Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research article

A comparison of physical and psychological features of responders and non-responders to cervical facet blocks in chronic whiplash

Authors: Ashley Dean Smith, Gwendolen Jull, Geoff Schneider, Bevan Frizzell, Robert Allen Hooper, Michele Sterling

Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Cervical facet block (FB) procedures are often used as a diagnostic precursor to radiofrequency neurotomies (RFN) in the management of chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD). Some individuals will respond to the FB procedures and others will not respond. Such responders and non-responders provided a sample of convenience to question whether there were differences in their physical and psychological features. This information may inform future predictive studies and ultimately the clinical selection of patients for FB procedures.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 58 individuals with chronic WAD who responded to cervical FB procedures (WAD_R); 32 who did not respond (WAD_NR) and 30 Healthy Controls (HC)s. Measures included: quantitative sensory tests (pressure; thermal pain thresholds; brachial plexus provocation test); nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR); motor function (cervical range of movement (ROM); activity of the superficial neck flexors during the cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT). Self-reported measures were gained from the following questionnaires: neuropathic pain (s-LANSS); psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28), post-traumatic stress (PDS) and pain catastrophization (PCS). Individuals with chronic whiplash attended the laboratory once the effects of the blocks had abated and symptoms had returned.

Results

Following FB procedures, both WAD groups demonstrated generalized hypersensitivity to all sensory tests, decreased neck ROM and increased superficial muscle activity with the CCFT compared to controls (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between WAD groups (all p > 0.05). Both WAD groups demonstrated psychological distress (GHQ-28; p < 0.05), moderate post-traumatic stress symptoms and pain catastrophization. The WAD_NR group also demonstrated increased medication intake and elevated PCS scores compared to the WAD_R group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Chronic WAD responders and non-responders to FB procedures demonstrate a similar presentation of sensory disturbance, motor dysfunction and psychological distress. Higher levels of pain catastrophization and greater medication intake were the only factors found to differentiate these groups.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E: Scientific monograph of the Quebec task force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine. 1995, 20 (8): 1S-73S.PubMed
2.
3.
Joslin CC, Khan SN, Bannister GC: Long-term disability after neck injury. a comparative study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004, 86 (7): 1032-1034. 10.1302/0301-620X.86B7.14633.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Suissa S, Harder S, Veilleux M: The relation between initial symptoms and signs and the prognosis of whiplash. Eur Spine J. 2001, 10 (1): 44-49. 10.1007/s005860000220.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Hogg-Johnson S, Cote P, Cassidy JD, Haldeman S, Nordin M, Hurwitz EL, Carragee EJ, van der Velde G, Peloso PM, Guzman J: Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the bone and joint decade 2000–2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008, 33 (4): S83-S92.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L, Giani C, Zbinden AM, Radanov BP: Central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury. Clin J Pain. 2001, 17 (4): 306-315. 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Koelbaek Johansen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Schou Olesen A, Arendt-Nielsen L: Generalised muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Pain. 1999, 83 (2): 229-234. 10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00106-2.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J: Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003, 104 (3): 509-517. 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00078-2.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Curatolo M: Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2004, 107 (1–2): 7-15.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Sterling M, Hodkinson E, Pettiford C, Souvlis T, Curatolo M: Psychologic factors are related to some sensory pain thresholds but not nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in chronic whiplash. Clin J Pain. 2008, 24 (2): 124-130. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815ca293.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall’Alba P: Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Man Ther. 2004, 9 (2): 89-94. 10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00086-9.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Tjell C, Tenenbaum A, Sandstrom S: Smooth pursuit neck torsion test – a specific test for whiplash associated disorders?. Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders. 2002, 1 (2): 9-24.
13.
Treleaven J, Jull G, LowChoy N: The relationship of cervical joint position error to balance and eye movement disturbances in persistent whiplash. Man Ther. 2006, 11 (2): 99-106. 10.1016/j.math.2005.04.003.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Drottning M, Staff P, Levin L, Malt U: Acute emotional response to common whiplash predicts subsequent pain complaints: a prospective study of 107 subjects sustaining whiplash injury. Nord J Psychiatry. 1995, 49: 293-299. 10.3109/08039489509011919.CrossRef
15.
Sterling M, Kenardy J, Jull G, Vicenzino B: The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003, 106 (3): 481-489. 10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.013.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Williamson E, Williams M, Gates S, Lamb SE: A systematic literature review of psychological factors and the development of late whiplash syndrome. Pain. 2008, 135 (1–2): 20-30.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N: Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash: a placebo-controlled prevalence study. Spine. 1996, 21 (15): 1737-1744. 10.1097/00007632-199608010-00005. discussion 1744–1735CrossRefPubMed
18.
Barnsley L, Lord SM, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N: The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. Spine. 1995, 20 (1): 20-25. 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00004. discussion 26CrossRefPubMed
19.
Gibson T, Bogduk N, Macpherson J, McIntosh A: Crash characteristics of whiplash associated chronic neck pain. J Musculoskelet Pain. 2000, 8: 87-95. 10.1300/J094v08n01_07.CrossRef
20.
Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N: Comparative local anaesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Pain. 1993, 55 (1): 99-106. 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90189-V.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Bogduk N, Marsland A: The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988, 13 (6): 610-617.CrossRef
22.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N: Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. N Engl J Med. 1996, 335 (23): 1721-1726. 10.1056/NEJM199612053352302.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Lord S, McDonald G, Bogduk N: Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the cervical medial branches: a validated treatment for cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Neurosurg Q. 1998, 8 (4): 288-308. 10.1097/00013414-199812000-00004.CrossRef
24.
Falco FJ, Datta S, Manchikanti L, Sehgal N, Geffert S, Singh V, Smith HS, Boswell MV: An updated review of the diagnostic utility of cervical facet joint injections. Pain Physician. 2012, 15 (6): E807-838.PubMed
25.
Sehgal N, Shah RV, McKenzie-Brown AM, Everett CR: Diagnostic utility of facet (zygapophysial) joint injections in chronic spinal pain: a systematic review of evidence. Pain Physician. 2007, 8 (2): 211-224.
26.
Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B: A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 5 - surgical and injection-based interventions for chronic WAD. Pain Res Manag. 2010, 15 (5): 323-334.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Wasan AD, Jamison RN, Pham L, Tipirneni N, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz JN: Psychopathology predicts the outcome of medial branch blocks with corticosteroid for chronic axial low back or cervical pain: a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009, 10: 22-10.1186/1471-2474-10-22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Cleland JA, Ortega-Santiago R, de-la-Llave-Rincon AI, Martinez-Perez A, Pareja JA: Central sensitization does not identify patients with carpal tunnel syndrome who are likely to achieve short-term success with physical therapy. Exp Brain Res. 2010, 207 (1–2): 85-94.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E: Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?–a preliminary RCT. Pain. 2007, 129 (1–2): 28-34.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Bouwense SA, Buscher HC, van Goor H, Wilder-Smith OH: Has central sensitization become independent of nociceptive input in chronic pancreatitis patients who fail thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy?. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011, 36 (6): 531-536. 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31822e0d4a.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Sullivan M, Bishop S, Pivik J: The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995, 7: 524-532.CrossRef
32.
Sullivan MJ, Neish N: The effects of disclosure on pain during dental hygiene treatment: the moderating role of catastrophizing. Pain. 1999, 79 (2–3): 155-163.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Jacobsen PB, Butler RW: Relation of cognitive coping and catastrophizing to acute pain and analgesic use following breast cancer surgery. J Behav Med. 1996, 19 (1): 17-29. 10.1007/BF01858172.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Otis JD, Keane TM, Kerns RD: An examination of the relationship between chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003, 40 (5): 397-405. 10.1682/JRRD.2003.09.0397.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Dall’Alba PT, Sterling MM, Treleaven JM, Edwards SL, Jull GA: Cervical range of motion discriminates between asymptomatic persons and those with whiplash. Spine. 2001, 26 (19): 2090-2094. 10.1097/00007632-200110010-00009.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R: Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain. 2003, 103 (1–2): 65-73.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Pearcy M, Hindle R: New method for the non-invasive three-dimensional measurement of human back movement. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1989, 4: 73-79. 10.1016/0268-0033(89)90042-9.CrossRef
38.
Falla D, Dall’Alba P, Rainoldi A, Merletti R, Jull G: Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles–a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002, 113 (1): 57-63. 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00708-8.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Hurtig IM, Raak RI, Kendall SA, Gerdle B, Wahren LK: Quantitative sensory testing in fibromyalgia patients and in healthy subjects: identification of subgroups. Clin J Pain. 2001, 17 (4): 316-322. 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00005.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Elvey R: Brachial plexus tension test and the pathoanatomical origin of arm pain. Aspects of manipulative therapy. Edited by: Glasgow E, Twomey L. 1979, Melbourne: Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences, 105-110.
41.
Balster SM, Jull GA: Upper trapezius muscle activity during the brachial plexus tension test in asymptomatic subjects. Man Ther. 1997, 2 (3): 144-149. 10.1054/math.1997.0294.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Sandrini G, Serrao M, Rossi P, Romaniello A, Cruccu G, Willer JC: The lower limb flexion reflex in humans. Prog Neurobiol. 2005, 77 (6): 353-395. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Rhudy JL, France CR: Defining the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) threshold in human participants: a comparison of different scoring criteria. Pain. 2007, 128 (3): 244-253. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.024.CrossRefPubMed
44.
French DJ, France CR, France JL, Arnott LF: The influence of acute anxiety on assessment of nociceptive flexion reflex thresholds in healthy young adults. Pain. 2005, 114 (3): 358-363. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.034.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Vernon H, Mior S: The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991, 14 (7): 409-415.PubMed
46.
Macdermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, Goldsmith CH: Measurement properties of the neck disability index: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009, 39 (5): 400-417. 10.2519/jospt.2009.2930.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Bennett MI, Smith BH, Torrance N, Potter J: The S-LANSS score for identifying pain of predominantly neuropathic origin: validation for use in clinical and postal research. J Pain. 2005, 6 (3): 149-158. 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.11.007.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M: Hypoaesthesia occurs with sensory hypersensitivity in chronic whiplash–further evidence of a neuropathic condition. Man Ther. 2009, 14 (2): 138-146. 10.1016/j.math.2007.12.004.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Goldberg D: Manual of the general health questionnaire. 1978, Windsor: NFER-Nelson
50.
Gargan M, Bannister G, Main C, Hollis S: The behavioural response to whiplash injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997, 79 (4): 523-526. 10.1302/0301-620X.79B4.6940.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Foa EB, Riggs DS, Gershuny BS: Arousal, numbing, and intrusion: symptom structure of PTSD following assault. Am J Psychiatry. 1995, 152 (1): 116-120.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Foa EB: Psychological processes related to recovery from a trauma and an effective treatment for PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997, 821: 410-424. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48295.x.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Foa EB, Meadows EA: Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annu Rev Psychol. 1997, 48: 449-480. 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.449.CrossRefPubMed
54.
55.
Cooper G, Bailey B, Bogduk N: Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps. Pain Med. 2007, 8 (4): 344-353. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Barnsley L: False-positive rates of cervical zygapophysial joint blocks. Clin J Pain. 1993, 9: 124-130. 10.1097/00002508-199306000-00007.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Bogduk N: Diagnostic nerve blocks in chronic pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002, 16 (4): 565-578. 10.1053/bean.2002.0252.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Carragee E, Haldeman S, Hurwitz E: The pyrite standard: the midas touch in the diagnosis of axial pain syndromes. Spine J. 2007, 7: 27-31. 10.1016/j.spinee.2006.07.010.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Schneider GM, Smith AD, Hooper A, Stratford P, Schneider KJ, Westaway MD, Frizzell B, Olson L: Minimizing the source of nociception and its concurrent effect on sensory hypersensitivity: an exploratory study in chronic whiplash patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010, 11: 29-10.1186/1471-2474-11-29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
Cohen SP, Bajwa ZH, Kraemer JJ, Dragovich A, Williams KA, Stream J, Sireci A, McKnight G, Hurley RW: Factors predicting success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation: a multi-center analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007, 32 (6): 495-503.PubMed
61.
Manchikanti L, Singh V: Diagnosis of facet joint pain and prediction of success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009, 34 (1): 81-82. 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181926a7d. author reply 82–83CrossRefPubMed
62.
Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, Bryce DA, Atluri S, Datta S, Hayek SM: Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009, 12 (2): 323-344.PubMed
63.
Cohen SP, Dragovich A, Hurley RW, Bajwa ZH, Cohen SP, Dragovich A, Hurley RW, Bajwa ZH: Author reply to Dr. Manchikanti: diagnosis of facet joint pain and prediction of scucess and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009, 34 (1): 82-83. 10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181926b1a.CrossRef
64.
Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J: Characterization of acute whiplash-associated disorders. Spine. 2004, 29 (2): 182-188. 10.1097/01.BRS.0000105535.12598.AE.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Portney L, Watkins M: Foundations of clinical research applications and practice. 1993, London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd
66.
Sterling M: A proposed new classification system for whiplash associated disorders–implications for assessment and management. Man Ther. 2004, 9 (2): 60-70. 10.1016/j.math.2004.01.006.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Sterling M, Kenardy J: Physical and psychological aspects of whiplash: important considerations for primary care assessment. Man Ther. 2008, 13 (2): 93-102. 10.1016/j.math.2007.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Barnsley L: Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain: outcomes in a series of consecutive patients. Pain Med. 2005, 6 (4): 282-286. 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2005.00047.x.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Hogg-Johnson S, van der Velde G, Carroll LJ, Holm LW, Cassidy JD, Guzman J, Cote P, Haldeman S, Ammendolia C, Carragee E, Hurwitz E, Nordin M, Peloso P: The burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the bone and joint decade 2000–2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. Spine. 2008, 33 (4): S39-S51.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Kasch H, Qerama E, Bach FW, Jensen TS: Reduced cold pressor pain tolerance in non-recovered whiplash patients: a 1-year prospective study. Eur J Pain. 2005, 9 (5): 561-569. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.011.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Raak R, Wallin M: Thermal thresholds and catastrophizing in individuals with chronic pain after whiplash injury. Biol Res Nurs. 2006, 8 (2): 138-146. 10.1177/1099800406291078.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Sterling M, Jull G, Kenardy J: Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain. 2006, 122 (1–2): 102-108.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Ide M, Ide J, Yamaga M, Takagi K: Symptoms and signs of irritation of the brachial plexus in whiplash injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001, 83 (2): 226-229. 10.1302/0301-620X.83B2.11094.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Sterling M, Treleaven J, Jull G: Responses to a clinical test of mechanical provocation of nerve tissue in whiplash associated disorder. Man Ther. 2002, 7 (2): 89-94. 10.1054/math.2002.0443.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Prushansky T, Pevzner E, Gordon C, Dvir Z: Performance of cervical motion in chronic whiplash patients and healthy subjects: the case of atypical patients. Spine. 2006, 31 (1): 37-43. 10.1097/01.brs.0000193557.47355.2f.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Jull G: Deep cervical flexor muscle dysfuntion in whiplash. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2000, 8 (1/2): 143-154.CrossRef
77.
Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, Tolle TR, Treede RD, Beyer A, Binder A, Birbaumer N, Birklein F, Botefur IC, Braune S, Flor H, Huge V, Klug R, Landwehrmeyer GB, Magerl W, Maihofner C, Rolko C, Schaub C, Scherens A, Sprenger T, Valet M, Wasserka B: Quantitative sensory testing in the German research network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain. 2006, 123 (3): 231-243. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.041.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Youdas JW, Garrett TR, Suman VJ, Bogard CL, Hallman HO, Carey JR: Normal range of motion of the cervical spine: an initial goniometric study. Phys Ther. 1992, 72 (11): 770-780.PubMed
79.
Kongsted A, Bendix T, Qerama E, Kasch H, Bach FW, Korsholm L, Jensen TS: Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one-year prospective study. Eur J Pain. 2008, 12 (4): 455-463. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.07.008.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Buitenhuis J, de Jong PJ, Jaspers JP, Groothoff JW: Catastrophizing and causal beliefs in whiplash. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008, 33 (22): 2427-2433. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318183c6ca. discussion 2434CrossRef
81.
Curatolo M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen-Felix S: Evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications of central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury. Clin J Pain. 2004, 20 (6): 469-476. 10.1097/00002508-200411000-00013.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Sterling M: Differential development of sensory hypersensitivity and a measure of spinal cord hyperexcitability following whiplash injury. Pain. 2010, 150 (3): 501-506. 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.003.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Jull G, Amiri M, Bullock-Saxton J, Darnell R, Lander C: Cervical musculoskeletal impairment in frequent intermittent headache: part 1: subjects with single headaches. Cephalalgia. 2007, 27 (7): 793-802. 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01345.x.CrossRefPubMed
84.
McLean SA: The potential contribution of stress systems to the transition to chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012, 36 (25): S226-S232.
85.
Sterling M, Chadwick BJ: Psychologic processes in daily life with chronic whiplash: relations of posttraumatic stress symptoms and fear-of-pain to hourly pain and uptime. Clin J Pain. 2010, 26 (7): 573-582. 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e5c25e.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Sterling M, Hendrikz J, Kenardy J: Similar factors predict disability and posttraumatic stress disorder trajectories after whiplash injury. Pain. 2011, 152 (6): 1272-1278. 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.056.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Sullivan MJ, Stanish W, Sullivan ME, Tripp D: Differential predictors of pain and disability in patients with whiplash injuries. Pain Res Manag. 2002, 7 (2): 68-74.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Rhudy JL, France CR, Bartley EJ, Williams AE, McCabe KM, Russell JL: Does pain catastrophizing moderate the relationship between spinal nociceptive processes and pain sensitivity?. J Pain. 2009, 10 (8): 860-869. 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.02.005.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Panjabi M, Ito S, Pearson A, Ivancic P: Injury mechanisms of the cervical intervertebral disc during simulated whiplash. Spine. 2004, 29 (11): 1217-1225. 10.1097/00007632-200406010-00011.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Stemper B, Yoganandan N, Gennarelli T, Pintar F: Localized cervical facet joint kinematics under physiological and whiplash loading. J Neurosurg Spine. 2005, 3: 471-476. 10.3171/spi.2005.3.6.0471.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Taylor J, Taylor M: Cervical spine injuries: an autopsy study of 109 blunt injuries. J Musculoskelet Pain. 1996, 4 (4): 61-79. 10.1300/J094v04n04_07.CrossRef
92.
McLean SA, Clauw DJ, Abelson JL, Liberzon I: The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med. 2005, 67 (5): 783-790. 10.1097/01.psy.0000181276.49204.bb.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Passatore M, Roatta S: Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as a model. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006, 98 (5): 423-449. 10.1007/s00421-006-0312-8.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Sterling M, Kenardy J: The relationship between sensory and sympathetic nervous system changes and posttraumatic stress reaction following whiplash injury–a prospective study. J Psychosom Res. 2006, 60 (4): 387-393. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.08.016.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Bogduk N: International spinal injection society guidelines for the performance of spinal injection procedures: 1. zygapophysial joint blocks. Clin J Pain. 1997, 13: 285-302. 10.1097/00002508-199712000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Lord SM, Barnsley L, Bogduk N: The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain. Clin J Pain. 1995, 11 (3): 208-213. 10.1097/00002508-199509000-00008.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A comparison of physical and psychological features of responders and non-responders to cervical facet blocks in chronic whiplash
Authors
Ashley Dean Smith
Gwendolen Jull
Geoff Schneider
Bevan Frizzell
Robert Allen Hooper
Michele Sterling
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-313

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research article

Biomechanical evaluation of combined short segment fixation and augmentation of incomplete osteoporotic burst fractures

Research article

The outcomes of hip resurfacing compared to standard primary total hip arthroplasty in Men

Research article

No correlation between slip reduction in low-grade spondylolisthesis or change in neuroforaminal morphology and clinical outcome

Research article

Matrix forming characteristics of inner and outer human meniscus cells on 3D collagen scaffolds under normal and low oxygen tensions

Research article

Objective assessment, repeatability, and agreement of shoulder ROM with a 3D gyroscope

Research article

Inactivated autograft–prosthesis composite have a role for grade III giant cell tumor of bone around the knee