Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 4/2018

Open Access 01-04-2018 | Knee

2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries

Authors: Clare L. Ardern, Guri Ekås, Hege Grindem, Håvard Moksnes, Allen Anderson, Franck Chotel, Moises Cohen, Magnus Forssblad, Theodore J. Ganley, Julian A. Feller, Jón Karlsson, Mininder S. Kocher, Robert F. LaPrade, Mike McNamee, Bert Mandelbaum, Lyle Micheli, Nicholas Mohtadi, Bruce Reider, Justin Roe, Romain Seil, Rainer Siebold, Holly J. Silvers-Granelli, Torbjørn Soligard, Erik Witvrouw, Lars Engebretsen

Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy | Issue 4/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

In October 2017, the International Olympic Committee hosted an international expert group of physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons who specialise in treating and researching paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Representatives from the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society, European Society for Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy, International Society of Arthroscopy Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Artroscopia, Rodilla y Deporte attended. Physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons with clinical and research experience in the field, and an ethics expert with substantial experience in the area of sports injuries also participated. Injury management is challenging in the current landscape of clinical uncertainty and limited scientific knowledge. Injury management decisions also occur against the backdrop of the complexity of shared decision-making with children and the potential long-term ramifications of the injury. This consensus statement addresses six fundamental clinical questions regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and management of paediatric ACL injuries. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide a comprehensive, evidence-informed summary to support the clinician, and help children with ACL injury and their parents/guardians make the best possible decisions.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Alderson P (1993) Children’s consent to surgery. Open University Press, Buckingham Alderson P (1993) Children’s consent to surgery. Open University Press, Buckingham
2.
go back to reference Andernord D, Desai N, Björnsson H, Gillén S, Karlsson J, Samuelsson K (2015) Predictors of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of 9061 patients with 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 43:295–302CrossRefPubMed Andernord D, Desai N, Björnsson H, Gillén S, Karlsson J, Samuelsson K (2015) Predictors of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cohort study of 9061 patients with 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 43:295–302CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Anderson AF (2004) Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using quadruple hamstring grafts in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Jt Surg Am 86(Suppl 1 Pt 2):201–209CrossRef Anderson AF (2004) Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament using quadruple hamstring grafts in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Jt Surg Am 86(Suppl 1 Pt 2):201–209CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Anderson AF, Anderson CN (2015) Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 43:275–281CrossRefPubMed Anderson AF, Anderson CN (2015) Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 43:275–281CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Andrews M, Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD (1994) Anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Am J Sports Med 22:48–54CrossRefPubMed Andrews M, Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD (1994) Anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. Am J Sports Med 22:48–54CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Archard D (2014) Children: rights and childhood. Routledge, Abingdon Archard D (2014) Children: rights and childhood. Routledge, Abingdon
7.
go back to reference Ardern CL, Glasgow P, Schneiders A, Witvrouw E, Clarsen B, Cools A et al (2016) 2016 Consensus statement on return to sport from the First World Congress in sports physical therapy, Bern. Br J Sports Med 50:853–864CrossRefPubMed Ardern CL, Glasgow P, Schneiders A, Witvrouw E, Clarsen B, Cools A et al (2016) 2016 Consensus statement on return to sport from the First World Congress in sports physical therapy, Bern. Br J Sports Med 50:853–864CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Ardern CL, Österberg A, Tagesson S, Gauffin H, Webster KE, Kvist J (2014) The impact of psychological readiness to return to sport and recreational activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br J Sports Med 48:1613–1619CrossRefPubMed Ardern CL, Österberg A, Tagesson S, Gauffin H, Webster KE, Kvist J (2014) The impact of psychological readiness to return to sport and recreational activities after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br J Sports Med 48:1613–1619CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, Feller JA (2011) Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play. Br J Sports Med 45:596–606CrossRefPubMed Ardern CL, Webster KE, Taylor NF, Feller JA (2011) Return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the state of play. Br J Sports Med 45:596–606CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Astur DC, Arliani GG, Debieux P, Cohen-Kaleka C, Amaro JT, Cohen M (2016) Intraarticular hamstring graft diameter decreases with continuing knee growth after ACL reconstruction with open physes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:792–795CrossRefPubMed Astur DC, Arliani GG, Debieux P, Cohen-Kaleka C, Amaro JT, Cohen M (2016) Intraarticular hamstring graft diameter decreases with continuing knee growth after ACL reconstruction with open physes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:792–795CrossRefPubMed
11.
14.
go back to reference Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (2001) Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, New York Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (2001) Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, New York
15.
go back to reference Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, Chia M, Côté J, Emery CA et al (2015) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br J Sports Med 49:843–851CrossRefPubMed Bergeron MF, Mountjoy M, Armstrong N, Chia M, Côté J, Emery CA et al (2015) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. Br J Sports Med 49:843–851CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bollen S, Pease F, Ehrenraich A et al (2008) Changes in the four-strand hamstring graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally-immature knee. J Bone Jt Surg Br 90:455–459CrossRef Bollen S, Pease F, Ehrenraich A et al (2008) Changes in the four-strand hamstring graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the skeletally-immature knee. J Bone Jt Surg Br 90:455–459CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Brighouse H, Swift A (2014) Family values: the ethics of parent–child relationships. Princeton University Press, PrincetonCrossRef Brighouse H, Swift A (2014) Family values: the ethics of parent–child relationships. Princeton University Press, PrincetonCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Brock DW (1991) The ideal of shared decision making between physicians and patients. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1:28–47CrossRefPubMed Brock DW (1991) The ideal of shared decision making between physicians and patients. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1:28–47CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Brophy RH, Wright RW, David TS, McCormack RG, Sekiya JK, Svoboda SJ et al (2012) Association between previous meniscal surgery and the incidence of chondral lesions at revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 40:808–814CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brophy RH, Wright RW, David TS, McCormack RG, Sekiya JK, Svoboda SJ et al (2012) Association between previous meniscal surgery and the incidence of chondral lesions at revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 40:808–814CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Buchanan AE, Brock DW (1989) Deciding for others: the ethics of surrogate decision making. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Buchanan AE, Brock DW (1989) Deciding for others: the ethics of surrogate decision making. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
21.
go back to reference Calvo R, Figueroa D, Gili F, Vaisman A, Mococain P, Espinosa M et al (2015) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes: 10-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 43:289–294CrossRefPubMed Calvo R, Figueroa D, Gili F, Vaisman A, Mococain P, Espinosa M et al (2015) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes: 10-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 43:289–294CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Chotel F, Henry J, Seil R, Chouteau J, Moyen B, Berard J (2010) Growth disturbances without growth arrest after ACL reconstruction in children. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1496–1500CrossRefPubMed Chotel F, Henry J, Seil R, Chouteau J, Moyen B, Berard J (2010) Growth disturbances without growth arrest after ACL reconstruction in children. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1496–1500CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Chudik S, Beasley L, Potter H, Wickiewicz T, Warren R, Rodeo S (2007) The influence of femoral technique for graft placement on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a skeletally immature canine model with a rapidly growing physis. Arthroscopy 23:1309–1319CrossRefPubMed Chudik S, Beasley L, Potter H, Wickiewicz T, Warren R, Rodeo S (2007) The influence of femoral technique for graft placement on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a skeletally immature canine model with a rapidly growing physis. Arthroscopy 23:1309–1319CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Cohen M, Amaro JT, Ejnisman B, Carvalho RT, Nakano KK, Peccin MS et al (2007) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after 10–15 years: association between meniscectomy and osteoarthrosis. Arthroscopy 23:629–634CrossRefPubMed Cohen M, Amaro JT, Ejnisman B, Carvalho RT, Nakano KK, Peccin MS et al (2007) Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after 10–15 years: association between meniscectomy and osteoarthrosis. Arthroscopy 23:629–634CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Cohen M, Ferretti M, Quarteiro M, Marcondes FB, dH JP, Amaro JT et al (2009) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes. Arthroscopy 25:831–838CrossRefPubMed Cohen M, Ferretti M, Quarteiro M, Marcondes FB, dH JP, Amaro JT et al (2009) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients with open physes. Arthroscopy 25:831–838CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Crues JV 3rd, Mink J, Levy TL, Lotysch M, Stoller DW (1987) Meniscal tears of the knee: accuracy of MR imaging. Radiology 164:445–448CrossRefPubMed Crues JV 3rd, Mink J, Levy TL, Lotysch M, Stoller DW (1987) Meniscal tears of the knee: accuracy of MR imaging. Radiology 164:445–448CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Davis JC, Bryan S (2015) Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) have arrived in sports and exercise medicine: why do they matter? Br J Sports Med 49:1545–1546CrossRefPubMed Davis JC, Bryan S (2015) Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) have arrived in sports and exercise medicine: why do they matter? Br J Sports Med 49:1545–1546CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Dekker TJ, Godin JA, Dale KM, Garrett WE, Taylor DC, Riboh JC (2017) Return to sport after pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and its effect on subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Jt Surg Am 99:897–904CrossRef Dekker TJ, Godin JA, Dale KM, Garrett WE, Taylor DC, Riboh JC (2017) Return to sport after pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and its effect on subsequent anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Jt Surg Am 99:897–904CrossRef
29.
go back to reference DeMarco JP, Powell DP, Stewart DO (2011) Best interest of the child: surrogate decision making and the economics of externalities. J Bioeth Inq 8:289–298CrossRef DeMarco JP, Powell DP, Stewart DO (2011) Best interest of the child: surrogate decision making and the economics of externalities. J Bioeth Inq 8:289–298CrossRef
30.
go back to reference DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF (2017) Incidence and detection of meniscal ramp lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 45:2233–2237CrossRefPubMed DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF (2017) Incidence and detection of meniscal ramp lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 45:2233–2237CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Diekema DS (2004) Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention. Theor Med Bioeth 25:243–264CrossRefPubMed Diekema DS (2004) Parental refusals of medical treatment: the harm principle as threshold for state intervention. Theor Med Bioeth 25:243–264CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Donaldson A, Cook J, Gabbe B, Lloyd DG, Young W, Finch CF (2015) Bridging the gap between content and context: establishing expert consensus on the content of an exercise training program to prevent lower-limb injuries. Clin J Sport Med 25:221–229CrossRefPubMed Donaldson A, Cook J, Gabbe B, Lloyd DG, Young W, Finch CF (2015) Bridging the gap between content and context: establishing expert consensus on the content of an exercise training program to prevent lower-limb injuries. Clin J Sport Med 25:221–229CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Dumont GD, Hogue GD, Padalecki JR, Okoro N, Wilson PL (2012) Meniscal and chondral injuries associated with pediatric anterior cruciate ligament tears: relationship of treatment time and patient-specific factors. Am J Sports Med 40:2128–2133CrossRefPubMed Dumont GD, Hogue GD, Padalecki JR, Okoro N, Wilson PL (2012) Meniscal and chondral injuries associated with pediatric anterior cruciate ligament tears: relationship of treatment time and patient-specific factors. Am J Sports Med 40:2128–2133CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Edwards TB, Baratta CC;G, Zeiske RV, Willis A RB (2001) The effect of placing a tensioned graft across open growth plates. A gross and histologic analysis. J Bone Jt Surg Am 83-A:7725–7734 Edwards TB, Baratta CC;G, Zeiske RV, Willis A RB (2001) The effect of placing a tensioned graft across open growth plates. A gross and histologic analysis. J Bone Jt Surg Am 83-A:7725–7734
36.
go back to reference Emery CA, Roy T-O, Whittaker JL, Nettel-Aguirre A, van Mechelen W (2015) Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 49:865–870CrossRefPubMed Emery CA, Roy T-O, Whittaker JL, Nettel-Aguirre A, van Mechelen W (2015) Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 49:865–870CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Eubank BH, Mohtadi NG, Lafave MR, Wiley JP, Bois AJ, Boorman RS et al (2016) Using the modified Delphi method to establish clinical consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with rotator cuff pathology. BMC Med Res Methodol 16:56CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Eubank BH, Mohtadi NG, Lafave MR, Wiley JP, Bois AJ, Boorman RS et al (2016) Using the modified Delphi method to establish clinical consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with rotator cuff pathology. BMC Med Res Methodol 16:56CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Fabricant PD, Kocher MS (2017) Management of ACL injuries in children and adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 99:600–612CrossRef Fabricant PD, Kocher MS (2017) Management of ACL injuries in children and adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 99:600–612CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Fabricant PD, Robles A, Downey-Zayas T, Do HT, Marx RG, Widmann RF et al (2013) Development and validation of a pediatric sports activity rating scale: the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS). Am J Sports Med 41:2421–2429CrossRefPubMed Fabricant PD, Robles A, Downey-Zayas T, Do HT, Marx RG, Widmann RF et al (2013) Development and validation of a pediatric sports activity rating scale: the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS). Am J Sports Med 41:2421–2429CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Fleming BC, Spindler KP, Palmer MP, Magarian EM, Murray MM (2009) Collagen-platelet composites improve the biomechanical properties of healing anterior cruciate ligament grafts in a porcine model. Am J Sports Med 37:1554–1564CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fleming BC, Spindler KP, Palmer MP, Magarian EM, Murray MM (2009) Collagen-platelet composites improve the biomechanical properties of healing anterior cruciate ligament grafts in a porcine model. Am J Sports Med 37:1554–1564CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
go back to reference Frosch KH, Stengel D et al (2010) Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 26:1539–1550CrossRefPubMed Frosch KH, Stengel D et al (2010) Outcomes and risks of operative treatment of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children and adolescents. Arthroscopy 26:1539–1550CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Funahashi KM, Moksnes H, Maletis GB, Csintalan RP, Inacio MC, Funahashi TT (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescents with open physis: effect of recurrent injury and surgical delay on meniscal and cartilage injuries. Am J Sports Med 42:1068–1073CrossRefPubMed Funahashi KM, Moksnes H, Maletis GB, Csintalan RP, Inacio MC, Funahashi TT (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescents with open physis: effect of recurrent injury and surgical delay on meniscal and cartilage injuries. Am J Sports Med 42:1068–1073CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Gert B, Clouser KD, Culver C (1997) Bioethics: a return to fundamentals. Oxford University Press, New York Gert B, Clouser KD, Culver C (1997) Bioethics: a return to fundamentals. Oxford University Press, New York
45.
go back to reference Gillam L (2016) The zone of parental discretion: an ethical tool for dealing with disagreement between parents and doctors about medical treatment for a child. Clin Ethics 11:1–8CrossRef Gillam L (2016) The zone of parental discretion: an ethical tool for dealing with disagreement between parents and doctors about medical treatment for a child. Clin Ethics 11:1–8CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Gilsanz V, Ratib O (2011) Hand bone age: a digital atlas of skeletal maturity. Springer, Heidelberg Gilsanz V, Ratib O (2011) Hand bone age: a digital atlas of skeletal maturity. Springer, Heidelberg
47.
go back to reference Goddard M, Bowman N, Salmon LJ, Waller A, Roe JP, Pinczewski LA (2013) Endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children using living donor hamstring tendon allografts. Am J Sports Med 41:567–574CrossRefPubMed Goddard M, Bowman N, Salmon LJ, Waller A, Roe JP, Pinczewski LA (2013) Endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children using living donor hamstring tendon allografts. Am J Sports Med 41:567–574CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Greulich W, Pyle SI (1959) Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. Stanford University Press, Stanford Greulich W, Pyle SI (1959) Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. Stanford University Press, Stanford
49.
go back to reference Grindem H, Eitzen I, Engebretsen L, Snyder-Mackler L, Risberg MA (2014) Nonsurgical or surgical treatment of ACL injuries: knee function, sports participation, and knee reinjury: the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study. J Bone Jt Surg Am 96:1233–1241CrossRef Grindem H, Eitzen I, Engebretsen L, Snyder-Mackler L, Risberg MA (2014) Nonsurgical or surgical treatment of ACL injuries: knee function, sports participation, and knee reinjury: the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study. J Bone Jt Surg Am 96:1233–1241CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Grindem H, Snyder-Mackler L, Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2016) Simple decision rules can reduce reinjury risk by 84% after ACL reconstruction: the Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort study. Br J Sports Med 50:804–808CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Grindem H, Snyder-Mackler L, Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2016) Simple decision rules can reduce reinjury risk by 84% after ACL reconstruction: the Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort study. Br J Sports Med 50:804–808CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
go back to reference Guenther ZD, Swami V, Dhillon SS, Jaremko JL (2014) Meniscal injury after adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury: how long are patients at risk? Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:990–997CrossRefPubMed Guenther ZD, Swami V, Dhillon SS, Jaremko JL (2014) Meniscal injury after adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury: how long are patients at risk? Clin Orthop Relat Res 472:990–997CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Hägglund M, Atroshi I, Wagner P, Waldén M (2013) Superior compliance with a neuromuscular training programme is associated with fewer ACL injuries and fewer acute knee injuries in female adolescent football players: secondary analysis of an RCT. Br J Sports Med 47:974–979CrossRefPubMed Hägglund M, Atroshi I, Wagner P, Waldén M (2013) Superior compliance with a neuromuscular training programme is associated with fewer ACL injuries and fewer acute knee injuries in female adolescent football players: secondary analysis of an RCT. Br J Sports Med 47:974–979CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Henry J, Chotel F, Chouteau J, Fessy MH, Bérard J, Moyen B (2009) Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children: early reconstruction with open physes or delayed reconstruction to skeletal maturity? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:748–755CrossRefPubMed Henry J, Chotel F, Chouteau J, Fessy MH, Bérard J, Moyen B (2009) Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children: early reconstruction with open physes or delayed reconstruction to skeletal maturity? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:748–755CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Holt NL, Knight CJ (2014) Parenting in youth sport: from research to practice. Routledge, Abingdon Holt NL, Knight CJ (2014) Parenting in youth sport: from research to practice. Routledge, Abingdon
55.
go back to reference Hui C, Roe J, Ferguson D, Waller A, Salmon LJ, Pinczewski LA (2012) Outcome of anatomic transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in Tanner stage 1 and 2 patients with open physes. Am J Sports Med 40:1093–1098CrossRefPubMed Hui C, Roe J, Ferguson D, Waller A, Salmon LJ, Pinczewski LA (2012) Outcome of anatomic transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in Tanner stage 1 and 2 patients with open physes. Am J Sports Med 40:1093–1098CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Hullmann SE, Ryan JL, Ramsey RR, Chaney JM, Mullins LL (2011) Measures of general pediatric quality of life: Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), DISABKIDS Chronic Generic Measure (DCGM), KINDL-R, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Generic Core Scales, and Quality of My Life Questionnaire (QoML). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63:S420–S430CrossRef Hullmann SE, Ryan JL, Ramsey RR, Chaney JM, Mullins LL (2011) Measures of general pediatric quality of life: Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), DISABKIDS Chronic Generic Measure (DCGM), KINDL-R, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 Generic Core Scales, and Quality of My Life Questionnaire (QoML). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63:S420–S430CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Irwin DE, Varni JW, Yeatts K, DeWalt DA (2009) Cognitive interviewing methodology in the development of a pediatric item bank: a patient reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 23:3CrossRef Irwin DE, Varni JW, Yeatts K, DeWalt DA (2009) Cognitive interviewing methodology in the development of a pediatric item bank: a patient reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 23:3CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Janarv PM, Wikstrom B, Hirsch G (1998) The influence of transphyseal drilling and tendon grafting on bone growth: an experiment study in the rabbit. J Pediatr Orthop 18:149–154PubMed Janarv PM, Wikstrom B, Hirsch G (1998) The influence of transphyseal drilling and tendon grafting on bone growth: an experiment study in the rabbit. J Pediatr Orthop 18:149–154PubMed
59.
go back to reference Johnsen MB, Eitzen I, Moksnes H, Risberg MA (2015) Inter- and intrarater reliability of four single-legged hop tests and isokinetic muscle torque measurements in children. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:1907–1916CrossRefPubMed Johnsen MB, Eitzen I, Moksnes H, Risberg MA (2015) Inter- and intrarater reliability of four single-legged hop tests and isokinetic muscle torque measurements in children. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:1907–1916CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Johnson VL, Roe JP, Salmon LJ, Pinczewski LA, Hunter DJ (2016) Does age influence the risk of incident knee osteoarthritis after a traumatic anterior cruciate ligament injury? Am J Sports Med 44:2399–2405CrossRefPubMed Johnson VL, Roe JP, Salmon LJ, Pinczewski LA, Hunter DJ (2016) Does age influence the risk of incident knee osteoarthritis after a traumatic anterior cruciate ligament injury? Am J Sports Med 44:2399–2405CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Kaeding CC, Pedroza ED, Reinke EK, Huston LJ, Consortium MOON., Spindler KP (2015) Risk factors and predictors of subsequent ACL injury in either knee after ACL reconstruction: prospective analysis of 2488 primary ACL reconstructions from the MOON cohort. Am J Sports Med 43:1583–1590CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kaeding CC, Pedroza ED, Reinke EK, Huston LJ, Consortium MOON., Spindler KP (2015) Risk factors and predictors of subsequent ACL injury in either knee after ACL reconstruction: prospective analysis of 2488 primary ACL reconstructions from the MOON cohort. Am J Sports Med 43:1583–1590CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
go back to reference Kaplan PA, Nelson NL, Garvin KL, Brown DE (1991) MR of the knee: the significance of high signal in the meniscus that does not clearly extend to the surface. AJR Am J Roentgenol 156:333–336CrossRefPubMed Kaplan PA, Nelson NL, Garvin KL, Brown DE (1991) MR of the knee: the significance of high signal in the meniscus that does not clearly extend to the surface. AJR Am J Roentgenol 156:333–336CrossRefPubMed
63.
64.
go back to reference Kilham H, Isaacs D, Kerridge I (2016) When refusal is only distantly or unpredictably life-threatening. In: McDougall R, Delaney C, Gillam L (eds) When doctors and parents disagree: ethics, paediatrics and the zone of parental discretion. Federation Press, Sydney Kilham H, Isaacs D, Kerridge I (2016) When refusal is only distantly or unpredictably life-threatening. In: McDougall R, Delaney C, Gillam L (eds) When doctors and parents disagree: ethics, paediatrics and the zone of parental discretion. Federation Press, Sydney
65.
go back to reference Kocher MS, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Micheli L (2001) Diagnostic performance of clinical examination and selective magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of intraarticular knee disorders in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med 29:292–296CrossRefPubMed Kocher MS, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Micheli L (2001) Diagnostic performance of clinical examination and selective magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of intraarticular knee disorders in children and adolescents. Am J Sports Med 29:292–296CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Garg S, Micheli LJ (2005) Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 87:2371–2379CrossRef Kocher MS, Garg S, Micheli LJ (2005) Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 87:2371–2379CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Garg S, Micheli LJ (2006) Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. Surgical technique. J Bone Jt Surg Am 88(Suppl 1 Pt 2):283–293CrossRef Kocher MS, Garg S, Micheli LJ (2006) Physeal sparing reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature prepubescent children and adolescents. Surgical technique. J Bone Jt Surg Am 88(Suppl 1 Pt 2):283–293CrossRef
68.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Saxon HS, Hovis WD, Hawkins RJ (2002) Management and complications of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients: survey of the Herodicus Society and The ACL Study Group. J Pediatr Orthop 22:452–457PubMed Kocher MS, Saxon HS, Hovis WD, Hawkins RJ (2002) Management and complications of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature patients: survey of the Herodicus Society and The ACL Study Group. J Pediatr Orthop 22:452–457PubMed
69.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Shore B, Nasreddine AY, Heyworth BE (2012) Treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries in pediatric and adolescent patients. J Pediatr Orthop 32:553–560CrossRefPubMed Kocher MS, Shore B, Nasreddine AY, Heyworth BE (2012) Treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries in pediatric and adolescent patients. J Pediatr Orthop 32:553–560CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Smith JT, Iversen MD, Brustowicz K, Ogunwole O, Andersen J et al (2001) Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a modified International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (Pedi-IKDC) in children with knee disorders. Am J Sports Med 39:933–939CrossRef Kocher MS, Smith JT, Iversen MD, Brustowicz K, Ogunwole O, Andersen J et al (2001) Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a modified International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (Pedi-IKDC) in children with knee disorders. Am J Sports Med 39:933–939CrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kocher MS, Smith JT, Zoric BJ, Lee B, Micheli LJ (2007) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature pubescent adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 89:2632–2639CrossRef Kocher MS, Smith JT, Zoric BJ, Lee B, Micheli LJ (2007) Transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature pubescent adolescents. J Bone Jt Surg Am 89:2632–2639CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Kopelman LM (1997) The best-interests standard as threshold, ideal, and standard of reasonableness. J Med Philos 22:271–289CrossRefPubMed Kopelman LM (1997) The best-interests standard as threshold, ideal, and standard of reasonableness. J Med Philos 22:271–289CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Kopf S, Schenkengel JP, Wieners G, Stärke C, Becker R (2010) No bone tunnel enlargement in patients with open growth plates after transphyseal ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1445–1451CrossRefPubMed Kopf S, Schenkengel JP, Wieners G, Stärke C, Becker R (2010) No bone tunnel enlargement in patients with open growth plates after transphyseal ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18:1445–1451CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Krych AJ, McIntosh AL, Voll AE, Stuart MJ, Dahm DL (2008) Arthroscopic repair of isolated meniscal tears in patients 18 years and younger. Am J Sports Med 39:1283–1289CrossRef Krych AJ, McIntosh AL, Voll AE, Stuart MJ, Dahm DL (2008) Arthroscopic repair of isolated meniscal tears in patients 18 years and younger. Am J Sports Med 39:1283–1289CrossRef
75.
go back to reference Krych AJ, Pitts RT, Dajani KA, Stuart MJ, Levy BA, Dahm DL (2010) Surgical repair of meniscal tears with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients 18 years and younger. Am J Sports Med 38:976–982CrossRefPubMed Krych AJ, Pitts RT, Dajani KA, Stuart MJ, Levy BA, Dahm DL (2010) Surgical repair of meniscal tears with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients 18 years and younger. Am J Sports Med 38:976–982CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Kvist J, Kartus J, Karlsson J et al (2014) Results from the Swedish national anterior cruciate ligament register. Arthroscopy 30:803–810CrossRefPubMed Kvist J, Kartus J, Karlsson J et al (2014) Results from the Swedish national anterior cruciate ligament register. Arthroscopy 30:803–810CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Kyritsis P, Bahr R, Landreau P, Miladi R, Witvrouw E (2016) Likelihood of ACL graft rupture: not meeting six clinical discharge criteria before return to sport is associated with a four times greater risk of rupture. Br J Sports Med 50:946–951CrossRefPubMed Kyritsis P, Bahr R, Landreau P, Miladi R, Witvrouw E (2016) Likelihood of ACL graft rupture: not meeting six clinical discharge criteria before return to sport is associated with a four times greater risk of rupture. Br J Sports Med 50:946–951CrossRefPubMed
78.
79.
go back to reference LaPrade RF, Smith SD, Wilson KJ, Wijdicks CA (2015) Quantification of functional brace forces for posterior cruciate ligament injuries on the knee joint: an in vivo investigation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3070–3076CrossRefPubMed LaPrade RF, Smith SD, Wilson KJ, Wijdicks CA (2015) Quantification of functional brace forces for posterior cruciate ligament injuries on the knee joint: an in vivo investigation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 23:3070–3076CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB (2014) The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 48:871–877CrossRefPubMed Lauersen JB, Bertelsen DM, Andersen LB (2014) The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 48:871–877CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Lawrence JT, Argawal N, Ganley TJ (2011) Degeneration of the knee joint in skeletally immature patients with a diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament tear: is there harm in delay of treatment? Am J Sports Med 39:2582–2587CrossRefPubMed Lawrence JT, Argawal N, Ganley TJ (2011) Degeneration of the knee joint in skeletally immature patients with a diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament tear: is there harm in delay of treatment? Am J Sports Med 39:2582–2587CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Lo IK, Kirkley A, Fowler PJ, Miniaci A (1997) The outcome of operatively treated anterior cruciate ligament disruptions in the skeletally immature child. Arthroscopy 13:627–634CrossRefPubMed Lo IK, Kirkley A, Fowler PJ, Miniaci A (1997) The outcome of operatively treated anterior cruciate ligament disruptions in the skeletally immature child. Arthroscopy 13:627–634CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Magarian EM, Vavken P, Murray MM (2011) Human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts from immature patients have a stronger in vitro response to platelet concentrates than those from mature individuals. Knee 18:247–251CrossRefPubMed Magarian EM, Vavken P, Murray MM (2011) Human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts from immature patients have a stronger in vitro response to platelet concentrates than those from mature individuals. Knee 18:247–251CrossRefPubMed
84.
85.
go back to reference Malina RM (2012) Growth. In: Mooren FC (ed) Encyclopedia of exercise medicine in health and disease. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 376–378 Malina RM (2012) Growth. In: Mooren FC (ed) Encyclopedia of exercise medicine in health and disease. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 376–378
86.
go back to reference Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe D, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY et al (2005) Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 33:1003–1010CrossRefPubMed Mandelbaum BR, Silvers HJ, Watanabe D, Knarr JF, Thomas SD, Griffin LY et al (2005) Effectiveness of a neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program in preventing anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 33:1003–1010CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Mayer S, Albright JC, Stoneback JW (2015) Pediatric knee dislocations and physeal fractures about the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 23:571–580CrossRefPubMed Mayer S, Albright JC, Stoneback JW (2015) Pediatric knee dislocations and physeal fractures about the knee. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 23:571–580CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference McCullough LB (2009) Contributions of ethical theory to pediatric ethics: pediatricians and parents as co-fiduciaries of pediatric patients. In: Miller G (ed) Pediatric bioethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11–24CrossRef McCullough LB (2009) Contributions of ethical theory to pediatric ethics: pediatricians and parents as co-fiduciaries of pediatric patients. In: Miller G (ed) Pediatric bioethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11–24CrossRef
89.
go back to reference Meller R, Willbold E, Hesse E, Dreymann B, Fehr M, Haasper C et al (2008) Histologic and biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament graft to bone healing in skeletally immature sheep. Arthroscopy 24:1221–1231CrossRefPubMed Meller R, Willbold E, Hesse E, Dreymann B, Fehr M, Haasper C et al (2008) Histologic and biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament graft to bone healing in skeletally immature sheep. Arthroscopy 24:1221–1231CrossRefPubMed
90.
go back to reference Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2012) The current evidence for treatment of ACL injuries in children is low: a systematic review. J Bone Jt Surg Am 94:1112–1119CrossRef Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2012) The current evidence for treatment of ACL injuries in children is low: a systematic review. J Bone Jt Surg Am 94:1112–1119CrossRef
91.
go back to reference Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2013) Prevalence and incidence of new meniscus and cartilage injuries after a nonoperative treatment algorithm for ACL tears in skeletally immature children. Am J Sports Med 41:1771–1779CrossRefPubMed Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Risberg MA (2013) Prevalence and incidence of new meniscus and cartilage injuries after a nonoperative treatment algorithm for ACL tears in skeletally immature children. Am J Sports Med 41:1771–1779CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Seil R (2016) The ESSKA paediatric anterior cruciate ligament monitoring initiative. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:680–687CrossRefPubMed Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Seil R (2016) The ESSKA paediatric anterior cruciate ligament monitoring initiative. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:680–687CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Eitzen I et al (2013) Functional outcomes following a non-operative treatment algorithm for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature children 12 years and younger. A prospective cohort with 2 years follow-up. Br J Sports Med 47:488–494CrossRefPubMed Moksnes H, Engebretsen L, Eitzen I et al (2013) Functional outcomes following a non-operative treatment algorithm for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in skeletally immature children 12 years and younger. A prospective cohort with 2 years follow-up. Br J Sports Med 47:488–494CrossRefPubMed
95.
go back to reference Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, Skjølberg A, Olsen OE, Bahr R (2003) Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons. Clin J Sport Med 13:71–78CrossRefPubMed Myklebust G, Engebretsen L, Braekken IH, Skjølberg A, Olsen OE, Bahr R (2003) Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons. Clin J Sport Med 13:71–78CrossRefPubMed
96.
go back to reference Nair T, Savulescu J, Everett J, Tonkens R, Wilkinson D (2017) Settling for second best: when should doctors agree to parental demands for suboptimal medical treatment? J Med Ethics 43:831–840CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nair T, Savulescu J, Everett J, Tonkens R, Wilkinson D (2017) Settling for second best: when should doctors agree to parental demands for suboptimal medical treatment? J Med Ethics 43:831–840CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
97.
go back to reference Newman JT, Carry PM, Terhune EB et al (2015) Factors predictive of concomitant injuries among children and adolescents undergoing anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 43:282–288CrossRefPubMed Newman JT, Carry PM, Terhune EB et al (2015) Factors predictive of concomitant injuries among children and adolescents undergoing anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Am J Sports Med 43:282–288CrossRefPubMed
98.
go back to reference Nwachukwu BU, McFeely ED, Nasreddine A et al (2011) Arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 31:811–817CrossRefPubMed Nwachukwu BU, McFeely ED, Nasreddine A et al (2011) Arthrofibrosis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 31:811–817CrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Örtqvist M, Roos EM, Broström EW, Janarv PM, Iversen MD (2012) Development of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for children (KOOS-Child): comprehensibility and content validity. Acta Orthop 83:666–673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Örtqvist M, Roos EM, Broström EW, Janarv PM, Iversen MD (2012) Development of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for children (KOOS-Child): comprehensibility and content validity. Acta Orthop 83:666–673CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
100.
go back to reference Paterno MV, Rauh MJ, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, Hewett TE (2014) Incidence of second ACL injuries 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and return to sport. Am J Sports Med 42:1567–1573CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Paterno MV, Rauh MJ, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, Hewett TE (2014) Incidence of second ACL injuries 2 years after primary ACL reconstruction and return to sport. Am J Sports Med 42:1567–1573CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
101.
go back to reference Podlog L, Dimmock J, Miller J (2011) A review of return to sport concerns following injury rehabilitation: practitioner strategies for enhancing recovery outcomes. Phys Ther Sport 12:36–42CrossRefPubMed Podlog L, Dimmock J, Miller J (2011) A review of return to sport concerns following injury rehabilitation: practitioner strategies for enhancing recovery outcomes. Phys Ther Sport 12:36–42CrossRefPubMed
102.
go back to reference Proffen BL, Fleming BC, Murray MM (2013) Histologic predictors of maximum failure loads differ between the healing ACL and ACL grafts after 6 and 12 months in vivo. Orthop J Sports Med 1:6CrossRef Proffen BL, Fleming BC, Murray MM (2013) Histologic predictors of maximum failure loads differ between the healing ACL and ACL grafts after 6 and 12 months in vivo. Orthop J Sports Med 1:6CrossRef
103.
go back to reference Pujol N, Beaufils P (2009) Healing results of meniscal tears left in situ during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of clinical studies. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:396–401CrossRefPubMed Pujol N, Beaufils P (2009) Healing results of meniscal tears left in situ during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a review of clinical studies. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17:396–401CrossRefPubMed
104.
go back to reference Renström P, Johnson RJ (1990) Anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci. Clin Sports Med 9:523–538PubMed Renström P, Johnson RJ (1990) Anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci. Clin Sports Med 9:523–538PubMed
105.
go back to reference Rhodes R, Holzman IR (2004) The not unreasonable standard for assessment of surrogates and surrogate decisions. Theor Med Bioeth 25:367–386CrossRefPubMed Rhodes R, Holzman IR (2004) The not unreasonable standard for assessment of surrogates and surrogate decisions. Theor Med Bioeth 25:367–386CrossRefPubMed
106.
go back to reference Rössler R, Donath L, Bizzini M, Faude O (2016) A new injury prevention programme for children’s football-FIFA 11+ Kids-can improve motor performance: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 34:549–556CrossRefPubMed Rössler R, Donath L, Bizzini M, Faude O (2016) A new injury prevention programme for children’s football-FIFA 11+ Kids-can improve motor performance: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. J Sports Sci 34:549–556CrossRefPubMed
107.
108.
go back to reference Scheffler SU, Schmidt T, Gangéy I, Dustmann M, Unterhauser F, Weiler A (2008) Fresh-frozen free-tendon allografts versus autografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: delayed remodeling and inferior mechanical function during long-term healing in sheep. Arthroscopy 24:448–458CrossRefPubMed Scheffler SU, Schmidt T, Gangéy I, Dustmann M, Unterhauser F, Weiler A (2008) Fresh-frozen free-tendon allografts versus autografts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: delayed remodeling and inferior mechanical function during long-term healing in sheep. Arthroscopy 24:448–458CrossRefPubMed
109.
go back to reference Schmidt LJ, Garratt AM, Fitzpatrick R (2002) Child/parent-assessed population health outcome measures: a structured review. Child Care Health Dev 28:227–237CrossRefPubMed Schmidt LJ, Garratt AM, Fitzpatrick R (2002) Child/parent-assessed population health outcome measures: a structured review. Child Care Health Dev 28:227–237CrossRefPubMed
110.
go back to reference Seil R, Weitz F, Menetrey J, Chotel F (2017) Anatomical and technical considerations for pediatric ACL reconstruction. In: Nakamura N et al (eds) Controversies in the technical aspects of ACL reconstruction. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 61–72CrossRef Seil R, Weitz F, Menetrey J, Chotel F (2017) Anatomical and technical considerations for pediatric ACL reconstruction. In: Nakamura N et al (eds) Controversies in the technical aspects of ACL reconstruction. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 61–72CrossRef
111.
go back to reference Seil R, Weitz FK, Pape D (2015) Surgical-experimental principles of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with open growth plates. J Exp Orthop 2:11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Seil R, Weitz FK, Pape D (2015) Surgical-experimental principles of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with open growth plates. J Exp Orthop 2:11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
112.
go back to reference Shaw L, Finch CF (2017) Trends in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Victoria, Australia 2005–2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:599CrossRefPubMedCentral Shaw L, Finch CF (2017) Trends in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Victoria, Australia 2005–2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:599CrossRefPubMedCentral
113.
go back to reference Shieh AK, Edmonds EW, Pennock AT (2016) Revision meniscal surgery in children and adolescents: risk factors and mechanisms for failure and subsequent management. Am J Sports Med 44:838–843CrossRefPubMed Shieh AK, Edmonds EW, Pennock AT (2016) Revision meniscal surgery in children and adolescents: risk factors and mechanisms for failure and subsequent management. Am J Sports Med 44:838–843CrossRefPubMed
114.
go back to reference Siebold R, Takada T, Feil S, Dietrich C, Stinton SK, Branch TP (2016) Anatomical “C”-shaped double-bundle versus single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in pre-adolescent children with open growth plates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:796–806CrossRefPubMed Siebold R, Takada T, Feil S, Dietrich C, Stinton SK, Branch TP (2016) Anatomical “C”-shaped double-bundle versus single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in pre-adolescent children with open growth plates. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:796–806CrossRefPubMed
115.
go back to reference Silvers-Granelli H, Mandelbaum B, Adeniji O, Insler S, Bizzini M, Pohlig R et al (2015) Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program in the collegiate male soccer player. Am J Sports Med 43:2628–2637CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Silvers-Granelli H, Mandelbaum B, Adeniji O, Insler S, Bizzini M, Pohlig R et al (2015) Efficacy of the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program in the collegiate male soccer player. Am J Sports Med 43:2628–2637CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
116.
go back to reference Solans M, Pane S, Estrada MD, Serra-Sutton V, Berra S, Herdman M et al (2008) Health-related quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: a systematic review of generic and disease-specific instruments. Value Health 11:742–764CrossRefPubMed Solans M, Pane S, Estrada MD, Serra-Sutton V, Berra S, Herdman M et al (2008) Health-related quality of life measurement in children and adolescents: a systematic review of generic and disease-specific instruments. Value Health 11:742–764CrossRefPubMed
117.
go back to reference Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, Holme I, Silvers H, Bizzini M et al (2008) Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 337:a2469CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, Holme I, Silvers H, Bizzini M et al (2008) Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 337:a2469CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
118.
go back to reference Soligard T, Nilstad A, Steffen K, Myklebust G, Holme I, Dvorak J et al (2010) Compliance with a comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in youth football. Br J Sports Med 44:787–793CrossRefPubMed Soligard T, Nilstad A, Steffen K, Myklebust G, Holme I, Dvorak J et al (2010) Compliance with a comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in youth football. Br J Sports Med 44:787–793CrossRefPubMed
119.
go back to reference Steffen K, Emery CA, Romiti M, Kang J, Bizzini M, Dvorak J et al (2013) High adherence to a neuromuscular injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) improves functional balance and reduces injury risk in Canadian youth female football players: a cluster randomised trial. Br J Sports Med 47:794–802CrossRefPubMed Steffen K, Emery CA, Romiti M, Kang J, Bizzini M, Dvorak J et al (2013) High adherence to a neuromuscular injury prevention programme (FIFA 11+) improves functional balance and reduces injury risk in Canadian youth female football players: a cluster randomised trial. Br J Sports Med 47:794–802CrossRefPubMed
120.
go back to reference Sugimoto D, Myer GD, McKeon JM, Hewett TE (2012) Evaluation of the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a critical review of relative risk reduction and numbers-needed-to-treat analyses. Br J Sports Med 46:979–988CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sugimoto D, Myer GD, McKeon JM, Hewett TE (2012) Evaluation of the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a critical review of relative risk reduction and numbers-needed-to-treat analyses. Br J Sports Med 46:979–988CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
121.
go back to reference Tamin J (2013) Models of occupational medicine practice: an approach to understanding moral conflict in “dual obligation” doctors. Med Health Care Philos 16:499–506CrossRefPubMed Tamin J (2013) Models of occupational medicine practice: an approach to understanding moral conflict in “dual obligation” doctors. Med Health Care Philos 16:499–506CrossRefPubMed
122.
go back to reference Tanner JM (1962) Growth at adolescence. Thomas, Springfield Tanner JM (1962) Growth at adolescence. Thomas, Springfield
123.
go back to reference Tejwani SG, Chen J, Funahashi TT, Love R, Maletis GB (2015) Revision risk after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 42:2696–2705CrossRef Tejwani SG, Chen J, Funahashi TT, Love R, Maletis GB (2015) Revision risk after allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 42:2696–2705CrossRef
124.
go back to reference Thapa MM, Chaturvedi A, Iyer RS, Darling SE, Khanna PC, Ishak G et al (2012) MRI of pediatric patients: part 2, normal variants and abnormalities of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:W456-W465 Thapa MM, Chaturvedi A, Iyer RS, Darling SE, Khanna PC, Ishak G et al (2012) MRI of pediatric patients: part 2, normal variants and abnormalities of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198:W456-W465
125.
go back to reference Thomeé R, Kaplan Y, Kvist J, Myklebust G, Risberg MA, Theisen D et al (2011) Muscle strength and hop performance criteria prior to return to sports after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19:1798–1805CrossRefPubMed Thomeé R, Kaplan Y, Kvist J, Myklebust G, Risberg MA, Theisen D et al (2011) Muscle strength and hop performance criteria prior to return to sports after ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19:1798–1805CrossRefPubMed
126.
go back to reference Thorborg K, Krommes KK, Esteve E, Clausen MK, Bartels EM, Rathleff MS (2017) Effect of specific exercise-based football injury prevention programmes on the overall injury rate in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the FIFA 11 and 11+ programmes. Br J Sports Med 51:562–571CrossRefPubMed Thorborg K, Krommes KK, Esteve E, Clausen MK, Bartels EM, Rathleff MS (2017) Effect of specific exercise-based football injury prevention programmes on the overall injury rate in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the FIFA 11 and 11+ programmes. Br J Sports Med 51:562–571CrossRefPubMed
127.
go back to reference van der Horst N, Backx FJG, Goedhart EA, Huisstede BMA (2017) Return to play after hamstring injuries in football (soccer): a worldwide Delphi procedure regarding definition, medical criteria and decision-making. Br J Sports Med 51:1583–1591CrossRefPubMed van der Horst N, Backx FJG, Goedhart EA, Huisstede BMA (2017) Return to play after hamstring injuries in football (soccer): a worldwide Delphi procedure regarding definition, medical criteria and decision-making. Br J Sports Med 51:1583–1591CrossRefPubMed
128.
go back to reference van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Brooijmans F, Neeter C, van Tienen T, Hullegie W et al (2016) Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus. Br J Sports Med 50:1506–1515CrossRefPubMed van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Brooijmans F, Neeter C, van Tienen T, Hullegie W et al (2016) Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus. Br J Sports Med 50:1506–1515CrossRefPubMed
129.
go back to reference Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA (1999) The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care 37:126–139CrossRefPubMed Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA (1999) The PedsQL: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care 37:126–139CrossRefPubMed
130.
go back to reference Waldén M, Atroshi I, Magnusson H, Wagner P, Hägglund M (2012) Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 344:e3042CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Waldén M, Atroshi I, Magnusson H, Wagner P, Hägglund M (2012) Prevention of acute knee injuries in adolescent female football players: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 344:e3042CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
131.
go back to reference Wall J (2010) Ethics in light of childhood. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC Wall J (2010) Ethics in light of childhood. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC
132.
go back to reference Warme WJ, Mickelson D (2010) All-epiphyseal semitendinosus PCL reconstruction in a 10-year-old child. J Pediatric Orthop 30:465–468CrossRef Warme WJ, Mickelson D (2010) All-epiphyseal semitendinosus PCL reconstruction in a 10-year-old child. J Pediatric Orthop 30:465–468CrossRef
133.
go back to reference Werner BC, Yang S, Looney AM, Gwathmey FW Jr (2015) Trends in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. J Pediatric Orthop 36:447–452CrossRef Werner BC, Yang S, Looney AM, Gwathmey FW Jr (2015) Trends in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. J Pediatric Orthop 36:447–452CrossRef
134.
go back to reference Whittaker JL (2015) Outcomes associated with early post-traumatic osteoarthritis and other negative health consequences 3–10 years following knee joint injury in youth sport. Osteoarthr Cartil 23:1122–1129CrossRefPubMed Whittaker JL (2015) Outcomes associated with early post-traumatic osteoarthritis and other negative health consequences 3–10 years following knee joint injury in youth sport. Osteoarthr Cartil 23:1122–1129CrossRefPubMed
135.
go back to reference Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK, Stanfield D, Webster KE, Myer GD (2016) Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 44:1861–1876CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wiggins AJ, Grandhi RK, Schneider DK, Stanfield D, Webster KE, Myer GD (2016) Risk of secondary injury in younger athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med 44:1861–1876CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
136.
go back to reference Williams BT, James EW, LaPrade RF (2016) A physeal-sparing fibular collateral ligament and proximal tibiofibular joint reconstruction in a skeletally immature athlete. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:661–665CrossRefPubMed Williams BT, James EW, LaPrade RF (2016) A physeal-sparing fibular collateral ligament and proximal tibiofibular joint reconstruction in a skeletally immature athlete. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:661–665CrossRefPubMed
137.
go back to reference Wyatt RW, Inacio MC, Liddle KD, Maletis GB (2013) Factors associated with meniscus repair in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 41:2766–2771CrossRefPubMed Wyatt RW, Inacio MC, Liddle KD, Maletis GB (2013) Factors associated with meniscus repair in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 41:2766–2771CrossRefPubMed
139.
go back to reference Zebis MK, Andersen LL, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Aagaard P (2009) Identification of athletes at future risk of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures by neuromuscular screening. Am J Sports Med 37:1967–1973CrossRefPubMed Zebis MK, Andersen LL, Bencke J, Kjaer M, Aagaard P (2009) Identification of athletes at future risk of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures by neuromuscular screening. Am J Sports Med 37:1967–1973CrossRefPubMed
140.
go back to reference Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL, Døssing S, Alkjaer T, Magnusson SP et al (2008) The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control during sidecutting in female elite soccer and handball players. Clin J Sport Med 18:329–337CrossRefPubMed Zebis MK, Bencke J, Andersen LL, Døssing S, Alkjaer T, Magnusson SP et al (2008) The effects of neuromuscular training on knee joint motor control during sidecutting in female elite soccer and handball players. Clin J Sport Med 18:329–337CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries
Authors
Clare L. Ardern
Guri Ekås
Hege Grindem
Håvard Moksnes
Allen Anderson
Franck Chotel
Moises Cohen
Magnus Forssblad
Theodore J. Ganley
Julian A. Feller
Jón Karlsson
Mininder S. Kocher
Robert F. LaPrade
Mike McNamee
Bert Mandelbaum
Lyle Micheli
Nicholas Mohtadi
Bruce Reider
Justin Roe
Romain Seil
Rainer Siebold
Holly J. Silvers-Granelli
Torbjørn Soligard
Erik Witvrouw
Lars Engebretsen
Publication date
01-04-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy / Issue 4/2018
Print ISSN: 0942-2056
Electronic ISSN: 1433-7347
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-4865-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 4/2018 Go to the issue