skip to main content
10.1145/302979.303152acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article
Free Access

Emotional interfaces for interactive aardvarks: designing affect into social interfaces for children

Authors Info & Claims
Published:01 May 1999Publication History

ABSTRACT

Character-based social interfaces present a unique opportunity to integrate emotion into technology interactions. The present paper reports on the use of three emotional interactions (humor, praise, and affection) in the audio interfaces for two character-based interactive learning toys. The reasons for selecting the emotions used, the design rationale for their application, and findings from usability testing are reviewed. It is suggested that as a form of pretend play-acting akin to puppetry, social interfaces can engage the emotions of users in a variety of beneficial ways.

References

  1. 1.Bainum, C., Lounsbury, K., and Pollio, H. The development of laughing and smiling in nursery school children. Child Development, 55, 5 (1984), 1946-1957.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  2. 2.Bornstein, M. H. Maternal responsiveness: Characteristics and consequences. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco CA, 1989.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.Bornstein, M. H., Haynes, O. M., O'Reilly, A. W., and Painter, K. M. Solitary and collaborative pretense play in early childhood: Sources of individual variation in the development of representational competence. Child Development, 67, 6 (1996), 2910-2929.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. 4.Bretherton, i. and Beeghly, M. Pretence: Acting 'as it.' in J.J. Lockman and N.L. Hazen (Eds.) Action in Social Context: Perspectives on Early Development. Plenum Press, NY, 1989, pp. 239-271.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.Cameron, J. and Pierce, W. Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis Review of Educational Research, 64, 3 (Fall 1994), 363-423.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. 6.Chapman, A. and Wright, D. Social enhancement of laughter: An experimental analysis of some companion variables. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 21, 2 (1976), 201-218.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. 7.Coleman, J. All seriousness aside: The laughinglearning connection. International Journal of Instructional Media, 19, 3 (1992), 269-276Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.Delin, C. R. and Baumeister, R. F. Praise: More than just social reinforcement. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 24, 3 (September 1994), 219-24 I.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  9. 9.Don, A., Brennan, S., Laurel, B., and Shneiderman, B. Anthropomorphism: From ELIZA to Terminator 2. in Proceedings of CHI'92 (May 3-7, 1992, Monterey, CA), pp. 67-70. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. 10.Dozier, M. Functional measurement assessment of young children's ability to predict future behavior. Child Development, 62 (1991), 1091- 1099Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  11. 11.Fogg, B. J. and Nass, C. Silicon sycophants" The effects of computers that flatter. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 46, 5 (May 1997), 551- 561. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. 12.Friedman, B. and Kahn, P. Human agency and responsible computing: Implications for computer system design. Journal of Systems Software, 17 (1992), 7-14 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. 13.Frohlich, D. Direct Manipulation and other lessons, in M. Helander, T. Landauer, and P. Prabhu (eds.), Handbook of human-computer interaction. North Holland, NY, 1997, 463-488.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.Frye, D. and Moore, C. (eds.) Children's theories of mind." Mental states and social understanding. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ, 199 I.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.Garvey, C. Play. Harvard University Press. Cambridge MA, 1990.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.Grover, S. A field study in the use of cognitivedevelopmental principles in microcomputer design for young children. Journal of Educational Research, 79 (1996), 325-332.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  17. 17.Henton, C. and Edelman, B. Generating and manipulating emotional synthetic speech on a personal computer. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 3 (1996), 105-125.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  18. 18.Herron, R. E. and Sutton-Smith, B. (eds.) Child's play. Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company, Malabar FL, 1982.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.Jennings, K. and Connors, R. Mothers' interactional style and children's competence at 3 years. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12 (1989), 155-175.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. 20.Laurel, B. Interface agents: Metaphors with character. In B.Laurel (ec{) The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA., 1990, 355-365Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.Maes, P. Intelligent software. In J. Moore, E. Edmonds, and A Puerta (eds.), Proceedings of1Ul'97: International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. (ACM, NY, 1997), 41-43. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. 22.Malone, T. and Lepper, M. 1987. Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning. In (R. Snow and M. Farr (eds.). Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction, Volume 3: Conative and A ffective Processes Analyses. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ, 1987, 223-253.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.McGhee, P. The contribution of humor to children's social development. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20, 1-2 (1988), 119-~134.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  24. 24.Meddock, T, Parsons, J., and Hill, K. Effects of an Adult's Presence and Praise on Young Children's Performance Journal of Experimental Child Psychology; 12, 2 (October 1971), 197-211.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.Morkes, J., Kernal, H.K., and Nass, C. Humor in taskoriented computer-mediated communication and human-computer interaction. In CHI'98 Summary (Los Angeles CA 1998), ACM Press, 215-216. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  26. 26.Nass, C. and Steuer, J. Voices, Boxes, and :Sources of Messages: Computers and Social Actor,.~. Human Communication Research, 19, 4 (June 1993), 504-527.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  27. 27.Nass, C., Steuer, J. and Tauber, E.R. Computers are social actors. Proceedings of CHI'94 (Boston MA, April 1994). ACM Press, 72-77. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. 28.Resnick, P. and Virzi, R. A. Relief from l~he Audio Interface Blues: Expanding the Spectrum of Menu, List, and Form Styles, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2, 2 (1995), 145-176. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. 29.Resnik, P. and Lammers, H. The influence of selfesteem on cognitive responses to machine-like vs. human-like computer feedback. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 6 (1986), 761-769.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.Rueter, M. A. and Conger, R. D. Interaction style, problem- solving behavior, and family problemsolving effectiveness. Child Development, 66 (1995), 98-115.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  31. 31.Schneiderman, 13. Direct manipulation for comprehensible, predictable, and controllable user interfaces. Proceedings of The International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Orlando FL, January 1997), ACM Press, 33-39. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. 32.Sletta, O, Sobstad, F., and Valas, H. Humour, peer acceptance, and perceived social competence in preschool and school-aged children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65 (1995), 179-195.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. 33.Strommen, E. F. "What did he say?": Speech output in preschool software. In S. Gayle (ed.), Proceedings of NECC '91 (Phoenix AR, June 1991). Intemational Society for Technology in Education, Eugene OR, 149- 151.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.Strommen, E. F. (1998). When the interface is a talking dinosaur: Learning across media with ActiMates Barney, in Proceedings of ACM CHI'98 (Los Angeles CA, April 1998), ACM Press, 288-295. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  35. 35.Thomas, P. and Macredie, R. Games and the design of human-computer interfaces. Educational and Training Technology International, 31 (1994), 134-142.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  36. 36.Walker J. H., Sproull, L., and Subramani, R. 1994. Using a human face in an interface. Proceedings of CHI'94 (Boston, MA April 1994), ACM Press, 85-91. Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. 37.Walker, M., Cahn, J., and Whittaker, S. 1997. Improvising linguistic style: Social and affective bases for agent personality. Proceedings of Autonomous Agents '97 (Marina Del Rey CA), ACM Press, 96-105 Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. 38.Warners-Kleverlann, N., Oppenheimer, L., and Sherman, L. To be or not to be humorous: Does it make a differences? Humor 9, 2 (1996), 117-141.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.Yuill, N. and Pearson, A. The development of bases for trait attribution: Children's understanding of traits as causal mechanisms based on desire. Developmental Psychology, 34 (1998), 574-586.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  40. 40.Zillmann, D. and Bryant, J. Guidelines for the effective use of humor in children's educational television programs. Journal of Children in Contemporary Society, 20 (1998), 201-221.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. Emotional interfaces for interactive aardvarks: designing affect into social interfaces for children

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Conferences
        CHI '99: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        May 1999
        632 pages
        ISBN:0201485591
        DOI:10.1145/302979

        Copyright © 1999 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 1 May 1999

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • Article

        Acceptance Rates

        CHI '99 Paper Acceptance Rate78of312submissions,25%Overall Acceptance Rate6,199of26,314submissions,24%

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader