Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
PharmacoEconomics
Published in: PharmacoEconomics 6/2012

01-06-2012 | Review Article

A Critical Review of Model-Based Economic Studies of Depression

Modelling Techniques, Model Structure and Data Sources

Authors: Dr Hossein Haji Ali Afzali, Jonathan Karnon, Jodi Gray

Published in: PharmacoEconomics | Issue 6/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Depression is the most common mental health disorder and is recognized as a chronic disease characterized by multiple acute episodes/relapses. Although modelling techniques play an increasingly important role in the economic evaluation of depression interventions, comparatively little attention has been paid to issues around modelling studies with a focus on potential biases. This, however, is important as different modelling approaches, variations in model structure and input parameters may produce different results, and hence different policy decisions.
This paper presents a critical review of literature on recently published model-based cost-utility studies of depression. Taking depression as an illustrative example, through this review, we discuss a number of specific issues in relation to the use of decision-analytic models including the type of modelling techniques, structure of models and data sources.
The potential benefits and limitations of each modelling technique are discussed and factors influencing the choice of modelling techniques are addressed. This review found that model-based studies of depression used various simulation techniques. We note that a discrete-event simulation may be the preferred technique for the economic evaluation of depression due to the greater flexibility with respect to handling time compared with other individual-based modelling techniques.
Considering prognosis and management of depression, the structure of the reviewed models are discussed. We argue that a few reviewed models did not include some important structural aspects such as the possibility of relapse or the increased risk of suicide in patients with depression. Finally, the appropriateness of data sources used to estimate input parameters with a focus on transition probabilities is addressed. We argue that the above issues can potentially bias results and reduce the comparability of economic evaluations.
Footnotes
1
It should be noted that many of the depression models included in this review did not explicitly report and discuss the appropriateness of data sources used to populate models. This obviously constrained our analysis.
 
Literature
1.
Paykal ES, Brugha T, Fryers T. Size and burden of depressive disorders in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15: 411–23CrossRef
2.
Lecrubier Y. Is depression under-recognized and under-treated? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 13: S3–6PubMedCrossRef
3.
Lepine JP, Gastpar M, Mendlewicz J, et al. Depression in the community: the first pan-European study DEPRES (Depression Research in European Society). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 12: 19–29PubMedCrossRef
4.
World Health Organization. The world health report 2001: mental health — new understanding, new hope. Geneva: WHO, 2002
5.
Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, et al. The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1989; 262: 914–9PubMedCrossRef
6.
Lustman PJ, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 934–42PubMedCrossRef
7.
Henry JA, Rivas CA. Constraints on antidepressant prescribing and principles of cost-effective antidepressant use: part 1 — depression and its treatment. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 11 (5): 419–43PubMedCrossRef
8.
Dunner DL, Kwong J, Houser T, et al. Improved health-related quality of life and reduced productivity loss after treatment with bupropion sustained release: a study in patients with major depression. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 3: 10–6PubMedCrossRef
9.
Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Guidelines for preparing submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Canberra (ACT): Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee, 2008
10.
Boxton MJ, Drummond MF, Van Hout BA, et al. Modelling in economic evaluation: an unavoidable fact of life. Health Econ 1997; 6: 217–27CrossRef
11.
Halpern MT, Luce BR, Brown RE, et al. Health and economic outcomes modelling practices: a suggested framework. Value Health 1998; 1: 131–47PubMedCrossRef
12.
Sculpher M, Fenwick E, Claxton K. Assessing quality in decision analytic cost-effectiveness models: a suggested framework and example of application. Pharmacoeconomics 2000; 17 (5): 461–77PubMedCrossRef
13.
Jones MT, Cockrum PC. A critical review of published economic modelling studies in depression. Pharmacoeconomics 2000; 17 (6): 555–83PubMedCrossRef
14.
Frank L, Revicki DA, Sorensen SV, et al. The economics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression: a critical review. CNS Drugs 2001; 15 (1): 59–83PubMedCrossRef
15.
Iqbal SU, Prashker M. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of antidepressants: a critical appraisal of methods. Pharmacoeconomics 2005; 23 (6): 595–606PubMedCrossRef
16.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 2000
17.
Hirschfeld R. Clinical importance of long term antidepressant treatment. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 179: S4–8CrossRef
18.
Kupfer DJ. Long-term treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 28–34PubMed
19.
Nordstrom G, Despiegel N, Marteau F, et al. Cost effectiveness of escitalopram versus SNRIs in second-step treatment of major depressive disorder in Sweden. J Med Econ 2010; 13: 516–26PubMedCrossRef
20.
Sado M, Knapp M, Yamauchi K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of combination therapy versus antidepressant therapy for management of depression in Japan. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2009; 43: 539–47PubMedCrossRef
21.
Simon J, Pilling S, Burbeck R, et al. Treatment options in moderate and severe depression: decision analysis supporting a clinical guideline. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189: 494–501PubMedCrossRef
22.
Sullivan PW, Valuck R, Saseen J, et al. A comparison of the direct costs and cost effectiveness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and associated adverse drug reactions. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 911–32PubMedCrossRef
23.
François C, Sintonen H, Toumi M. Introduction of escitalopram, a new SSRI in Finland: comparison of cost-effectiveness between the other SSRIs and SNRI for the treatment of depression and estimation of the budgetary impact. J Med Econ 2002; 5: 91–107CrossRef
24.
Lenox-Smith A, Greenstreet L, Burslem K, et al. Cost effectiveness of venlafaxine compared with generic fluoxetine or generic amitriptyline in major depressive disorder in the UK. Clin Drug Investig 2009; 29 (3): 173–84PubMedCrossRef
25.
Trivedi MH, Wan GJ, Mallick R, et al. Cost and effectiveness of venlafaxine extended-release and SSRIs in the acute phase of outpatients treatment for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24: 497–506PubMedCrossRef
26.
Armstrong EP, Skrepnek GH, Haim Erder M. Cost-utility comparison of escitalopram and sertraline in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 251–8PubMedCrossRef
27.
Benedict A, Arellano J, De Cock E, et al. Economic evaluation of duloxetine versus serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine XR in treating major depressive disorder in Scotland. J Affect Disord 2010; 120: 94–104PubMedCrossRef
28.
Armstrong EP, Malone DC, Haim Erder M. A Markov cost-utility analysis of escitalopram and duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 1115–21PubMedCrossRef
29.
Wang PS, Patrick A, Azocar F, et al. The costs and benefits of enhanced depression care to employers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 1345–53PubMedCrossRef
30.
Aziz M, Mehringer AM, Mozurkewich E, et al. Cost-utility of two maintenance treatments for older adults with depression who responded to a course of electroconvulsive therapy: results from a decision analytic model. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50: 389–97PubMed
31.
Sobocki P, Ekman M, Ovanfors A, et al. The cost-utility of maintenance treatment with venlafaxine in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62: 623–32PubMedCrossRef
32.
Sobocki P, Ekman M, Agren H, et al. Model to assess the cost-effectiveness of new treatments for depression. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2006; 22: 469–77PubMedCrossRef
33.
Fineberg HV. Decision trees: construction, uses, and limits. Bull Cancer 1980; 67: 395–404PubMed
34.
Lieu TA, Watson SE, Washington AE. The cost-effectiveness of prenatal carrier screening for cystic fibrosis. Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 84: 903–12
35.
Fox-Rushby J, Cairns J. Economic evaluation. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2009
36.
Lam RW, Larsson Lonn S, Despiegel N. Escitalopram versus SNRIs as second line treatment. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2009; 13: 35–6
37.
38.
Bielski RJ, Ventura D, Chang C. A double-blind comparison of escitalopram and venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65: 1190–6PubMedCrossRef
39.
Montgomery SA, Huusom AKT, Bothmer J. A randomised study comparing escitalopram with venlafaxine XR in primary care patients with major depressive disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2004; 50: 57–64PubMedCrossRef
40.
Khan A, Bose A, Alexopoulos CG, et al. Double-blind comparison of escitalopram and duloxetine in the acute treatment of major depressive disorder. Clin Drug Investig 2007; 27 (7): 481–92PubMedCrossRef
41.
Wade A, Gembert K, Florea I. A comparative study of the efficacy of acute and continuation treatment with escitalopram versus duloxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Curr Med Res Opin 2007; 23: 1605–14PubMedCrossRef
42.
Sobocki P, Ekman M, Agren H, et al. The mission is remission: health economic consequences of achieving full remission with antidepressant treatment for depression. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 791–8
43.
Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russell LB, et al. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York (NY): Oxford University Press, 1996
44.
45.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Management of depression in primary and secondary care [commissioned by NICE; national clinical practice guideline no. 23]. London: National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2004
46.
Blackburn IM, Eunson KM, Bishop S. A two-year naturalistic follow-up of depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy, pharmacotherapy and a combination of both. J Affect Disord 1986; 10: 67–75PubMedCrossRef
47.
Thase ME, Rush AJ, Howland RH, et al. Double-blind switch study of imipramine or sertraline treatment of antidepressant resistant chronic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59: 233–9PubMedCrossRef
48.
Revicki DA, Wood M. Patient-assigned health state utilities for depression-related outcomes: differences by depression severity and antidepressant medications. J Affect Disord 1998; 48: 25–36PubMedCrossRef
49.
Igaku Tushinsya. Quick reference to tariff for health care services. Tokyo: Igaku Tushinsya, 2005
50.
51.
British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British national formulary. 45th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group and Pharmaceutical Press, 2003
52.
Rascati K, Godley P, Pham H. Evaluation of resources used to treat adverse events of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use. J Manag Care Pharm 2001; 7: 402–6
53.
54.
Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration. Medicare program: revisions to payment policies under the physician fee schedule for calendar year 2003. Fed Regist 2003; 68: 9567
55.
Baker CB, Woods SW. Cost of treatment failure for major depression: direct costs of continued treatment. Adm Policy Ment Health 2001; 28: 263–77PubMedCrossRef
56.
Burke WJ, Gergel I, Bose A. Fixed dose trial of the single isomer SSRI escitalopram in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 331–6PubMedCrossRef
57.
Patris M, Bouchard JM, Bougerol T, et al. Citalopram versus fluoxetine: a double-blind, controlled, multicentre, phase III trial in patients with unipolar major depression treated in general practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 11: 129–36PubMed
58.
Bougerol T, Scotto JC, Patris M, et al. Citalopram and fluoxetine in major depression: comparison of two clinical trials in a psychiatrist setting and in general practice. Clin Drug Investig 1997; 14 (2): 77–89CrossRef
59.
Montgomery SA, Rasmussen JG, Tanghoj P. A 24-week study of 20 mg citalopram, 40 mg citalopram, and placebo in the prevention of relapse of major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993; 8: 181–8PubMedCrossRef
60.
Robert P, Montgomery SA. Citalopram in doses of 20–60 mg is effective in depression relapse prevention: a placebo controlled 6 month study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1995; 10: 29–35PubMedCrossRef
61.
Thornicroft G, Sartorius N. The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10-year follow-up of the WHO collaborative study on the assessment of depressive disorders. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 1023–32PubMedCrossRef
62.
Angst J, Preisig M. Outcome of a clinical cohort of unipolar, bipolar and schizoaffective patients: results of a prospective study from 1959 to 1985. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1995; 146: 17–23PubMed
63.
Kela. Statistical yearbook of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland 2000. Helsinki: Kela, 2001
64.
Runeson B, Wasserman D. Management of suicide attempters: what are the routines and the costs? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994; 90: 222–8PubMedCrossRef
65.
Lave JR, Frank RG, Schulberg HC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for depression in primary care practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 645–51PubMedCrossRef
66.
British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society. British national formulary. 51st ed. London: BMJ Group and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2006
67.
68.
Thase ME, Entsuah AR, Rudolph RL. Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178: 234–41PubMedCrossRef
69.
PDR. Drug topics: red book (March 2002). Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics, 2002
70.
2002 physicians fee and coding book: a comprehensive fee and coding reference. 13th ed. Augusta (GA): Health Care Consultants of America, 2001
71.
Ventura D, Armstrong EP, Skrepnek GH, et al. Escitalopram versus sertraline in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Curr Med Res Opinion 2007; 23: 245–50CrossRef
72.
McLaughlin TP, Eaddy MT, Grudzinski AN. A claims analysis comparing citalopram with sertraline as initial pharmacotherapy for a new episode of depression: impact on depression-related treatment charges. Clin Ther 2004; 26: 115–24PubMedCrossRef
73.
Sonnenberg FA, Beck JR. Markov models in medical decision making: a practical guide. Med Decis Making 1993; 13: 322–38PubMedCrossRef
74.
Thase ME, Pritchett YL, Ossanna MJ, et al. Efficacy of duloxetine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: comparisons as assessed by remission rates in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 672–6PubMedCrossRef
75.
Stahl S, Zivkov M, Reimitz PE, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, efficacy and safety studies of mirtazapine versus amitriptyline in major depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 391: 22–30CrossRef
76.
Cegedim Strategic Data. Cegedim strategic data — medical research. London: Cegedim Strategic Data, 2005
77.
Perahia D, Pritchett YL, Kajdasz DK, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of duloxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2008; 42: 22–34PubMedCrossRef
78.
79.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003; 289: 3095–105PubMedCrossRef
80.
Simon GE, Von Korff M, Rutter C, et al. Randomised trial of monitoring, feedback, and management of care by telephone to improve treatment of depression in primary care. BMJ 2000; 320: 550–4PubMedCrossRef
81.
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, US Department of Health and Human Services. Depression in primary care: treatment of major depression [clinical practice guideline no. 5]. Rockville (MD): AHCPR, 1993
82.
Maj M, Veltro F, Pirozzi R, et al. Pattern of recurrence of illness after recovery from an episode of major depression: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149: 795–800PubMed
83.
Katon W, Rutter C, Ludman E, et al. A randomized trial of relapse prevention of depression in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 241–7PubMedCrossRef
84.
Moscicki EK. Epidemiology of suicide. In: Jacobs DG, editor. The Harvard Medical School guide to suicide assessment and intervention. San Francisco (CA): Josey-Bass, 1999: 40–51
85.
Revicki DA, Brown RE, Palmer W, et al. Modelling the cost effectiveness of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Pharmacoeconomics 1995; 8 (6): 524–40PubMedCrossRef
86.
Bennett KJ, Torrance GW, Boyle MH, et al. Development and testing of a utility measure for major, unipolar depression. Qual Life Res 2000; 9: 109–20PubMedCrossRef
87.
Ackerman DL, Unutzer J, Greenland S, et al. Inpatient treatment of depression and associated hospital charges. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2002; 11: 219–27PubMedCrossRef
88.
Fallick BC, Fleischman CA. The importance of employer-to-employer flows in the U.S. labor market. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 2001
89.
McDonald WM, Phillips VL, Figiel GS, et al. Cost-effective maintenance treatment of resistant geriatric depression. Psychiatr Ann 1998; 28: 47–52
90.
Tew JD, Mulsant BH, Haskett RF, et al. Acute efficacy of ECT in the treatment of major depression in the old-old. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156(12): 1865–70PubMed
91.
Kamlet MS, Paul N, Greenhouse J, et al. Cost utility analysis of maintenance treatment for recurrent depression. Control Clin Trials 1995; 16: 17–40PubMedCrossRef
92.
Lcbowit BL, Manme RA, Niederehe G, et al. NIMH/MacArthur Poundalion workshop report. Psychophannacol Bull 1995; 31: 185–202
93.
Hatziandreu FJ, Brown RE, Recvicki DA, et al. Cost utility of maintenance treatment of recurrent depression with sertraline versus episodic treatment with dothiepin. Pharmacoeconomics 1994; 5 (3): 249–68PubMedCrossRef
94.
Sackett DL, Torrence GW. The utility of different health states as perceived by the general public. J Chron Dis 1978; 31: 697–704PubMedCrossRef
95.
Keller M, Yan B, Dunner D, et al. Recurrence prevention: efficacy of two years of maintenance treatment with venlafaxine XR in patients with recurrent unipolar major depression. 159th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2006 May 20–25; Toronto (ON)
96.
Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, et al. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361: 653–61PubMedCrossRef
97.
Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 205–28PubMedCrossRef
98.
Sobocki P, Ekman M, Agren H, et al. Health-related quality-of-life measured with EQ-5D in patients treated for depression in primary care. Value Health 2007; 10: 153–60PubMedCrossRef
99.
Burstrom K, Johannesson M, Diderichsen F. Swedish population health-related quality of life results using the EQ-5D. Qual Life Res 2001; 10: 621–35PubMedCrossRef
100.
Sobocki P, Ekman M, Agren H, et al. Resource-use and costs associated with patients treated for depression in primary care. Eur J Health Econ 2007; 8: 67–76PubMedCrossRef
101.
Drummond M, McGuire A. Economic evaluation in health care. New York (NY): Oxford University Press, 2006
102.
Parikh SV, Lam RW, CANMAT Depression Work Group. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders I: definitions, prevalence, and health burden. Can J Psychiatry 2001 Suppl. 1; 46: 13S–20SPubMed
103.
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. New York (NY): Oxford University Press, 2006
104.
Klein RW, Dittus RS, Roberts SD, et al. Simulation modelling and health care decision making. Med Decis Making 1993; 13: 347–54PubMedCrossRef
105.
Hardeveld F, Spijker J, De Graaf R, et al. Prevalence and predicators of recurrence of major depressive disorder in the adult population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122: 184–91PubMedCrossRef
106.
Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, et al. Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in community sample: predicators of recurrence in young adults. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157 (10): 1584–91PubMedCrossRef
107.
Conradi HJ, Jonge P, Ormel J. Prediction of the three-year course of recurrent depression in primary care patients: different risk factors for different outcomes. J Affect Disord 2008; 105: 267–71PubMedCrossRef
108.
Kessing LA, Andersen PK. The effect of episodes on recurrence in affective disorder: a case register study. J Affect Disord 1999; 53: 225–31PubMedCrossRef
109.
Schulberg HC, Katon W, Simon GE, et al. Treating major depression in primary care practice: an update of the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research Practice Guidelines. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 1121–7PubMedCrossRef
110.
111.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults [national clinical practice guideline no. 90]. London: British Psychological Society and Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2010
112.
Le Lay A, Despiegel N, François C, et al. Can discrete event simulation be of use in modelling major depression? Cost Eff Resour Alloc 2006; 4: 19PubMedCrossRef
113.
Karnon J. Alternative decision modelling techniques for the evaluation of health care technologies: Markov processes versus discrete event simulation. Health Econ 2003; 12: 837–48PubMedCrossRef
114.
Caro JJ. Pharmacoeconomic analyses using discrete event simulation. Pharmacoeconomics 2005; 23 (4): 323–32PubMedCrossRef
115.
Ballenger JC. Clinical guidelines for establishing remission in patients with depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 Suppl. 22: 29–34PubMed
116.
Nierenberg AA, Wright EC. Evolution of remission as the new standard in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60 Suppl. 22: 7–11PubMed
117.
Steffens DC, McQuoid DR, Krishnan KRR. Partial response as a predictor of outcome in geriatric depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 11: 340–8PubMed
118.
Sartorius N. One of the last obstacles to better mental health care: the stigma of mental illness. Neuropsychiatr 2002; 16: 5–10
119.
Brennan A, Akehurst R. Modelling in health economic evaluation. What is its place? What is its value? Pharmacoeconomics 2000; 17 (5): 445–59
120.
Cunningham LA. Once-daily venlafaxine extended release (XR) and venlafaxine immediate release (IR) in outpatients with major depression. Ann Clin Psychiatry 1997; 9: 157–64PubMedCrossRef
121.
Nuijten MC. The selection of data sources for use in modelling studies. Pharmacoeconomics 1998; 13 (3): 305–16PubMedCrossRef
122.
Haji Ali Afzali H, Karnon J, Gray J. A proposed model for economic evaluations of major depressive disorder. Eur J Health Econ. Epub 2011 Jun 2
Metadata
Title
A Critical Review of Model-Based Economic Studies of Depression
Modelling Techniques, Model Structure and Data Sources
Authors
Dr Hossein Haji Ali Afzali
Jonathan Karnon
Jodi Gray
Publication date
01-06-2012
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
PharmacoEconomics / Issue 6/2012
Print ISSN: 1170-7690
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2027
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11590500-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 6/2012

PharmacoEconomics 6/2012 Go to the issue

Systematic Review

Pharmacoeconomics of the Myeloid Growth Factors

Review Article

Eltrombopag for the Treatment of Chronic Immune or Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Original Research Article

Cost Effectiveness of Quetiapine in Patients with Acute Bipolar Depression and in Maintenance Treatment after an Acute Depressive Episode

Leading Article

Value of Information and Pricing New Healthcare Interventions

Correspondence

The Authors’ Reply

Correspondence

The Lack of Impact of Quality-of-Life Measures in Schizophrenia: A Shared Responsibility?