Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Blood Testing
2.3.1. Biochemical Tests for Liver Fibrosis Assessment
2.3.2. HCV RNA Quantification and Genotyping
2.3.3. Multiplex Cytokine Bead Assay and sCD14
2.3.4. Other Tests
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Advanced Liver Fibrosis
3.3. Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines
3.4. Correlations of Inflammatory Cytokines with Advanced Liver Fibrosis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All No. (%) | FIB-4 Score | pa | |
---|---|---|---|---|
≤3.25 No. (%) | >3.25 No. (%) | |||
Overall | 343 (100.0) | 155 (45.2) | 188 (54.8) | |
Age, years | ||||
Median (IQR) | 35.4 (31.3–39.3) | 34.6 (30.2–38.6) | 36.0 (31.8–40.3) | 0.029 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 336 (98.0) | 151 (97.4) | 185 (98.4) | 0.796 |
Female | 7 (2.0) | 4 (2.6) | 3 (1.6) | |
Marital status | 0.210 | |||
Unmarried | 130 (37.9) | 61 (39.4) | 69 (36.7) | |
Married | 178 (51.9) | 74 (47.7) | 104 (55.3) | |
Divorced/widowed | 35 (10.2) | 20 (12.9) | 15 (8.0) | |
Ethnicity | 0.151 | |||
Han | 157 (45.8) | 62 (40.0) | 95 (50.5) | |
Dai | 112 (32.6) | 60 (38.7) | 52 (27.7) | |
Jingpo | 62 (18.1) | 28 (18.1) | 34 (18.1) | |
Others | 12 (3.5) | 5 (3.2) | 7 (3.7) | |
HIV transmission route | 0.185 | |||
IDU | 314 (91.5) | 140 (90.3) | 174 (92.6) | |
Others | 29 (8.5) | 15 (9.7) | 14 (7.4) | |
Glucose level (IQR) | 5.20 (4.32–6.00) | 5.29 (4.31–6.03) | 5.16 (4.37–5.89) | 0.489 |
Baseline CD4, cells/ul | 0.618 | |||
<200 | 98 (29.0) | 40 (26.3) | 58 (31.2) | |
200–349 | 139 (41.1) | 65 (42.8) | 74 (39.8) | |
≥350 | 101 (29.9) | 47 (30.9) | 54 (29.0) | |
Current CD4, cells/ul | 0.511 | |||
<200 | 21 (6.1) | 7 (4.5) | 14 (7.4) | |
200–349 | 52 (15.2) | 23 (14.8) | 29 (15.4) | |
≥350 | 270 (78.7) | 125 (80.6) | 145 (77.1) | |
HCV RNA | 0.234 | |||
Undetectable | 105 (30.6) | 53 (34.2) | 52 (27.7) | |
Detectable | 238 (69.4) | 102 (65.8) | 136 (72.3) | |
HIV RNA | 0.053 | |||
Undetectable | 264 (89.3) | 126 (88.1) | 138 (79.3) | |
Detectable | 53 (10.7) | 17 (11.9) | 36 (20.7) | |
Years on cART | 5.7 (4.2–8.4) | 5.1 (3.9–7.6) | 6.1 (4.4–8.9) | 0.001 |
HBsAg positive | 0.685 | |||
Yes | 30 (8.7) | 12 (7.7) | 18 (9.6) | |
No | 313 (91.3) | 143 (92.3) | 170 (90.4) | |
cART regimen, % | 0.012 | |||
NVP (vs. EFV/RTV) | 136 (39.7) | 52 (33.5) | 84 (44.7) | |
TDF (vs. AZT/d4T/DDI) | 147 (42.9) | 80 (51.6) | 67 (35.6) | |
Others | 60 (17.4) | 23 (14.8) | 37 (19.7) | |
HCV genotype | 0.182 | |||
1 | 46 (16.0) | 23 (18.1) | 23 (14.4) | |
3 | 135 (47.0) | 52 (40.9) | 83 (51.9) | |
6 | 106 (37.0) | 52 (40.9) | 54 (33.8) |
Overall | FIB-4 Score | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
≤3.25 | >3.25 | |||
Pro-inflammatory | ||||
IL-1β | 9.8 (5.0, 46.9) | 8.0 (4.6, 33.8) | 11.3 (5.2, 63.0) | 0.005 |
IL-2 | 6.9 (0.50, 87.0) | 6.1 (0.5, 63.4) | 9.6 (0.5, 95.6) | 0.216 |
IL-6 | 19.8 (6.8, 46.3) | 16.3 (4.8, 37.0) | 23.6 (10.2, 54.6) | 0.001 |
IL-7 | 14.4 (6.2, 29.8) | 13.2 (5.3, 24.6) | 15.6 (6.4, 35.0) | 0.038 |
IL-8 | 63.6 (32.5, 123.9) | 56.0 (31.7, 117.5) | 73.0 (34.5, 123.8) | 0.166 |
IL-9 | 92.8 (39.4, 267.5) | 81.5 (32.7, 183.4) | 103.0 (50.0, 337.1) | 0.009 |
IL-12 | 27.0 (1.9, 73.0) | 20.9 (1.5, 58.3) | 32.4 (3.7, 93.5) | 0.006 |
IL-15 | 23.0 (5.3, 112.1) | 14.8 (5.3, 86.4) | 27.6 (5.3, 127.0) | 0.046 |
IL-17 | 92.2 (11.1, 146.6) | 46.0 (9.7, 129.0) | 106.3 (13.8, 154.1) | 0.016 |
G-CSF | 52.0 (27.2–82.0) | 44.5 (20.7, 89.7) | 54.8 (36.1, 80.1) | 0.278 |
GM-CSF | 93.7 (0.3, 238.3) | 17.6 (0.2, 196.2) | 121.0 (2.2, 269.3) | <0.001 |
IFN-γ | 41.0 (13.8, 72.4) | 29.9 (5.0, 65.7) | 47.0 (26.9, 75.2) | 0.002 |
TNF-α | 46.0 (31.1, 70.0) | 40.8 (27.1, 70.3) | 50.5 (35.6, 68.3) | 0.015 |
Anti-inflammatory | ||||
IL-1rα | 324.5 (141.0, 755.4) | 288.9 (124.1, 722.8) | 338.1 (156.0, 801.7) | 0.210 |
IL-4 | 5.6 (2.9, 61.0) | 5.1 (2.6, 11.2) | 5.9 (3.3, 80.0) | 0.008 |
IL-5 | 10.0 (4.5, 22.0) | 10.6 (4.3, 20.0) | 10.0 (4.7, 23.0) | 0.632 |
IL-10 | 9.9 (0.7, 61.0) | 7.4 (0.7, 40.8) | 11.8 (0.7, 71.6) | 0.001 |
IL-13 | 8.4 (3.0, 32.0) | 6.6 (2.1, 20.9) | 10.1 (3.7, 34.1) | 0.006 |
Chemoattractant | ||||
IP-10 | 2390.3 (1331.0, 4196.2) | 2322.5 (1244.2, 4004.6) | 2565.7 (1492.8, 4208.3) | 0.335 |
MCP-1 | 46.1 (14.9, 88.2) | 32.9 (14.2, 77.0) | 53.2 (16.0, 112.9) | 0.013 |
MIP-1α | 4.9 (3.0, 37.0) | 5.1 (2.6, 19.2) | 4.8 (3.4, 42.3) | 0.102 |
MIP-1β | 132.2 (84.1, 410.5) | 126.0 (87.6, 235.9) | 142.5 (80.4, 551.3) | 0.229 |
RANTES | 19,871.0 (11759.0, 69279.6) | 19,700.5 (9854.2, 69279.6) | 19,979.5 (13163.8, 69279.6) | 0.881 |
Growth factor | ||||
Eotaxin | 182.7 (117.7, 294.1) | 179.1 (117.6, 263.7) | 193.0 (118.6, 324.2) | 0.126 |
FGF-basic | 66.0 (9.8, 104.5) | 40.9 (4.35, 97.1) | 79.5 (30.6, 107.0) | 0.001 |
PDGF-BB | 2840.7 (1266.9, 4561.9) | 2750.9 (1323.52, 4295.5) | 2924.1 (1231.3, 4616.9) | 0.978 |
VEGF | 105.0 (27.05, 215.1) | 94.0 (7.6, 196.9) | 111.7 (47.0, 230.5) | 0.050 |
Microbial Translocation | ||||
sCD14 | 3.0 (2.2, 4.2) | 2.9 (2.2, 3.9) | 3.2 (2.2, 4.7) | 0.094 |
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Chen, X.; Liu, X.; Duan, S.; Tang, R.; Zhou, S.; Ye, R.; Yang, Y.; Wang, J.; Yao, S.; He, N. Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249474
Chen X, Liu X, Duan S, Tang R, Zhou S, Ye R, Yang Y, Wang J, Yao S, He N. Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249474
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiaochen, Xing Liu, Song Duan, Renhai Tang, Sujuan Zhou, Runhua Ye, Yuecheng Yang, Jibao Wang, Shitang Yao, and Na He. 2020. "Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis in HIV–HCV-Coinfected Individuals" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249474