Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diseases of the Vagina

  • Reference work entry
Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract

Abstract

The vagina, like other orifices that interface between the external environment and the interior milieu, acts as a barrier to many potentially invasive microorganisms. It is, thus, not surprising that the vagina is the site of a variety of infections, both sexually and nonsexually transmitted, and this, in fact, represents the predominant type of pathology of this organ. In contrast, neoplasms are relatively unusual in this site, which is somewhat unexpected in view of the relationship between infection (e.g., human papilloma virus infection) and the development of carcinoma of the vulva and cervix.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abdul-Karim FW, Lederman MM, Carter JR et al (1981) Toxic shock syndrome: clinicopathologic findings in a fatal case. Hum Pathol 12:16–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abu J, Nunns D, Ireland D, Brown L (2003) Malignant progression through borderline changes in recurrent Mullerian papilloma of the vagina. Histopathology 42:510–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Acar A, Balci O, Karatayli R, Capar M, Colakoglu MC (2007) The treatment of 65 women with imperforate hymen by a central incision and application of Foley catheter. BJOG 114(11):p1376–p1379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ackerman LV (1948) Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Surgery (St Louis) 23:670–678

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Andreani SM, Dang HH, Grondona P, Khan AZ, Edwards DP (2007) Rectovaginal fistula in Crohn’s disease. Dis Colon Rectum 50(12):2215–2222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Al-Durdi M, Monaghan JM (1977) Thirty-two years experience in management of primary tumors of the vagina. Br J Obstet Gynecol 127:513

    Google Scholar 

  7. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al (1983) Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and micro-bial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 74:14–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson WA, Sabio H, Durso N et al (1985) Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina. The role of primary chemotherapy. Cancer (Phila) 56:1025–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Andrew DE, Bumstead K, Kempton AG (1975) The role of fomites in the transmission of vaginitis. Can Med Assoc J 112:1181–1183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Arbo E, dos RR, Uchoa D et al (2004) Vaginal Mullerian papilloma in a 2-year-old child. Gynecol Obstet Invest 58:55–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Averette HE, Weinstein GD, Frost P (1970) Autoradiographic analysis of cell proliferation kinetics in human genital tissues. I. Normal cervix and vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108:8–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bale PM, Parsons RE, Stevens MM (1983) Diagnosis and behavior of juvenile rhabdomyosarcoma. Hum Pathol 14:596–611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Barry W, Hudgins L, Donta ST, Pesanti EL (1992) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for toxic shock syndrome. JAMA 267:3315–3316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bartlett JG, Onderdonk AB, Drude E et al (1977) Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora. J Infect Dis 136:271–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bass P, Birch B, Smart C, Theaker J, Wells M (1994) Low grade transitional cell carcinoma of the vagina – an unusual cause of vaginal bleeding. Histopathology (Oxf) 24:581–583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bell DA, Mondschein M, Scully RE (1986) Giant cell arteritis of the female genital tract. A report of three cases. Am J Surg Pathol 10:696–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Beller U, Benedet JL, Creasman WT, Ngan HY, Quinn MA, Maisonneuve P, Pecorelli S, Odicino F, Heintz AP (2006) Carcinoma of the vagina. FIGO 6th annual report on the results of treatment in gynecological cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 95(Suppl 1):S29–S42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Benedet JL, Sanders BH (1984) Carcinoma in situ of the vagina. Am Obstet Gynecol 148:695–700

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bennett HG, Ehrlich HM (1941) Myoma of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 42:314

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bergdoll MS, Reiser RF, Crass BA et al (1981) A new staphylococcal enterotoxin, enterotoxin F, associated with toxic-shock-syndrome staphylococcus aureus isolates. Lancet 1:1017–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Boquet-Jiménez E, Alvarez San Cristóbal A (1978) Cytologic and microbiologic aspects of vaginal torulopsis. Acta Cytol 22:331–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Borazjani G, Prem KA, Okagaki T et al (1990) Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: a clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases. Gynecol Oncol 37:264–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bornstein J, Adam E, Adler-Storthz K, Kaufman RH (1988) Development of cervical and vaginal squamous cell neoplasia as a late consequence of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Obstet Gynecol Surv 43:15–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bramley M, Kinghorn G (1979) Do oral contraceptives inhibit Trichomonoas vaginalis? Sex Transm Dis 6:261–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Branton PA, Tavassoli FA (1993) Spindle cell epithelioma, the so-called mixed tumor of the vagina. Am J Surg Path 17:509–515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Brinton LA, Nasca PC, Mallin K et al (1990) Case-control study of in situ and invasive carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 38:49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Brooks JJ (1982) Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue tumors. Myoglobin as a tumor marker for rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer 50:1757

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Burks RT, Schwarz AM, Wheeler JE, Antoniolli D (1990) Late recurrence of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix: case report. Obstet Gynecol 76:525–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Caceres A, McCarus SD (2008) Fallopian tube prolapse after total laparoscopic hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 112(2 Pt 2):494–495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chapman GW, Benda JO, Williams T (1984) Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 18:125–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Charles V, Charles SX (1978) A case of vulvo-vaginal diphtheria in a girl of seven years. Indian J Pediatr 15:257–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chattopadhyay I, Cruickshan DJ, Packer M (2001) Non diethylstilbesterol induced vaginal adenosis – a case series and review of literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 22(4):p260–p262

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chen KTK (1981) Brenner tumor of the vagina. Diagn Gynecol Obstet 3:255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chirayil SJ, Tobon H (1981) Polyps of the vagina: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. Cancer (Phila) 47:2904–2907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chung AF, Casey MJ, Flannery JT et al (1980) Malignant melanoma of the vagina: report of 19 cases. Obstet Gynecol 55:720–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chyle V, Zagars GK, Wheeler JA, Wharton JT, Delclos L (1996) Definitive radiotherapy for carcinoma of the vagina: outcome and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35(5):891–905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Clark JFJ, Faggett T, Peters B, Sampson CC (1978) Ulcerative vaginitis due to torulopsis glabrata: a case report. J Natl Med Assoc 70:913–914

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Clement PB, Benedet JL (1979) Adenocarcinoma in situ of the vagina. A case report. Cancer (Phila) 43:2479–2485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clement PB, Young RH, Scully RE (1988) Extraovarian pelvic yolk sac tumors. Cancer (Phila) 62:620–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Clemetson D, Moss G, Willerford D (1993) Detection of HIV DNA in cervical and vaginal secretions. JAMA 269:2860–2863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Coetzee LF (1972) Tuberculous vaginitis. South Afr Med J 46:1225–1226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Coffin CM, Dehner LP (1992) The soft tissue. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP (eds) Pediatric pathology, vol 2. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1091–1132

    Google Scholar 

  43. Coffin C, Rulon J, Smith L, Bruggers C, White F (1997) Pathologic features of rhabdomyosarcoma before and after treatment: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 10:1175–1187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cohen M, Pedemonte L, Drut R (2001) Pigmented mullerian papilloma of the vagina. Histopathology 39:541–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Copeland LJ, Sneige N, Ordonez NG (1985) Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina and cervix. Cancer (Phila) 55:2558–2565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Copeland LJ, Sneige N, Stringer CA et al (1985) Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the female genitalia. Cancer (Phila) 56:849–855

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cramer DW, Cutler SJ (1974) Incidence and histopathology of malignancies of the female genital organs in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 118:443–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Creasman WT, Phillips JL, Menck HR (1998) The National Cancer Data Base report on cancer of the vagina. Cancer (Phila) 83(5):1033–1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Crowther ME, Lowe DG, Shepherd JH (1988) Verrucous carcinoma of the female genital tract: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 43:263–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cunha GR (1975) The dual origin of vaginal epithelium. Am J Anat 143:387–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cunha GR, Taguchi O, Namikawa R et al (1987) Teratogenic effects of clomiphene, tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol on the developing human female and genital tract. Hum Pathol 18:1132–1143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Curtin JP, Saigo P, Slucher B, Venkatraman ES, Mychalczak B, Hoskins WJ (1995) Soft-tissue sarcoma of the vagina and vulva: a clinicopathologic study. Obstet Gynecol 86(2):269–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Curtis EM, Pine L (1981) Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140:880–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Davis TC (1975) Chronic vulvovaginitis in children due to Shigella flexneri. Pediatrics 56:41–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Davis JP, Chesney PJ, Wand PJ, LaVenture M (1980) Toxic-shock syndrome. Epidemiologic features, recurrence, risk factors, and prevention. N Engl J Med 303:1429–1435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Davis JD, Connor EE, Clark P, Wilkinson EJ, Duff P (1997) Correlation between cervical cytologic results and Gram stain as diagnostic tests for bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177(3):532–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Davos I, Abell MR (1976) Sarcomas of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 47(3):342–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dekel A, Avidan D, Bar-ziv J et al (1988) Neurofibroma of the vagina presenting with urinary retention. Review of the literature and report of a case. Obstet Gynecol Surv 43:325–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. De Matos P, Tyler D, Seigler HF (1998) Mucosal melanoma of the female genitalia: a clinicopathologic study of forty-three cases at Duke University Medical Center. Surgery (St Louis) 124(1):38–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. De Meo LR, Draper DL, McGregor JA et al (1996) Evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(4):1339–1342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Dixit S, Singhal S, Baboo HA (1993) Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina: a review of 70 cases. Gynecol Oncol 48:80–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dobbs SP, Shaw PA, Brown LJ, Ireland D (1998) Borderline malignant change in recurrent mullerian papilloma of the vagina. J Clin Pathol 51:875–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Droegemueller W, Herbst AL, Mishell DR Jr, Stenchever MA (1987) Comprehensive gynecology. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, p 974

    Google Scholar 

  64. Dungar C, Wilkinson E (1995) Vaginal columnar cell metaplasia. An acquired adenosis associated with topical 5-fluorouracil therapy. J Reprod Med 40(5):361–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Dvoretsky PM, Bonfiglio TA (1986) The pathology of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma. In: Sommers SC, Rosen PP, Fechner RE (eds) Pathology annual, part 2, vol 21. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, CT, pp 23–45

    Google Scholar 

  66. Elliott GB, Elliott JD (1973) Superficial stromal reactions of the lower genital tract. Arch Pathol 95:100–101

    Google Scholar 

  67. Eusebi V, Ceccarelli C, Gorza L et al (1986) Immunocytochemistry of rhabdomyosarcoma. The use of four different markers. Am J Surg Pathol 10:293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fallon RJ, Robinson ET (1974) Meningococcal vulvovaginitis. Scand J Infect Dis 6:295–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Farrand RJ (1971) Haemophilus influenzae infections of the genital tract. J Med Microbiol 4:357–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Faulconer HT, Muldoon JP (1975) Rectovaginal fistula in patients with colitis: review and report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 18:413–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fetissof F, Haillot O, Lanson Y, Arbeille B, Lansac J (1990) Papillary tumor of the vagina resembling transitional cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 186:358–364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Fliegner JR (1987) Congenital atresia of the vagina. Surg Gynecol Obstet 165:387–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fox H, Wells M, Harris M et al (1988) Enteric tumors of the lower female genital tract: a report of three cases. Histopathology (Oxf) 12:167–176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Francke ML, Mihaescu A, Chaubert P (1998) Isolated necrotizing arteritis of the female genital tract: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17(3):193–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Friedell S, Mercer LJ (1986) Nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Surv 41:336–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Friedman M, Peretz BA, Nissenbaum M, Paldi E (1986) Modern treatment of vaginal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 41:614–618

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Friedrich EG (1985) Vaginitis Am J Obstet Gyn 152:247–251

    Google Scholar 

  78. Friedrich EG, Siegesmund KA (1980) Tampon-associated vaginal ulcerations. Obstet Gynecol 55:149–156

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Frick HC, Jacox HW, Taylor HC (1968) Primary carcinoma of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 101:695–703

    Google Scholar 

  80. Fu YS, Reagan JW (1989) Pathology of the uterine cervix, vagina, and vulva. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 193–224

    Google Scholar 

  81. Fu YS, Reagan JW (1989) Pathology of the uterine cervix, vagina, and vulva. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 336–379

    Google Scholar 

  82. Fujimoto V, Miller J, Klein N, Soules M (1997) Congenital cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177(6):1419–1425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fukunaga M, Endo Y, Ishikawa E, Ushigome S (1996) Mixed tumour of the vagina. Histopathology (Oxf) 28(5):457–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Fukushima M, Twiggs LB, Okagaki T (1986) Mixed intestinal adenocarcinoma-argentaffin carcinoma of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 23:387–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gallup DC, Nolan TE, Martin D et al (1991) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura first seen as massive vaginal necrosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:413–415

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gardner HL (1966) Cervical and vaginal endo-metriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 9:358–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gardner HL (1980) Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis after twenty-five years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:385–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gardner HL, Fernet P (1964) Etiology of vaginitis emphysematosa. Report of ten cases and review of literature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 88:680–694

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Geelhoed GW, Henson DE, Taylor PT et al (1976) Carcinoma in situ of the vagina following treatment for carcinoma of the cervix. A distinctive clinical entity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Geisler JP, Look KY, Moore DA, Sutton GP (1995) Pelvic exenteration for malignant melanomas of the vagina or urethra with over 3 mm of invasion. Gynecol Oncol 59(3):338–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gelfand M, Ross MD, Blair DM, Weber MC (1972) Distribution and extent of schistosomiasis in female pelvic organs, with special reference to the genital tract, as determined at autopsy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20:846–849

    Google Scholar 

  92. Georgiev D, Karag'ozov I, Velev M, Makaveeva V (2006) Three cases of vaginal adenosis after topical 5-fluorouracil therapy for vaginal HPV-associated lesions. Akusherstvo i Ginekologiia 45(3):59–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ghaemmaghami F, Karimi Zarchi M, Ghasemi M (2008) Lower genital tract rhabdomyosarcoma: case series and literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 278:65–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Giacomini G, Calcinai A, Moretti D, Cristofani R (1998) Accuracy of cervical/vaginal cytology in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 25(1):24–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE (1995) Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects. Ann Intern Med 122(10):778–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Gold JH, Bossen EH (1976) Benign vaginal rhabdomyoma. A light and electron microscopic study. Cancer (Phila) 37:2283–2294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Gompel C, Silverberg SG (1977) Pathology in gynecology and obstetrics. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA

    Google Scholar 

  98. Goodman A, Zukerberg LR, Nikrui N, Scully RE (1991) Vaginal adenosis and clear cell carcinoma after 5-fluorouracil treatment for condylomas. Cancer (Phila) 68(7):1628–1632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Goyert G, Budev H, Wright C et al (1987) Vaginal müllerian stromal sarcoma. A case report. J Reprod Med 32:129–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Graham DB, Tishon JR, Borum ML (2008) An evaluation of vaginal symptoms in women with Crohn’s disease. Digest Dis Sci 53(3):765–766

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Graham-Brown RAC, Cochrane GW, Swinhoe JR et al (1981) Vaginal stenosis due to bullous erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88:1156–1157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gupta D, Malpica A, Deavers MT, Silva EG (2002) Vaginal melanoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 26 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1450–1457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Hanski W, Hagel-Lewicka E, Daniszewski K (1991) Rhabdomyomas of female genital tract. Report on two cases. Zentralbl Pathol 137:439–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hartmann C-A, Sperling M, Stein H (1990) So-called fibroepithelial polyps of the vagina exhibiting an unusual but uniform antigen profile characterized by expression of desmin and steroid hormone receptors but no muscle-specific actin or macrophage markers. Am J Clin Pathol 93:604–608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hasumi K, Sakamoto G, Sugano H et al (1978) Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina. Study of four autopsy cases with ultrastructural findings. Cancer (Phila) 42:2675–2686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Heine RP, Wiesenfeld HC, Sweet RL, Witkin SS (1997) Polymerase chain reaction analysis of distal vaginal specimens: a less invasive strategy for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Infect Dis 24(5):985–987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Heinz KPW (1973) Amoebic infection of the female genital tract. A report of three cases. South Afr Med J 47:1795–1798

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hays DM, Shimada H et al (1985) Sarcomas of the vagina and the uterus: the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. J Pediatr Surg 20:718

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Helms CM, Lengeling RW, Pinsky RL et al (1981) Toxic shock syndrome: a retrospective study of 25 cases from Iowa. Am J Med Sci 282:50–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Henson D, Tarone R (1977) An epidemiologic study of cancer of the cervix, vagina, and vulva based on the Third National Cancer Survey in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129:525–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Herbst AL (1992) Vaginal clear cell cancer: incidence, survival and screening. In: Long-term effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) (NIH Workshop), April 23–24. Falls Church, VA, pp 19–20

    Google Scholar 

  112. Herbst AL, Poskanzer DC, Robboy SJ et al (1975) Prenatal exposure to stilbestrol: a prospective comparison of exposed female offspring with unexposed control. N Engl J Med 292:334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Herbst AL, Ulfelder H, Poskanzer DC (1971) Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: association of maternal stilbestrol therapy with tumor appearance in young women. N Engl J Med 284:878

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Hilgers RD, Malkasian GD Jr, Soule EH (1970) Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (botryoid type) of the vagina: a clinicopathologic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 107:484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hill HR (1984) Group B streptococal infections. In: Holmes KK, Mårdh P-A, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ (eds) Sexually transmitted diseases. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 397–407

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE et al (1996) Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175(2):435–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hingorani V, Mahapatra LN (1964) Amebiasis of vagina and cervix. J Int Coll Surg 42:662–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Holst E, Goffeng AR, Andersch B (1994) Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganisms in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome. J Clin Microbiol 32(1):176–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA, Gerrards LJ, Cats BP (1982) Maternal carriage and neonatal acquisition of group B streptococci. J Infect Dis 145:800–803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Hopkins MP, Morley GW (1987) Squamous cell carcinoma of the neovagina. Obstet Gynecol 69:525–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Hummer WK, Mussey E, Decker DG, Dockerty MB (1970) Carcinoma in situ of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 108:1109–1116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Irvin WP Jr, Bliss SA, Rice LW, Taylor PT Jr, Andersen WA (1998) Malignant melanoma of the vagina and locoregional control: radical surgery revisited. Gynecol Oncol 71(3):476–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Iversen UM (1996) Two cases of benign vaginal rhabdomyoma. Case reports. APMIS 104(7–8):575–578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Japaze H, Dinh TV, Woodruff JD (1982) Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva: study of 24 cases. Obstet Gynecol 60:462–466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Jimerson SD, Becker JD (1980) Vaginal ulcers associated with tampon usage. Obstet Gynecol 56:97–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Joseph RE, Enghardt MH, Doering DL et al (1992) Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vagina. Cancer (Phila) 70:784–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Josey WE, Campbell WG (1990) Vaginitis emphysematosa. J Reprod Med 35:974–977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Kalogirou D, Antoniou G, Karakitsos P, Botsis D, Papadimitriou A, Giannikos L (1997) Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) following hysterectomy in patients treated for carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 18(3):188–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kanbour AI, Klionski B, Murphy AI (1974) Carcinoma of the vagina following cervical cancer. Cancer (Phila) 34:1838–1841

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kaufman RH (1980) The origin and diagnosis of “nonspecific vaginitis. N Engl J Med 303:637–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kaufman RH, Friedrich EG, Gardner HL (1989) Cystic tumors. In: Benign diseases of the vulva and vagina, 3rd ed. Year Book, Chicago, pp 237–285

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kent HL (1991) Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Keyzer C, Lilford R, Gordon W, Bloch B (1982) Pyoderma gangrenosum, vesicovaginal fistula and endometriosis. A case report. South Afr Med J 61:843–845

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Kiviat NB, Paavonen JA, Wølner-Hanssen P et al (1990) Histopathology of endocervical infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Hum Pathol 21:831–837

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Koenig C, Turnicky R, Kankam C, Tavassoli F (1997) Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma of the cervix: a report of 32 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:915–921

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Komisaruk BR, Whipple B, Komisaruk BR, Whipple B (2005) Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm in women. Ann Rev Sex Res 16:62–86

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kondi-Pafiti A, Grapsa D, Papakonstantinou K, Kairi-Vassilatou E, Xasiakos D (2008) Vaginal cysts: a common pathologic entity revisited. Clin Exper Obstet Gynecol 35(1):41–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N, Ohm-Smith M, Schachter J, Landers DV (1995) Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 85(3):387–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Koskela O (1964) Granular cell myoblastoma of the vagina. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 53:270–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kramer K, Tobin H (1987) Vaginitis emphysematosa. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:746–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kraus FT, Perez-Mesa C (1966) Verrucous carcinoma. Clinical and pathologic study of 105 cases involving oral cavity, larynx and genitalia. Cancer (Phila) 19:26–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Krause RM (1992) The origin of plagues: old and new. Science 257:1073–1078

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kurita T, Cunha GR, Robboy SJ, Mills AA, Medina RT (2005) Differential expression of p63 isoforms in female reproductive organs. Mech Dev 122(9):1043–1055

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kurman RJ, Norris HJ, Wilkinson E (1992) Tumors of the vagina. In: Atlas of tumor pathology, 3rd series, fasc 4. Tumors of the cervix, vagina, and vulva. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, pp 141–178

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kurman RJ, Prabha AC (1973) Thyroid and parathyroid glands in the vaginal wall: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 59:503–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kurman RJ, Toki T, Schiffman MH (1993) Basaloid and warty carcinomas of the vulva. Distinctive types of squamous cell carcinoma frequently associated with human papillomaviruses. Am J Surg Pathol 17(2):133–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lakshminarasimhan S, Doval DC, Rajashekhar U et al (1996) Preleukemic granulocytic sarcoma of vagina. A case report with review of literature. Indian J Cancer 33(3):145–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Lang WR, Israel SL, Fritz MA (1958) Staphylococcal vulvovaginitis. A report of two cases following antibiotic therapy. Obstet Gynecol 11:352–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Larsen B, Galask RP (1980) Vaginal microbial flora: practical and theoretic relevance. Obstet Gynecol 55:100S–113S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Larsson P-G, Platz-Christensen J-J, Sundström E (1991) Is bacterial vaginosis a sexually transmitted disease? Int J STD AIDS 2:362–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lenehan PM, Meffe F, Lickrish GM (1986) Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: biologic aspects and management. Obstet Gynecol 68:333–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Levine BB, Sriaganian RP, Schenkein I (1973) Allergy to human seminal plasma. N Engl J Med 288:894

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Levine WC, Pope V, Bhoomkar A et al (1998) Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis 177(1):167–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Levitan Z, Gordon AN, Kaplan AL, Kaufman RH (1989) Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: report of four cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 33:85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lifson AR (1992) Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds) AIDS: Etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, pp 111–117

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lin JI, Caracta PF, Chang CH et al (1979) Malacoplakia of the vagina. South Med J 72:326–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lindner JGEM, Plantema FHF, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JAA (1978) Quantitative studies of the vaginal flora of healthy women and of obstetric and gynaecologic patients. J Med Microbiol 11:233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Liu L-Y, Hou Y-J, Li J-Z (1987) Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: a report of seven cases. Obstet Gynecol 70:569–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lorenz G (1978) Adenomatoid tumor of the ovary and vagina. Zentbl Gynakkol 100:1412–1416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Lossick JG, Kent HL (1991) Trichomoniasis: trends in diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1217–1222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Lotan TL, Tefs K, Schuster V, Miller J, Manaligod J, Filstead A, Yamada SD, Krausz T (2007) Inherited plasminogen deficiency presenting as ligneous vaginitis: a case report with molecular correlation and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 38(10):1569–1575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lucas WE, Benirschke K, Lebherz TB (1974) Verrucous carcinoma of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119:435–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Ludwig K (1998) The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome. An analysis of its morphology and embryology. Part I: Morphology. Arch Gynecol Obstet 262(1–2):1–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Ludwig K (1998) The Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster syndrome. An analysis of its morphology and embryology. Part II: Embryology. Arch Gynecol Obstet 262(1–2):27–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Luttges JE, Lubke M (1994) Recurrent benign müllerian papilloma of the vagina. Immunohistological findings and histogenesis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 255(3):157–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. MacLeod C, Fowler A, Dalrymple C, Atkinson K, Elliott P, Carter J (1997) High-dose-rate brachy-therapy in the management of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 65(1):74–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Madico G, Quinn TC, Rompalo A, McKee KT Jr, Gaydos CA (1998) Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol 36(11):3205–3210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Maharaj NR, Nimako D, Hadley GP (2008) Multimodal therapy for the initial management of genital rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood. Int J Gynecol Cancer 18:190–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. March CM, Israel R (1976) Rectovaginal endometriosis: an isolated engima. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125:274–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Marcus SL (1960) Primary carcinoma of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 15:673

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Mårdh P-A (1991) The vaginal ecosystem. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1163–1168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Mårdh P-A, Holst E, Moller BR (1984) The Grivet monkey as a model for study of vaginitis. In: Mårdh P-A, Taylor-Robinson D (eds) Bacterial vaginosis. Almquist and Wiksell International, Stockholm, p 201

    Google Scholar 

  173. Mardh PA, Novikova N, Witkin SS, Korneeva I, Rodriques AR (2003) Detection of candida by polymerase chain reaction vs microscopy and culture in women diagnosed as recurrent vulvovaginal cases. Int J STD AIDS 14(11):753–756

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Masters WH (1960) The sexual response cycle of the human female. I. Gross anatomic considerations. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 68:57–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. McCluggage WG, Nirmala V, Radhakumari K (1999) Intramural mullerian papilloma of the vagina. Int J Gynecol Pathol 18:94–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W et al (1994) Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170(4):1048–1059; discussion 1059–1060

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. McKenna UG, Meadows JA, Brewer NS et al (1980) Toxic shock syndrome, a newly recognized disease entity. Report of 11 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 55:663–672

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. McLellan R, Spence MR, Brockman M et al (1982) The clinical diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Obstet Gynecol 60:30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. McLennan MT, Smith JM, McLennan CE (1972) Diagnosis of vaginal mycosis and trichomoniasis: reliability of cytologic smear, wet smear and culture. Obstet Gynecol 40:231–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Merkus JMWM, Bisschop MPJM, Stolte LAM (1985) The proper nature of vaginal candidosis and the problem of recurrence. Obstet Gynecol Surv 40:493–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Michal M, Rokyta Z, Mejchar B, Pelikan K, Kummel M, Mukensnabl P (2000) Prolapse of the fallopian tube after hysterectomy associated with exuberant angiomyofibroblastic stroma response: a diagnostic pitfall. Virchows Arch 437(4):436–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Miettinen M, Wahlström T, Vesterinen E, Saksela E (1983) Vaginal polyps with pseudosarcomatous features. A clinicopathologic study of seven cases. Cancer (Phila) 51:1148–1151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Miller CJ, Vogel P, Alexander NJ (1992) Localization of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques. Am J Pathol 141:655–660

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Minucci D, Cinel A, Insacco E, Oselladore M (1995) Epidemiological aspects of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 22(1):36–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Montgomery EA, Shuster DD, Burkart AL, Esteban JM, Sgrignoli A, Elwood L, Vaughn DJ, Griffin CA, Epstein JI (2006) Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the urinary tract: a clinicopathologic study of 46 cases, including a malignant example inflammatory fibrosarcoma and a subset associated with high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 30(12):1502–1512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Mucitelli DR, Charles EZ, Kraus FT (1990) Vulvovaginal polyps. Histologic appearance, ultrastructure, immunocytochemical characteristics and clinicopathologic correlations. Int J Gynecol Pathol 9:20–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. de Mundi ZA, del Alamo CM, de Blas LL, San Cristobal AA (1978) Egg of Trichuris trichiura in a vaginal smear. Acta Cytol 22:119–120

    Google Scholar 

  188. Munguia H, Franco E, Valenzuela P (1966) Diagnosis of genital amebiasis in women by the standard Papanicolaou technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 94:181–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Murad TM, Durant JR, Maddox WA, Dowling EA (1975) The pathologic behavior of primary vaginal carcinoma and its relationship to cervical cancer. Cancer (Phila) 35:787–794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Murdoch F, Sharma R, Al Nafussi A (2003) Benign mixed tumor of the vagina: case report with expanded immunohistochemical profile. Int J Gynecol Cancer 13:543–547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Murphy R (2004) Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. Dermatol Therapy 17(1):47–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  192. Murphy R, Edwards L (2008) Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: what is it? J Reprod Med 53(2):124–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Naves AE, Monti JA, Chichoni E (1980) Basal cell-like carcinoma of the upper third of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:136–137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Neesham D, Kerdemelidis P, Scurry J (1998) Primary malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 70(2):303–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Newton ER, Butler MC, Shain RN (1996) Sexual behavior and vaginal colonization by group B streptococcus among minority women. Obstet Gynecol 88(4 pt 1):577–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Newton ER, Piper J, Peairs W (1997) Bacterial vaginosis and intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176(3):672–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Newton WA, Soule EH, Hamoudi AB et al (1988) Histopathology of childhood sarcomas, intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma studies I and II: clinicopathologic correlation. J Clin Oncol 6:67–75

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Nilsson U, Hellberg D, Shoubnikova M, Nilsson S, Mardh PA (1997) Sexual behavior risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Dis 24(5):241–246

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Nogales-Ortiz F, Tarancón I, Nogales F (1979) The pathology of female genital tuberculosis. Obstet Gynecol 53:422–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Nucci MR, Young R, Fletcher C (2000) Cellular pseudosarcomatous fibroepithelial stromal polyps of the lower female genital tract: an underrecognized lesion often misdiagnosed as sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 24:231–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Okagaki T, Ishida T, Hilgers RD (1976) A malignant tumor of the vagina resembling synovial sarcoma. A light and electron microscopic study. Cancer (Phila) 37:2306–2320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Opitz JM (1987) Editorial comment: Vaginal atresia (von Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster or MRK anomaly) in hereditary renal adysplasia (HRA). Am J Med Genet 26:873–876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Östör AG, Fortune DW, Riley CB (1988) Fibroepithelial polyps with atypical stromal cells (pseudosarcoma botryoides) of vulva and vagina. A report of 13 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 7:351–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Palmer JP, Biback SM (1954) Primary cancer of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 67:377–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Paris AL, Herwaldt LA, Blum D et al (1982) Pathologic findings in twelve fatal cases of toxic shock syndrome. Ann Intern Med 96:852–857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Peipert JF, Montagno AB, Cooper AS, Sung CJ (1997) Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for upper genital tract infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177(5):1184–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Perez CA, Arneson AN, Dehner LP et al (1974) Radiation therapy in carcinoma of vagina. Obstet Gynecol 44:862

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Perez CA, Camel HM, Galakatos AE et al (1988) Definitive irradiation in carcinoma of the vagina: long-term evaluation of results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15:1283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Perez CA, Gersell DJ, Hoskins WJ, McGuire WP III (1992) Vagina. In: Hoskins WJ, Perez CA, Young RC (eds) Principles and practice of gynecologic oncology. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, pp 567–590

    Google Scholar 

  210. Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR et al (1988) Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections. JAMA 259:55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Peters WA, Kumar NB, Anderson WA, Morley GW (1985) Primary sarcoma of the adult vagina: a clinicopathologic study. Obstet Gynecol 65:699–704

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Peters WA, Kumar NB, Morley GW (1985) Carcinoma of the vagina: factors influencing treatment outcome. Cancer (Phila) 55:892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  213. Peters WA, Kumar NB, Morley GW (1985) Microinvasive carcinoma of the vagina: a distinct clinical entity? Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:505–507

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Petru E, Nagele F, Czerwenka K et al (1998) Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: long-term remission following radiation therapy. Gynecol Oncol 70(1):23–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Pezeshkpour G (1981) Solitary paraganglioma of the vagina. Report of a case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 139:219–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Pheifer TA, Forsyth PS, Durfee MA et al (1978) Nonspecific vaginitis. Role of Haemophilus vaginalis and treatment with metronidazole. N Engl J Med 298:1429–1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Platz C, Benda J (1995) Female genital tract cancer. Cancer (Phila) 75:270–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Plentl AA, Friedman EA (1971) Lymphatic system of the female genitalia. The morphologic basis of oncologic diagnosis and therapy. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 51–74

    Google Scholar 

  219. Podczaski E, Herbst AL (1986) Cancer of the vagina and fallopian tube. In: Knapp RC, Berkowitz RS (eds) Gynecologic oncology. Macmillan, New York, pp 399–424

    Google Scholar 

  220. Polasek P, Erickson L, Stanhope C (1995) Transverse vaginal septum associated with tubal atresia. Mayo Clin Proc 70(10):965–968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Prasad CJ, Ray JA, Kessler S (1992) Primary small cell carcinoma of the vagina arising in a background of atypical adenosis. Cancer (Phila) 70:2484–2487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Premptee T, Amornmarn R (1985) Radiation treatment of primary carcinoma of the vagina: patterns of failure after definitive therapy. Acta Radiol Oncol 24:51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Premptee T, Tang C-K, Hatef A et al (1983) Angiosarcoma of the vagina: a clinicopathologic report. Cancer (Phila) 51:618–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Prezyna AP, Kalyanaraman U (1977) Bowen’s carcinoma in vulvovaginal Crohn’s disease (regional enterocolitis). Report of first case. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:914–916

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Proppe KH, Scully RE, Rosai J (1984) Postoperative spindle cell nodules of genitourinary tract resembling sarcomas. A report of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 8:101–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Pul M, Yilmaz N, Gürses N, Ozoran Y (1990) Vaginal polyp in a newborn – a case report and review of the literature. Clin Pediatr 29:346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Qualman S, Coffin C, Newton W et al (1998) Intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study: update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1:550–561

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Raghavaiah NV, Devi AI (1980) Primary vaginal stones. J Urol 123:771–772

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Ragnarsson-Olding B, Johansson H, Rutqvist LE, Ringborg U (1993) Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina. Trends in incidence, age distribution, and long-term survival among 245 consecutive cases in Sweden 1960–1984. Cancer 71:1893–1897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Randall M, Andersen W, Mills S, Kim J-A (1986) Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Pathol 5:1–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Rajagopalan G, Smart MK, Murali N, Patel R, David CS (2007) Acute systemic immune activation following vaginal exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B – implications for menstrual shock. J Reprod Immunol 73(1):51–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Rajkumar S, Narayanaswamy G, Laude TA (1979) Shigella vulvovaginitis in childhood: a case report. J Natl Med Assoc 71:1005–1006

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Regan JA, Klebanoff MA, Nugent RP et al (1996) Colonization with group B streptococci in pregnancy and adverse outcome. VIP Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(4):1354–1360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Reid GC, Schmidt RW, Roberts JA et al (1989) Primary melanoma of the vagina: a clinicopathologic analysis. Obstet Gynecol 74:190–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Rein MF, Müller M (1990) Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Holmes KK, Mårdh P-A, Sparling PF, Wiesner PJ (eds) Sexually transmitted diseases, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  236. Resnick SD (1990) Toxic shock syndrome: recent developments in pathogenesis. J Pediatr 116:321–328

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Rhatigan RM, Mojadidi Q (1973) Adenosquamous carcinomas of the vulva and vagina. Am J Clin Pathol 59:208–217

    Google Scholar 

  238. Richart RM (1986) The incidence of cervical and vaginal dysplasia after exposure to DES. JAMA 255:36–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Robboy SJ (1983) A hypothetic mechanism of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced anomalies in prenatally exposed women. Hum Pathol 14:831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Robboy SJ, Kaufman RH, Prat J et al (1979) Pathologic findings in young women enrolled in national cooperative diethylstilbestrol adenosis (DESAD) project. Obstet Gynecol 53:309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Robboy SJ, Noller KL, O’Brien P et al (1984) Increased incidence of cervical and vaginal dysplasia in 3, 980 diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed young women: Experience of the National Collaborative DES-Adenosis (DESAD) Project. JAMA 252:2979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Robboy SJ, Taguchi O, Cunha GR (1982) Normal development of the human female reproductive tract and alterations resulting from experimental exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Hum Pathol 13:190–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Robboy SJ, Welch WR, Young RH et al (1982) Topographic relation of adenosis, clear cell adenocarcinoma and other related lesions of the vagina and cervix in DES-exposed progeny. Obstet Gynecol 60:546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Robboy SJ, Young RH, Welch WR et al (1984) Atypical (dysplastic) adenosis: forerunner and transitional state to clear cell adenocarcinoma in young women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Cancer (Phila) 54:869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Robboy SJ, Prade M, Cunha G (1992) Vagina. In: Sternberg SS (ed) Histology for pathologists. Raven Press, New York, pp 881–892.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Roberts WS, Hoffman MS, LaPolla JP et al (1991) Management of radionecrosis of the vulva and distal vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:1235–1238

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Roberts DK, Walker NJ, Parmley TH, Horbelt DV (1988) Interaction of epithelial and stromal cells in vaginal adenosis. Hum Pathol 19:855–861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Rorat E, Ferenczy A, Richart RM (1975) Human Bartholin gland, duct, and duct cyst. Histochemical and ultrastructural study. Arch Pathol 99:367–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Rose P, Stoler M, Abdul-Karim F (1998) Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma of the vagina. Int J Gynecol Pathol 17:372–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Rotmensch J, Rosenshein N, Dillon M et al (1983) Carcinoma arising in the neovagina: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol 61:534

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Rutledge F (1967) Cancer of the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 97:635–655

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Sanders CC, Sanders WE, Fagnant JE (1982) Toxic shock syndrome: an ecologic imbalance within the genital microflora of women? Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:977–982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Sangwan K, Khosla AH, Hazra PC (1996) Leiomyoma of the vagina. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 36(4):494–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Schmedding A, Zense M, Fuchs J, Gluer S (1997) Benign papilloma of the cervix in childhood: immunohistochemical findings and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 156(4):320–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Schwebke JR, Hillier SL, Sobel JD, McGregor JA, Sweet RL (1996) Validity of the vaginal Gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 88(4 pt 1):573–576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Scurry J, Planner R, Grant P (1991) Unusual variants of vaginal adenosis: a challenge for diagnosis and treatment. Gynecol Oncol 41(2):172–177

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Senekjian EK, Hubby M, Bell DA et al (1986) Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina and cervix in association with pregnancy. Gynecol Oncol 24:207–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Sheets JL, Dockerty MD, Decker DG, Welch JS (1964) Primary epithelial malignancy in the vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 89:121–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Shevchuk MM, Fenoglio CM, Lattes R (1978) Malignant mixed tumor of the vagina probably arising in mesonephric rests. Cancer (Phila) 42:214–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Sillman FH, Sedlis A, Boyce JG (1985) A review of lower genital intraepithelial neoplasia and the use of topical 5-fluorouracil. Obstet Gynecol Surv 40:190–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Sillman FH, Fruchter RG, Chen YS, Camilien L, Sedlis A, McTigue E (1997) Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: risk factors for persistence, recurrence, and invasion and its management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176(1 pt 1):93–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Silverberg SG, Frabler WJ (1974) Prolapse of fallopian tube into vaginal vault after hysterectomy. Histopathology, cytopathology, and differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol 97:100–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Sirota RL, Dickerson GR, Scully RE (1981) Mixed tumors of the vagina: a clinicopathologic analysis of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 5:413–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Smith YR, Quint EH, Hinton EL (1998) Recurrent benign mullerian papilloma of the cervix. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 11(1):29–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Sobel JD (1990) Vaginal infections in adult women. Med Clin North Am 74:1573–1602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Sobel JD (1994) Desquamative inflammatory vaginitis: a new subgroup of purulent vaginitis responsive to topical 2% clindamycin therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171(5):1215–1220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Sobel JD, Brooker D, Stein GE et al (1995) Single oral dose fluconazole compared with conventional clotrimazole topical therapy of Candida vaginitis. Fluconazole Vaginitis Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(4 pt 1):1263–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Soper DE, Brockwell NJ, Dalton HP, Johnson D (1994) Observations concerning the microbial etiology of acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170(4):1008–1014; discussion 1014–1017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Eschenbach D et al (1980) Anaerobic bacteria in nonspecific vaginitis. N Engl J Med 303:601–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Spitzer M, Molho L, Seltzer VL et al (1985) Vaginal glomus tumor: case presentation and ultrastructural findings. Obstet Gynecol 66:86S–88S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Strate SM, Taylor WE, Forney JP, Silva FG (1983) Xanthogranulomatous pseudotumor of the vagina: evidence of a local response to an unusual bacterium (mucoid Escherichia coli). Am J Clin Pathol 79:637–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Stuart GCE, Flagler EA, Nation JG et al (1988) Laser vaporization of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:240–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Sulak P, Barnhill D, Heller P et al (1988) Nonsquamous cancer of the vagina. Gynecol Oncol 29:309–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Sunderland WA, Harris HH, Spence DA, Lawson HW (1972) Meningococcemia in a newborn infant whose mother had meningococcal vaginitis (Letter to the Editor). J Pediatr 81(856):310

    Google Scholar 

  275. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS (1985) Infectious vulvovaginitis. In: Infectious diseases of the female genital tract. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp 89–96

    Google Scholar 

  276. Sweet RL (1995) Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 20(2):S271–S275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS (1985) Perinatal infections. Infectious diseases of the female genital tract. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp 206–214

    Google Scholar 

  278. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS (1985) Toxic shock syndrome. Infectious diseases of the female genital tract. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp 78–88

    Google Scholar 

  279. Takehara M, Hayakawa O, Itoh E, Sagae S, Suzuki T, Kudo R (1998) A case of a malignant mixed tumor in the vagina. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 24(1):7–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Tancer ML (1980) The post-total hysterectomy (vault) vesicovaginal fistula. J Urol 123:839–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Tarraza HM Jr, Meltzer SE, De Cain M, Jones MA (1998) Vaginal metastases from renal cell carcinoma: report of four cases and review of the literature. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 19(1):14–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Tazvassoli FA, Norris HJ (1979) Smooth muscle tumors of the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 53:689–693

    Google Scholar 

  283. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections (1993) Defining the Group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. JAMA 269:390–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  284. Thomason JL, Anderson RJ, Gelbart SM et al (1992) Simplified Gram stain interpretive method for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:16–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM (1989) Trichomonas vaginalis. Obstet Gynecol 74:536–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, Anderson RJ et al (1990) Statistical evaluation of diagnostic criteria for bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162:155–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Thorsen P, Jensen IP, Jeune B et al (1998) Few microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis may constitute the pathologic core: a population-based microbiologic study among 3596 pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178(3):580–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Tjugum J, Jonassen F, Olsson JH (1986) Vaginitis emphysematosa in a renal transplant patient. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65(377):378

    Google Scholar 

  289. Tobon H, Murphy AI (1977) Benign blue nevus of the vagina. Cancer (Phila) 40:3174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Todd J, Fishaut M, Kapral F, Welch T (1978) Toxic-shock syndrome associated with phage-group-I staphylococci. Lancet 2:1116–1118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Tohya T, Katabuchi H, Fukuma K et al (1991) Angiosarcoma of the vagina. A light and electronmicroscopy study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 70:169–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Torne A, Pahisa J, Castelo-Branco C, Fabregues F, Mallofre C, Iglesias X (1994) Solitary vaginal metastasis as a presenting form of unsuspected renal adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 52(2):260–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Tsokos M, Webber BL, Parham DM et al (1992) Rhabdomyosarcoma. A new classification scheme related to prognosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116:847–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Ulbright TM, Alexander RW, Kraus FT (1981) Intramural papilloma of the vagina: evidence of müllerian histogenesis. Cancer 48:2260–2266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Václavínková V, Neumann E (1981) Vaginal involvement in familial benign chronic pemphigus (morbus Hailey-Hailey). Acta Dermatoveneral (Stockh) 62:80–81

    Google Scholar 

  296. Van Lingen B, Reindollar R, Davis A, Gray M (1998) Further evidence that the WT1 gene does not have a role in the development of the derivatives of the mullerian duct. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179(3 pt 1):597–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. van den Broek N, Emmerson C, Dunlop W (1996) Benign mixed tumour of the vagina: an unusual cause for postmenopausal bleeding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 69(2):143–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  298. van der Meijden WI, Duivenvoorden HJ, Both-Patoir HC et al (1988) Clinical and laboratory findings in women with bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis versus controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 28:39–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Vasquez R, Collini P, Meazza C, Favini F, Casanova M (2008) Ferrari A. Late relapse of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, botyroid variant, of the vagina Cancer 51:140–141

    Google Scholar 

  300. Vazquez JA, Sobel JD, Demitriou R, Vaishampayan J, Lynch M, Zervos MJ (1994) Karyotyping of Candida albicans isolates obtained longitudinally in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Infect Dis 170(6):1566–1569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Venter PF, Anderson JD, Van Velden DJJ (1979) Postmenopausal endometriosis. A case report. South Afr Med J 56:1136–1138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. de Virgiliis G, Sideri M, Rossi A et al (1985) “DES-Like” anomalies. I. Biological and clinical problems. A study on 12, 285 cases. Cervix Low Female Genital Tract 3:297–312

    Google Scholar 

  303. Vontver LA, Eschenbach DA (1981) The role of gardnerella vaginalis in nonspecific vaginitis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 24:439–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Wager GP (1983) Toxic shock syndrome: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 146:93–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Waggoner SE, Mittendorf R, Biney N, Anderson D, Herbst AL (1994) Influence of in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure on the prognosis and biologic behavior of vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 55(2):238–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Waggoner SE, Anderson SM, Luce MC, Takahashi H, Boyd J (1996) p53 protein expression and gene analysis in clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. Gynecol Oncol 60(3):339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Ways SC, Mortola JF, Zvaifler NJ et al (1987) Alterations in immune responsiveness in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Fertil Steril 48:193–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Webb MJ, Symmonds RE, Weiland LH (1974) Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of vagina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 119:190–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Weber A, Walters M, Schover L, Mitchinson A (1995) Vaginal anatomy and sexual function. Obstet Gynecol 86(6):946–949

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Weinstock MA (1994) Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States: patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171(5):1225–1230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Wheelock JB, Schneider V, Goplerud DR (1985) Prolapsed fallopian tube masquerading as adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a postmenopausal woman. Gynecol Oncol 21:369–375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Williams GA (1965) Postsurgical and post-traumatic tumors. Clin Obstet Gynecol 8:1020–1034

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Wisniewski PM, Wilkinson EJ (1991) Postpartum vaginal atrophy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1249–1254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Witkin SS, Inglis SR, Polaneczky M (1996) Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction in introital specimens from pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175(1):165–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Wooduff JD, Parmley TH, Julian CG (1975) Topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of vaginal carcinoma in situ. Gynecol Oncol 3:124–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  316. Yokoyama Y, Sato S, Kawaguchi T, Saito Y (1998) A case of concurrent uterine cervical adenocarcinoma and renal-cell carcinoma, and subsequent vaginal metastasis from the renal-cell carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 24(1):37–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Young RH, Scully RE (1984) Endodermal sinus tumor of the vagina: a report of nine cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 18:380–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Yousem HL (1961) Adenocarcinoma of Gartner’s duct cyst presenting as a vaginal lesion. A case report. Sinai Hosp J 10:112–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Yow MD, Leeds LJ, Thompson PK et al (1980) The natural history of group B streptococcal colonization in the pregnant woman and her offspring. I. Colonization studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:34–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Zhang ZF (1996) Epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis. A prospective study in China. Sex Transm Dis 23(5):415–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, H179, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA

    Richard J. Zaino

  2. Brigham Women’s Hospital, Women’s Department of Pathology, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Marisa Nucci

  3. Departments of Gynecology, Obstetrics, Pathology and Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Weinberg Building Room 2242 401 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA

    Robert J. Kurman

Authors
  1. Richard J. Zaino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marisa Nucci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert J. Kurman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard J. Zaino .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Gynecology, Obstetrics, Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Director of Gynecologic Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg Building Room 2242, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA

    Robert J. Kurman (Richard W. TeLinde Distinguished Professor of Gynecologic Pathology) (Richard W. TeLinde Distinguished Professor of Gynecologic Pathology)

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 1015, New York, NY, 10065, USA

    Lora Hedrick Ellenson

  3. Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 401 N. Broadway, Weinberg Building 2242, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA

    Brigitte M. Ronnett

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Zaino, R.J., Nucci, M., Kurman, R.J. (2011). Diseases of the Vagina. In: Kurman, R.J., Ellenson, L.H., Ronnett, B.M. (eds) Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female Genital Tract. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0489-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0489-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0488-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0489-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation