Top

Published in:

01-03-2007 | Original Article

γδ T Lymphocytes—Selectable Cells Within the Innate System?

Authors: Willi K. Born, Niyun Jin, M. Kemal Aydintug, J. M. Wands, Jena D. French, Christina L. Roark, Rebecca L. O’brien

Published in: Journal of Clinical Immunology | Issue 2/2007

Abstract

Lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptors (TCR) constitute an entire system of functionally specialized subsets that have been implicated in the regulation of immune responses, including responses to pathogens and allergens, and in tissue repair. The γδ TCRs share structural features with adaptive receptors and peripheral selection of γδ T cells occurs. Nevertheless, their specificities may be primarily directed at self-determinants, and the responses of γδ T cells exhibit innate characteristics. Continuous cross talk between γδ T cells and myeloid cells is evident in histological studies and in in vitro co-culture experiments, suggesting that γδ T cells play a functional role as an integral component of the innate immune system.

Janeway CA Jr, Travers P: Immunobiology. New York, Garland Publishing, 1994

Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R: Introduction: The role of innate immunity in the adaptive immune response. Semin Immunol 10:349–350, 1998PubMed

Hayday AC, Saito H, Gillies SD, Kranz DM, Tanigawa G, Eisen H, et al.: Structure, organization, and somatic rearrangement of cell gamma genes. Cell 40:259–269, 1985PubMed

Chien Y-H, Iwashima M, Kaplan K, Elliott JF, Davis MM: A new T-cell receptor gene located within the alpha locus and expressed early in T-cell differentiation. Nature 327:677–682, 1987PubMed

Haas W, Pereira P, Tonegawa S: Gamma/delta T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 11:637–685, 1993PubMed

Davis MM, Bjorkman PJ: T cell antigen receptor genes and T cell recognition. Nature 334:395–402, 1988PubMed

Sim G-K, Augustin A: Dominantly inherited expression of BID, an invariant undiversified T cell receptor δ chain. Cell 61:397–405, 1990PubMed

Sim G-K, Augustin A: Dominant expression of the T cell receptor BALB invariant δ (BID) chain in resident pulmonary lymphocytes is due to selection. Eur J Immunol 21:859–861, 1991PubMed

Sim G-K, Augustin A: Extrathymic positive selection of γδ T cells. Vγ4Jγ1 rearrangements with “GxYS“ junctions. J Immunol 146:2439–2445, 1991PubMed

10.

Hohlfeld R, Engel AG, Ii K, Harper MC: Polymyositis mediated by T lymphocytes that express that γ/δ receptor. N Engl J Med 324:877–881, 1991PubMedCrossRef

11.

Pluschke G, Rüegg D, Hohlfeld R, Engel AG: Autoaggressive myocytotoxic T lymphocytes expressing an unusual γ/δ T cell receptor. J Exp Med 176:1785–1789, 1992PubMed

12.

Wiendl H, Malotka J, Holzwarth B, Weltzien H-U, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R, et al.: An autoreactive γδ TCR derived from a polymyositis lesion. J Immunol 169:515–521, 2002PubMed

13.

Shimonkevitz R, Colburn C, Burnham JA, Murray RS, Kotzin BL: Clonal expansions of activated γ/δ T cells in recent-onset multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:923–927, 1993PubMed

14.

Lahmers KK, Norimine J, Abrahamsen MS, Palmer GH, Brown WC: The CD4+ T cell immunodominant Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 2 stimulates gammadelta T cell clones that express unique T cell receptors. J Leukocyte Biol 77:199–208, 2005PubMed

15.

Fu Y-X, Cranfill R, Vollmer M, Van Der Zee R, O'Brien RL, Born W: In vivo response of murine γδ T cells to a heat shock protein-derived peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:322–326, 1993PubMed

16.

Janeway CA Jr, Jones B, Hayday A: Specificity and function of T cells bearing γδ receptors. Immunol Today 9:73–76, 1988PubMed

17.

Crowley MP, Reich Z, Mavaddat N, Altman JD, Chien Y-H: The recognition of the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, T10, by the γδ T cell, G8. J Exp Med 185(7):1223–1230, 1997PubMed

18.

Porcelli S, Brenner MS, Greenstein JK, Balk SP, Terhorst C, Bleicher P: Recognition of cluster of differentiational antigens by human CD4− CD8− cytolytic T lymphocytes. Nature 341:447–450, 1989PubMed

19.

Groh V, Steinle A, Bauer S, Spies T: Recognition of stress-induced MHC molecules by intestinal epithelial γδ T cells. Science 279:1737–1740, 1998PubMed

20.

Scotet E, Martinez LO, Grant E, Barbaras R, Jeno P, Saulquin X, et al.: Tumor recognition following Vγ9Vδ2 T cell receptor interactions with a surface F1-ATPase-related structure and apolipoprotein A-1. Immunity 22:71–80, 2005PubMed

21.

Hayday AC: γδ cells: A right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection. Annu Rev Immunol 18:975–1026, 2000PubMed

22.

Konigshofer Y, Chien Y-H: γδ T cells—Innate immune lymphocytes? Curr Opin Immunol 18:527–533, 2006PubMed

23.

Aydintug MK, Roark CL, Yin X, Wands JM, Born WK, O'Brien RL: Detection of cell surface ligands for the γδ TCR using soluble TCRs. J Immunol 172:4167–4175, 2004PubMed

24.

Chien Y-H, Jores R, Crowley MP: Recognition by γ/δ T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 14:511–532, 1996PubMed

25.

Asarnow DM, Kuziel WA, Bonyhadi M, Tigelaar RE, Tucker PW, Allison JP: Limited diversity of γδ antigen receptor genes of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells. Cell 55:837–847, 1988PubMed

26.

Adams EJ, Chien Y-H, Garcia KC: Structure of a γδ T cell receptor in complex with the nonclassical MHC T22. Science 308:227–231, 2005PubMed

27.

Rock EP, Sibbald PR, Davis MM, Chien Y-H: CDR3 length in antigen-specific immune receptors. J Exp Med 179:323–328, 1994PubMed

28.

Matis LA, Cron R, Bluestone JA: Major histocompatibility complex-linked specificity of γδ receptor-bearing T lymphocytes. Nature 330:262–264, 1987PubMed

29.

Crowley MP, Fahrer AM, Baumgarth N, Hampl J, Gutgemann I, Teyton L, et al.: A population of murine γδ T cells that recognize an inducible MHC class Ib molecule. Science 287:314–316, 2000PubMed

30.

Shin S, El-Diwany R, Schaffert S, Adams EJ, Garcia KC, Pereira P, et al.: Antigen recognition determinants of γδ T cell receptors. Science 308:252–255, 2005PubMed

31.

Wingren C, Crowley MP, Degano M, Chien Y-H, Wilson IA: Crystal structure of a γδ T cell receptor ligand T22: A truncated MHC-like fold. Science 287:310–314, 2000PubMed

32.

Wu J, Groh V, Spies T: T cell antigen receptor engagement and specificty in the recognition of stress-inducible MHC class I-related chains by human epithelial γδ T cells. J Immunol 169:1236–1240, 2002PubMed

33.

Spada FM, Grant EP, Peters PJ, Sugita M, Melian A, Leslie DS, et al.: Self-recognition of CD1 by γ/δ T cells: Implications for innate immunity. J Exp Med 191:937–948, 2000PubMed

34.

Blackman M, Yague J, Kubo R, Gay D, Coleclough C, Palmer E, et al.: The T cell recpertoire may be biased in favor of MHC recognition. Cell 47:349–357, 1986PubMed

35.

Sciammas R, Bluestone JA: HSV-1 glycoprotein I-reactive TCRγδ cells directly recognize the peptide backbone in a conformationally dependent manner. J Immunol 161:5187–5192, 1998PubMed

36.

Harrison LC, Dempsey-Collier M, Kramer DR, Takahashi K: Aerosol insulin induced regulatory CD8 γT cells that prevent murine insulin-dependent diabetes. J Exp Med 184:2167–2174, 1996PubMed

37.

Born W, Hall L, Dallas A, Boymel J, Shinnick T, Young D, et al.: Recognition of a peptide antigen by heat shock reactive γδ T lymphocytes. Science 249:67–69, 1990PubMed

38.

Constant P, Davodeau F, Peyrat M-A, Poquet Y, Puzo G, Bonneville M, et al.: Stimulation of human γδ T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands. Science 264:267–270, 1994PubMed

39.

Tanaka Y, Sano S, Nieves E, De Libero G, Rosa D, Modlin RL, et al.: Nonpeptide ligands for human γδ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8175–8179, 1994PubMed

40.

O'Brien RL, Fu Y-X, Cranfill R, Dallas A, Reardon C, Lang J, et al.: Heat shock protein Hsp-60 reactive γδ cells: A large, diversified T lymphocyte subset with highly focused specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4348–4352, 1992PubMed

41.

Fu Y-X, Kersh G, Vollmer M, Kalataradi H, Heyborne K, Reardon C, et al.: Structural requirements for peptides that stimulate a subset of γδ T cells. J Immunol 152:1578–1588, 1994PubMed

42.

Tanaka Y, Morita CT, Tanaka Y, Nieves E, Brenner MB, Bloom BR: Natural and synthetic non-peptide antigens recognized by human γδ T cells. Nature 375:155–158, 1995PubMed

43.

Davodeau F, Peyrat M-A, Hallet M-M, Gaschet J, Houde I, Vivien R, et al.: Close correlation between Daudi and mycobacterial antigen recognition by human γδ T cells and expression of V9JPC1γ/V2DJCδ-encoded T cell receptors. J Immunol 151:1214–1223, 1993PubMed

44.

Davodeau F, Peyrat MA, Hallet MM, Houde I, Vie H, Bonneville M: Peripheral selection of antigen receptor junctional features in a major human γδ subset. Eur J Immunol 23:804–808, 1993PubMed

45.

Morita CT, Beckman EM, Bukowski JF, Tanaka Y, Band H, Bloom BR, et al.: Direct presentation of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate antigens to human γδ T cells. Immunity 3:495–507, 1995PubMed

46.

Allison TJ, Winter CC, Fournie JJ, Bonneville M, Garboczi DN: Structure of a human gammadelta T-cell antigen receptor. Nature 411:820–824, 2001PubMed

47.

Porcelli S, Brenner MB, Band H: Biology of the human γδ T-cell receptor. Immunol Rev 120:137–183, 1991PubMed

48.

Gumperz JE: The ins and outs of CD1 molecules: Bringing lipids under immunological surveillance. Traffic 7:2–13, 2006PubMed

49.

Agea E, Russano A, Bistoni O, Mannucci R, Nicoletti I, Corazzi L, et al.: Human CD1-restricted T cell recognition of lipids from pollens. J Exp Med 202:295–308, 2005PubMed

50.

Kawano T, Cui J, Koezuka Y, Toura I, Kaneko Y, Motoki K, et al.: CD1δ-restricted and TCR-mediated activation of Va 14 NKT cells by glycosylceramides. Science 278:1626–1629, 1997PubMed

51.

Russano AM, Agea E, Corazzi L, Postle AD, De Libero G, Porcelli SA, et al.: Recognition of pollen-derived phosphatidyl-ethanolamine by human CD1δ-restricted gamma delta T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1178–1184, 2006PubMed

52.

Huber S, Sartini D, Exley M: Role of CD1δ in Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. J Immunol 170:3147–3153, 2003PubMed

53.

Born WK, Vollmer M, Reardon C, Matsuura E, Voelker DR, Giclas PC, et al.: Hybridomas expressing γδ T-cell receptors respond to cardiolipin and b2-glycoprotein 1 (apolipoprotein H). Scand J Immunol 58:374–381, 2003PubMed

54.

Shen Y, Zhou D, Qiu L, Lai X, Simon M, Shen L, et al.: Adaptive immune response of Vγ2Vδ2+ T cells during mycobacterial infections. Science 295:2255–2258, 2002PubMed

55.

Blumerman SL, Herzig CT, Wang F, Coussens PM, Baldwin CL: Comparison of gene expression by co-cultured WC1(+) gammadelta and CD4(+) alphabeta T cells exhibiting a recall response to bacterial antigen. Mol Immunol 44:2033–2045, 2007PubMed

56.

Hamelmann E, Oshiba A, Paluh J, Bradley K, Loader J, Potter TA, et al.: Requirement for CD8+ T cells in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of airway sensitization. J Exp Med 183(4):1719–1729, 1996PubMed

57.

Lahn M, Kanehiro A, Takeda K, Joetham A, Schwarze J, Koehler G, et al.: Negative regulation of airway responsiveness that is dependent on γδ T cells and independent of a T cells. Nat Med 5:1150–1156, 1999PubMed

58.

Hahn Y-S, Taube C, Jin N, Takeda K, Park J-W, Wands JM, et al.: Vγ4+ T cells regulate airway hyperreactivity to methacholine in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice. J Immunol 171:3170–3178, 2003PubMed

59.

Jin N, Taube C, Sharp L, Hahn Y-S, Yin X, Wands JM, et al.: Mismatched antigen prepares gd T cells for suppression of airway hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol 174:2671–2679, 2005PubMed

60.

McMenamin C, Pimm C, McKersey M, Holt PG: Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigen in mice by antigen-specific γδ T cells. Science 265:1869–1871, 1994PubMed

61.

Ke Y, Pearce K, Lake JP, Ziegler HK, Kapp JA: Gamma delta T lymphocytes regulate the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance. J Immunol 158:3610–3618, 1997PubMed

62.

Stingl G, Gunter KC, Tschachler E, Yamada H, Lechler RI, Yokoyama WM, et al.: Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells belong to the T-cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2430–2434, 1987PubMed

63.

Havran WL, Chien Y-H, Allison JP: Recognition of self antigens by skin-derived T cells with invariant γδ antigen receptors. Science 252:1430–1432, 1991PubMed

64.

Jameson J, Ugarte K, Chen N, Yachi P, Fuchs E, Boismenu R, et al.: A role for skin γδ T cells in wound repair. Science 296:747–749, 2002PubMed

65.

Itohara S, Farr AG, Lafaille JJ, Bonneville M, Takagaki Y, Haas W, et al.: Homing of a γδ thymocyte subset with homogeneous T-cell receptors to mucosal epithelia. Nature 343:754–757, 1990PubMed

66.

Hayes SM, Sirr A, Jacob S, Sim G-K, Augustin A: Role of IL-7 in the shaping of the pulmonary γδ T cell repertoire. J Immunol 156:2723–2729, 1996PubMed

67.

Heyborne KD, Cranfill RL, Carding SR, Born WK, O'Brien RL: Characterization of γδ T lymphocytes at the maternal–fetal interface. J Immunol 149:2872–2878, 1992PubMed

68.

Simonian PL, Roark CL, Diaz del Valle F, Palmer BE, Douglas IS, Ikuta K, et al.: Regulatory role of gammadelta T cells in the recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to lung and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis. J Immunol 177:4436–4443, 2006PubMed

69.

Mukasa A, Born WK, O'Brien RL: Inflammation alone evokes the response of a TCR-invariant mouse γδ T cell subset. J Immunol 162:4910–4913, 1998

70.

Brenner MB, McLean J, Scheft H, Riberdy J, Ang S-L, Seidman JG, et al.: Two forms of the T-cell receptor γδ chain found on peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 325:689–694, 1987PubMed

71.

Ito K, Bonneville M, Takagaki Y, Nakanishi N, Kanagawa O, Krecko EG, et al.: Different γδ T-cell receptors are expressed on thymocytes at different stages of development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:631–635, 1989PubMed

72.

French JD, Roark CL, Born WK, O'Brien RL: Gamma delta T cell homeostasis is established in competition with alpha beta T cells and NK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:14741–14746, 2005PubMed

73.

Parker CM, Groh V, Band H, Porcelli SA, Morita C, Fabbi M, et al.: Evidence for extrathymic changes in the T cell receptor γ/δ repertoire. J Exp Med 171:1597–1612, 1990PubMed

74.

Tam S, King DP, Beaman BL: Increase of γδ T lymphocytes in murine lungs occurs during recovery from pulmonary infection by Nocardia asteroides. Infect Immun 69:6165–6171, 2001PubMed

75.

Cui Z-H, Joetham A, Aydintug MK, Born WK, Gelfand EW: Reversal of established allergic airway hyperreactivity by long-term allergen challenge depends on γ/δ T cells. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 168:1324–1332, 2003PubMed

76.

Wands JM, Roark CL, Aydintug MK, Jin N, Hahn Y-S, Cook L, et al.: Distribution and leukocyte contacts of gd T cells in the lung. J Leukocyte Biol 78:1086–1096, 2005PubMed

77.

Lahn M, Kanehiro A, Takeda K, Terry J, Hahn Y-S, Aydintug MK, et al.: MHC class I-dependent Vδ4+ pulmonary T cells regulate a T cell-independent airway responsiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8850–8855, 2002PubMed

78.

Lahn M, Kanehiro A, Hahn Y-S, Wands JM, Aydintug MK, O'Brien RL, et al.: Aerosolized anti-T-cell-receptor antibodies are effective against airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134:49–55, 2004PubMed

79.

Huber SA, Graveline D, Newell MK, Born WK, O'Brien RL: Vδ1+ T cells suppress and Vδ4+ T cells promote susceptibility to coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis in mice. J Immunol 165:4174–4181, 2000PubMed

80.

Hahn Y-S, Taube C, Jin N, Sharp L, Wands JM, Kemal Aydintug M, et al.: Different potentials of γδ T cell subsets in regulating airway responsiveness: Vδ1+ cells, but not Vδ4+ cells, promote airway hyperreactivity, TH2 cytokines, and airway inflammation. J Immunol 172:2894–2902, 2004PubMed

81.

Bajenoff M, Egen JG, Koo LY, Laugier JP, Brau F, Glaichenhaus N, et al.: Stromal networks regulate lymphocyte entry, migration, and territoriality in lymph nodes. Immunity 25:989–1001, 2006PubMed

82.

Munz C, Steinman RM, Fujii S: Dendritic cell maturation by innate lymphocytes: Coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity. J Exp Med 202:203–207, 2005PubMed

83.

Yokota K, Ariizumi K, Kitajima T, Bergstresser PR, Street NE, Takashima A: Cytokine-mediated communication between dendritic epidermal T cells and Langerhans cells: In vitro studies using cell lines. J Immunol 157:1529–1537, 1996PubMed

84.

Ismaili J, Olislagers V, Poupot M, Fournie JJ, Goldman M: Human gamma delta T cells induce dendritic cell maturation. Clin Immunol 103:296–302, 2002PubMed

85.

Leslie DS, Vincent MS, Spada FM, Das H, Sugita M, Morita CT, et al.: CD1-mediated γ/δ T cell maturation of dendritic cells. J Exp Med 196:1575–1584, 2002PubMed

86.

Collins C, Wolfe J, Roessner K, Shi C, Sigal LH, Budd RC: Lyme arthritis synovial γδ T cells instruct dendritic cells via Fas ligand. J Immunol 175:5656–5665, 2005PubMed

87.

Dieli F, Caccamo N, Meraviglia S, Ivanyi J, Sireci G, Bonanno CT, et al.: Reciprocal stimulation of γδ T cells and dendritic cells during the anti-mycobacterial immune response. Eur J Immunol 34:3227–3235, 2004PubMed

88.

Conti L, Casetti R, Cardone M, Varano B, Martino A, Belardelli F, et al.: Reciprocal activating interaction between dendritic cells and pamidronate-stimulated gammadelta T cells: Role of CD86 and inflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 174:252–260, 2005PubMed

89.

Martino A, Casetti R, D'Alessandri A, Sacci A, Poccia F: Complementary function of gamma delta T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the response to isopentenyl-pyrophosphate and lipopolysaccharide antigens. J Clin Immunol 25:230–237, 2005PubMed

90.

Dieli F, Ivanyi J, Marsh P, Williams A, Naylor I, Sireci G, et al.: Characterization of lung γδ T cells following intranasal infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Immunol 170:463-469, 2003PubMed

91.

Kunzmann V, Kretzschmar E, Herrmann T, Wilhelm M: Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-mediated stimulation of human gammadelta T cells via CD11c dendritic cell-derived type I interferons. Immunology 112:364–368, 2004

92.

Fu Y-X, Roark CE, Kelly K, Drevets D, Campbell P, O'Brien R, et al.: Immune protection and control of inflammatory tissue necrosis by γδ T cells. J Immunol 153:3101–3115, 1994PubMed

93.

Skeen MJ, Freeman MM, Ziegler HK:Changes in peritoneal myeloid populations and their proinflammatory cytokine expression during infection with Listeria monocytogenes are altered in the absence of γ/δ T cells. J Leukocyte Biol 76:104–115, 2004PubMed

94.

DiTirro J, Rhoades ER, Roberts AD, Burke JM, Mukasa A, Cooper AM, et al.: Disruption of the cellular inflammatory response to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice with disruptions in targeted genes. Infect Immun 66:2284–2289, 1998PubMed

95.

Sharp LL, Jameson JM, Cauvi G, Havran WL: Dendritic epidermal T cells regulate skin homeostasis through local production of insulin-like growth factor 1. Nat Immunol 6:73–79, 2005PubMed

96.

Jameson JM, Cauvi G, Sharp LL, Witherden DA, Havran WL: γδ T cell-induced hyaluronan production by epithelial cells regulates inflammation. J Exp Med 201:1269–1279, 2005PubMed

97.

Carding SR, Allan W, Kyes S, Hayday A, Bottomly K, Doherty PC: Late dominance of the inflammatory process in murine influenza by γδ+ T cells. J Exp Med 172:1225–1231, 1990PubMed

98.

Carding ASR: Role for γ/δ T cells in the primary immune resonse to influenza virus. Res Immunol 141:603–606, 1990PubMed

99.

Dalton JE, Pearson J, Scott P, Carding S: The interaction of γδ T cells with activated macrophages is a property of the Vγ1 subset. J Immunol 171:6488–6494, 2003PubMed

100.

Dalton JE, Howell G, Pearson J, Scott P, Carding SR: Fas–Fas ligand interactions are essential for the binding to and killing of activated macrophages by gamma delta T cells. J Immunol 173:3660–3667, 2004PubMed

101.

Nagata S: Fas and Fas ligand: A death factor and its receptor. Adv Immunol 57:129–144, 1994PubMedCrossRef

102.

Ponomarev ED, Novikova M, Yassai M, Szczepanik M, Gorski J, Dittel BN: γδ T cell regulation of IFN-γδ production by central nervous system-infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells: Correlation with recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 173:1587–1595, 2004PubMed

103.

Holtmeier W, Kaller J, Geisel W, Pabst R, Caspary WF, Rothkotter HJ: Development and compartmentalization of the porcine TCR δ repertoire at mucosal and extraintestinal sites: the pig as a model for analyzing the effects of age and microbial factors. J Immunol 169:1993–2002, 2002PubMed

104.

Pennington DJ, Silva-Santos B, Shires J, Theodoridis E, Pollitt C, Wise EL, et al.: The inter-relatedness and interdependence of mouse T cell receptor gammadelta(+) and alphabeta(+) cells. Nat Immunol 4:991–998, 2003PubMed

105.

Havran W, Allison JP: Developmentally ordered appearance of thymocytes expressing different T cell antigen receptors. Nature 335:443–445, 1988PubMed

106.

Zhao H, Nguyen H, Kang J: Interleukin 15 controls the generation of the restricted T cell receptor repertoire of gd intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nat Immunol 6:1263–1271, 2005PubMed

107.

Kress E, Hedges JF, Jutila MA: Distinct gene expression in human Vdelta1 and Vdelta2 gammadelta T cells following non-TCR agonist stimulation. Mol Immunol 43:2002–2011, 2006PubMed

108.

Yamagata T, Benoist C, Mathis D: A shared gene-expression signature in innate-like lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 210:52–66, 2006PubMed

109.

Yamagata T, Mathis D, Benoist C: Self-reactivity in thymic double-positive cells commits cells to a CD8alpha alpha lineage with characteristics of innate immune cells. Nat Immunol 5:597–605, 2004PubMed

110.

Fahrer AM, Konigshofer Y, Kerr EM, Ghandour G, Mack DH, Davis MM, et al.: Attributes of γδ intraepithelal lymphocytes as suggested by their transcriptional profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10261–10266, 2001PubMed

Title: γδ T Lymphocytes—Selectable Cells Within the Innate System?
Authors: Willi K. Born
Niyun Jin
M. Kemal Aydintug
J. M. Wands
Jena D. French
Christina L. Roark
Rebecca L. O’brien
Publication date: 01-03-2007
Publisher: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
Published in: Journal of Clinical Immunology / Issue 2/2007
Print ISSN: 0271-9142
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2592
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-007-9077-z

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2007

Gliadin Peptides Activate Blood Monocytes from Patients with Celiac Disease

Retinoic Acid Enhances the Production of IL-10 While Reducing the Synthesis of IL-12 and TNF-α from LPS-Stimulated Monocytes/Macrophages

Immunomodulatory Drug CC-4047 is a Cell-type and Stimulus-Selective Transcriptional Inhibitor of Cyclooxygenase 2

Effects of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α on Human Sperm Motility and Apoptosis

The Role of Anti-α-Enolase Autoantibodies in Pathogenicity of Autoimmune-Mediated Retinopathy

Serological and Clinical Comparison of Children and Adults with Anti-Endomysial Antibodies

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials