Pain Status and Its Association with Physical Activity, Psychological Stress, and Telework among Japanese Workers with Pain during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Telework and Pain
4.2. Physical Activity and Pain
4.3. Psychological Stress and Pain
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Pain | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Augmented | Not Augmented | p-Value | ||
(N = 1941) | (n = 282) | (n = 1659) | ||
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Men | 1368 (70.5) | 182 (64.5) | 1186 (71.5) | 0.018 |
Women | 573 (29.5) | 100 (35.5) | 473 (28.5) | |
Age, years | 43 (33, 52) | 40 (30, 48) | 43 (33, 52) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1 (19.9, 24.7) | 21.6 (19.7, 24.4) | 22.2 (20.0, 24.7) | 0.143 |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Married | 962 (49.6) | 135 (47.9) | 827 (49.8) | 0.677 |
Unmarried | 850 (43.8) | 130 (46.1) | 720 (43.4) | |
Divorced or widowed | 129 (6.7) | 17 (6.0) | 112 (6.8) | |
Education level, n (%) | ||||
No college | 813 (41.9) | 107 (37.9) | 706 (42.6) | 0.147 |
College | 1128 (58.1) | 175 (62.1) | 953 (57.4) | |
Employment type, n (%) | ||||
Regular | 1167 (60.1) | 181 (64.2) | 986 (59.4) | 0.132 |
Non-regular | 774 (39.9) | 101 (35.8) | 673 (40.6) | |
Industry type, n (%) | ||||
Primary industry | 21 (1.1) | 5 (1.8) | 16 (1.0) | 0.444 |
Secondary industry | 463 (23.9) | 64 (22.7) | 399 (24.1) | |
Tertiary industry | 1328 (68.4) | 191 (67.7) | 1137 (68.5) | |
Others | 129 (6.6) | 22 (7.8) | 107 (6.4) | |
Conditions during COVID-19 pandemic | ||||
Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
Decreased | 916 (47.2) | 208 (73.8) | 708 (42.7) | <0.001 |
Not decreased | 1025 (52.8) | 74 (26.2) | 951 (57.3) | |
Psychological stress, n (%) | ||||
Increased | 908 (46.8) | 179 (63.5) | 729 (43.9) | <0.001 |
Not increased | 1033 (53.2) | 103 (36.5) | 930 (56.1) | |
Teleworking, n (%) | ||||
Started/increased | 521 (26.8) | 120 (42.6) | 401 (24.2) | <0.001 |
Not started/increased | 1420 (73.2) | 162 (57.4) | 1258 (75.8) |
Pain Augmented | Crude | Adjusted * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
Telework | Started/increased | 120 (23.0) | 2.32 | 1.79–3.02 | 2.27 | 1.68–3.06 |
Not started/increased | 162 (11.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Physical activity | Decreased | 208 (22.7) | 3.78 | 2.85–5.01 | 3.18 | 2.38–4.27 |
Not decreased | 74 (7.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Psychological stress | Increased | 179 (19.7) | 2.22 | 1.71–2.88 | 2.16 | 1.64–2.84 |
Not increased | 103 (10.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Pain Augmented | Crude | Adjusted * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | n (%) | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
Telework (+) and PA decreased (+) | 326 | 93 (28.5) | 6.65 | 4.55–9.72 | 7.45 | 4.97–11.18 |
Telework (−) and PA decreased (+) | 590 | 115 (19.5) | 4.03 | 2.82–5.77 | 3.74 | 2.60–5.38 |
Telework (+) and PA decreased (−) | 195 | 27 (13.8) | 2.68 | 1.62–4.42 | 3.18 | 1.88–5.36 |
Telework (−) and PA decreased (−) | 830 | 47 (5.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
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Yoshimoto, T.; Fujii, T.; Oka, H.; Kasahara, S.; Kawamata, K.; Matsudaira, K. Pain Status and Its Association with Physical Activity, Psychological Stress, and Telework among Japanese Workers with Pain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115595
Yoshimoto T, Fujii T, Oka H, Kasahara S, Kawamata K, Matsudaira K. Pain Status and Its Association with Physical Activity, Psychological Stress, and Telework among Japanese Workers with Pain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):5595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115595
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoshimoto, Takahiko, Tomoko Fujii, Hiroyuki Oka, Satoshi Kasahara, Kayo Kawamata, and Ko Matsudaira. 2021. "Pain Status and Its Association with Physical Activity, Psychological Stress, and Telework among Japanese Workers with Pain during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5595. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115595