7):1672–84.CrossRef
77.
Trombka M, Demarzo M, Campos D, Antonio SB, Cicuto K, Walcher AL, et al. Mindfulness training improves quality of life and reduces depression and anxiety symptoms among police officers: results from the POLICE study—a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:624876.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
Khatib L, Glaser-Reich J, Mosbey D, Oliva V, Riegner G, Dean JG, et al. Mindfulness meditation training reduces aggression and improves well-being in highly stressed law enforcement officers. J Police Crim Psych. 2022;37(4):972–83.CrossRef
79.
Krick A, Felfe J. Who benefits from mindfulness? The moderating role of personality and social norms for the effectiveness on psychological and physiological outcomes among police officers. J Occup Health Psychol. 2020;25(2):99–112.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Navarrete J, García-Salvador M, Cebolla A, Baños R. Impact of mindfulness training on Spanish police officers’ mental and emotional health: a non-randomized pilot study. Mindfulness (N Y). 2022;13(3):695–711.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Christopher M, Hunsinger M, Goerling R, Bowen S, Rogers B, Gross C, et al. Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. Psychiatry Res. 2018;264:104–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
82.
Withrow A, Russell K, Gillani B. Mindfulness training for law enforcement to reduce occupational impact: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Police Journal. 2023;0(0):0032258X231156710.
83.
Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, Bond CM, Hopewell S, Thabane L, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2016;2:64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
NCCIH. Pilot studies: Common uses and misuses. 2017.
85.
Bryant FB, Smith BD. Refining the architecture of aggression: a measurement model for the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire. J Res Pers. 2001;35(2):138–67.CrossRef
86.
87.
Diamond PM, Magaletta PR. The short-form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ-SF): a validation study with federal offenders. Assessment. 2006;13(3):227–40.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Pilkonis PA, Choi SW, Reise SP, Stover AM, Riley WT, Cella D, et al. Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment. 2011;18(3):263–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Pilkonis PA, Yu L, Dodds NE, Johnston KL, Lawrence SM, Daley DC. Validation of the alcohol use item banks from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;161:316–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
90.
Yu L, Buysse DJ, Germain A, Moul DE, Stover A, Dodds NE, et al. Development of short forms from the PROMIS™ sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment item banks. Behav Sleep Med. 2012;10(1):6–24.CrossRef
91.
Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Morris DW, Fava M, Gollan JK, Warden D, et al. Concise health risk tracking scale: a brief self-report and clinician rating of suicidal risk. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(6):757–64.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Celano CM, Beale EE, Mastromauro CA, Stewart JG, Millstein RA, Auerbach RP, et al. Psychological interventions to reduce suicidality in high-risk patients with major depression: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2016;47:1–12.
93.
Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). 2013.
94.
Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Lewis CE, Downes AJ, Bisson JI. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 in a sample of trauma exposed mental health service users. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2021;12(1):1863578.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
Cohen S. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. 1988.
96.
Taylor JM. Psychometric analysis of the Ten-Item Perceived Stress Scale. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(1):90–101.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Vardakou I, Kantas A. The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. EJPA. 2003;19(1):12–23.
98.
Halbesleben JRB, Demerouti E. The construct validity of an alternative measure of burnout: Investigating the English translation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):208–20.CrossRef
99.
Demerouti E, Mostert K, Bakker AB. Burnout and work engagement: a thorough investigation of the independency of both constructs. J Occup Health Psychol. 2010;15(3):209–22.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Bohlmeijer E, ten Klooster PM, Fledderus M, Veehof M, Baer R. Psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment. 2011;18(3):308–20.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L. Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment. 2006;13(1):27–45.PubMedCrossRef
102.
de Bruin EI, Topper M, Muskens JG, Bogels SM, Kamphuis JH. Psychometric properties of the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment. 2012;19(2):187–97.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Christopher MS, Neuser NJ, Michael PG, Baitmangalkar A. Exploring the psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire. Mindfulness. 2012;3:124–31.CrossRef
104.
Raes F, Pommier E, Neff KD, Van Gucht D. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2011;18(3):250–5.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity. 2003;2(3):223–50.CrossRef
106.
Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(3):194–200.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Mehling WE, Acree M, Stewart A, Silas J, Jones A. The multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, version 2 (MAIA-2). PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208034.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Robertson IH, Manly T, Andrade J, Baddeley BT, Yiend J. “Oops!”: performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia. 1997;35(6):747–58.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Schmid C, Wiesli P, Bernays R, Bloch K, Zapf JR, Zwimpfer C, et al. Decrease in sE-selectin after pituitary surgery in patients with acromegaly. Clin Chem. 2004;50(3):650–2.PubMedCrossRef
110.
McDade TW, Miller A, Tran TT, Borders AE, Miller G. A highly sensitive multiplex immunoassay for inflammatory cytokines in dried blood spots. Am J Hum Biol. 2021;33(6):e23558.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Bowen S, Chawla N, Marlatt GA. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: A clinician's guide. NY: Guilford Press; 2010.
112.
Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, Metcalf CA, Morris LK, Robinaugh DJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):786–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
113.
Mac Giollabhui N, Ellman LM, Coe CL, Byrne ML, Abramson LY, Alloy LB. To exclude or not to exclude: Considerations and recommendations for C-reactive protein values higher than 10 mg/L. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:898–900.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Little RJ. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83(404):1198–202.CrossRef
115.
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Carmody TJ, Ibrahim HM, Markowitz JC, Keitner GI, et al. Self-reported depressive symptom measures: sensitivity to detecting change in a randomized, controlled trial of chronically depressed, nonpsychotic outpatients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(2):405–16.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Hays R, Anderson R, Revicki D. Psychometric considerations in evaluating health-related quality of life measures. Qual Life Res. 1993;2(6):441–9.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Fayers PM, Machin D. Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and reporting of patient-reported outcomes. NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.
118.
Middel B, van Sonderen E. Statistical significant change versus relevant or important change in (quasi) experimental design: some conceptual and methodological problems in estimating magnitude of intervention-related change in health services research. Int J Integr Care. 2002;2:e15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. NY: Academic press; 2013.
120.
Fok CC, Henry D. Increasing the Sensitivity of Measures to Change. Prevent Sci. 2015;16(7):978–86.CrossRef
121.
Revicki DA, Cella D, Hays RD, Sloan JA, Lenderking WR, Aaronson NK. Responsiveness and minimal important differences for patient reported outcomes. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006;4:70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
Valikhani A, Kashani VO, Rahmanian M, Sattarian R, Rahmati Kankat L, Mills PJ. Examining the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between mindfulness and quality of life and mental health: testing the mindfulness stress buffering model. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2020;33(3):311–25.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Castro-Schilo L, Grimm KJ. Using residualized change versus difference scores for longitudinal research. J Soc Pers Relat. 2018;35:32–58.CrossRef
124.
Van Ness L. Percentage of women in state policing has stalled since 2000. Stateline, an initiative of The Pew Charitable Trusts. 2021.
125.
Olano HA, Kachan D, Tannenbaum SL, Mehta A, Annane D, Lee DJ. Engagement in mindfulness practices by US adults: Sociodemographic barriers. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(2):100–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
Christopher Michael S, Hunsinger M, Goerling LR, Bowen S, Rogers Brant S, Gross Cynthia R, et al. Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. Psychiatry Res. 2018;264:104–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
127.
Magee RV. The way of ColorInsight: Understanding race and law effectively through mindfulness-based ColorInsight practices. Geo JL & Mod Critical Race Persp. 2016;8:251.
128.
Canady BE, Zullig KJ, Brumage MR, Goerling R. Intensive mindfulness-based resilience training in first responders: a pilot study. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2021;8(1):60–70.CrossRef
129.
Lam SU, Kirvin-Quamme A, Goldberg SB. Overall and differential attrition in mindfulness-based interventions: a meta-analysis. Mindfulness. 2022;13(11):2676–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
Marshall RE, Milligan-Saville J, Petrie K, Bryant RA, Mitchell PB, Harvey SB. Mental health screening amongst police officers: factors associated with under-reporting of symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):135.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A multisite feasibility randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress, and health in law enforcement officers
Authors
Michael Christopher
Sarah Bowen
Katie Witkiewitz
Daniel Grupe
Richard Goerling
Matthew Hunsinger
Barry Oken
Tyrus Korecki
Nils Rosenbaum
Publication date
01-12-2024
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2024
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-024-04452-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2024 Go to the issue

Research

Insight into antioxidant-like activity and computational exploration of identified bioactive compounds in Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) aqueous extract as potential cholinesterase inhibitors

Research

Ginsenoside compound K induces ferroptosis via the FOXO pathway in liver cancer cells

Research

Effects of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) consumption on serum lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Research

In vitro anti-HIV, cytotoxicity and nutritional analysis of Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)

Research

Microbial and heavy metal contamination in herbal medicine: a prospective study in the central region of Saudi Arabia

Research

Development of propolis, hyaluronic acid, and vitamin K nano-emulsion for the treatment of second-degree burns in albino rats