Associations between Levels of Urinary Oxidative Stress of 8-OHdG and Risk of Atopic Diseases in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Definitions of Cases, Controls, and Types of Atopic Diseases
2.3. Data Collection and Laboratory Methods for Urine Samples
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Relations of Urinary 8-OHdG to the Risks of Atopic Diseases
3.3. The Associations of Urinary 8-OHdG Levels and Atopic Phenotypes in Children with AD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Case | Control | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 200) | (n = 200) | ||
Children | |||
Age | 5.55 ± 1.25 | 5.69 ± 0.93 | 0.19 |
Male gender (%) | 116 (58.0%) | 101 (50.5%) | 0.10 |
Premature birth (<37 weeks) (%) | 13 (6.5%) | 19 (9.5%) | 0.26 |
Birth body weight (gm) | 3199 ± 413 | 3104 ± 493 | 0.49 |
Body mass index (BMI) | 16.2 ± 1.90 | 16.0 ± 1.91 | 0.32 |
Z-score of BMI | 0.18 ± 1.12 | 0.30 ± 1.14 | 0.34 |
Percentage of BMI | 55.9 ± 31.5 | 59.4 ± 28.8 | 0.28 |
Urinary 8-OHdG (ng/mg Cr) | 35.6 ± 27.7 | 26.2 ± 17.6 | <0.001 |
Asthma (%) | 49 (25.4%) | 4 (2.00%) | <0.001 |
Allergic rhinitis (%) | 99 (50.8%) | 8 (4.00%) | <0.001 |
Night pruritus (%) | 71 (35.5%) | 2 (1.00%) | <0.001 |
Mothers | |||
Maternal age at delivery (years) | 30.0 ± 4.19 | 30.2 ± 4.35 | 0.20 |
Maternal education (%) * | |||
Junior high school and below | 6 (3.0%) | 7 (4.0%) | 0.79 |
Senior high school and above | 191 (97.0%) | 192 (96.0%) | |
Maternal Nationality (%) * | |||
Taiwan | 188 (96.4%) | 188 (94.4%) | 0.36 |
Foreign countries | 7 (3.60%) | 11 (5.60%) | |
Parental history of atopy (%) | 63 (31.5%) | 81 (40.5%) | 0.26 |
Environment | |||
Duration of breast feeding (%) * | |||
No | 35 (18.1%) | 43 (22.2%) | 0.61 |
<6 months | 110 (57.0%) | 105 (54.1%) | |
≥6 months | 48 (24.9%) | 46 (23.7%) | |
Daily additional supplementation of vitamin C or E intake (%) | 67 (37.0%) | 76 (40.4%) | 0.49 |
Number of older siblings < 2 (%) | 160 (80.0%) | 170 (85.0%) | 0.31 |
Daycare < 1-year-old (%) | 59 (29.5%) | 39 (19.5%) | 0.02 |
Furry pets at home (%) | 29 (14.5%) | 43 (21.5%) | 0.08 |
Carpets at home (%) | 17 (8.50%) | 13 (6.50%) | 0.39 |
Fungus on house wall (%) | 81 (40.5%) | 73 (36.5%) | 0.36 |
Exposures of environmental tobacco smoke (%) | 112 (56.0%) | 102 (51.0%) | 0.24 |
Family income per month ($USD) (%) * | |||
<20,000 | 62 (34.1%) | 64 (33.5%) | 0.39 |
20,000~33,300 | 51 (28.0%) | 65 (34.0%) | |
≥33,300 | 69 (37.9%) | 62 (32.5%) |
Factors | Model 0 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atopic Dermatitis | Asthma | Allergic Rhinitis | Night Pruritus | |||||
Crude OR | p-Value | Crude OR | p-Value | Crude OR | p-Value | Crude OR | p-Value | |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||
Urinary 8-OHdG levels (ng/mg Cr) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 | 1.004 (0.996–1.013) | 0.33 | 1.003 (0.993–1.013) | 0.60 |
Atopic dermatitis | - | - | 16.7 (5.85–47.0) | <0.001 | 24.6 (11.5–52.7) | <0.001 | 54.5 (13.1–226) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.29 | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | 0.11 | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | 0.11 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 0.45 |
Gender (male) | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) | 0.34 | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | 0.27 | 0.80 (0.48–1.35) | 0.41 |
Daycare < 1-year-old | 1.56 (0.98–2.47) | 0.06 | 1.57 (0.83–2.94) | 0.16 | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 0.30 | 1.43 (0.81–2.51) | 0.21 |
Furry pets at home | 0.62 (0.37–1.05) | 0.07 | 0.55 (0.22–1.33) | 0.18 | 0.74 (0.41–1.37) | 0.34 | 0.86 (0.44–1.70) | 0.66 |
Tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy | 4.15 (0.47–37.5) | 0.20 | 4.48 (0.73–27.5) | 0.11 | 1.89 (0.31–11.5) | 0.49 | 2.93 (0.48–17.9) | 0.24 |
Parental history of atopy | 1.23 (0.83–1.84) | 0.30 | 1.62 (0.89–2.95) | 0.12 | 1.61 (1.01–2.56) | 0.04 | 2.02 (1.19–3.46) | 0.01 |
Z-score of body mass index | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) | 0.34 | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 0.76 | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.23 | 1.15 (0.89–1.48) | 0.28 |
Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | 0.65 (0.31–1.36) | 0.25 | 0.41 (0.10–1.78) | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.46–2.31) | 0.94 | 1.25 (0.52–3.02) | 0.62 |
Family income per month ($USD) | 0.46 | 0.82 | 0.47 | 0.76 | ||||
<20,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
20,000~33,300 | 0.90 (0.54–1.49) | 0.67 | 1.01 (0.49–2.07) | 0.97 | 0.76 (0.43–1.35) | 0.35 | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 0.98 |
≥33,300 | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) | 0.42 | 0.82 (0.40–1.69) | 0.59 | 0.72 (0.42–1.26) | 0.26 | 1.22 (0.66–2.25) | 0.53 |
Duration of breast feeding | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.56 | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
<6 months | 1.25 (0.74–2.09) | 0.41 | 0.57 (0.28–1.14) | 0.11 | 1.26 (0.70–2.27) | 0.44 | 1.48 (0.72–3.04) | 0.29 |
≥6 months | 1.17 (0.64–2.13) | 0.62 | 0.67 (0.30–1.52) | 0.34 | 0.78 (0.39–1.59) | 0.50 | 1.44 (0.64–3.27) | 0.38 |
Factors | Model 1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atopic Dermatitis | Asthma | Allergic Rhinitis | Night Pruritus | |||||
Adjusted OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | Adjusted OR | p-Value | |
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||
Urinary 8-OHdG levels (ng/mg Cr) * | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 | 1.004 (0.996-1.013) | 0.33 | 1.003 (0.993–1.013) | 0.60 |
Atopic dermatitis * | - | - | 16.7 (5.85–47.0) | <0.001 | 24.6 (11.5–52.7) | <0.001 | 54.5 (13.1–226) | <0.001 |
Age (years) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.29 | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) | 0.11 | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) | 0.11 | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 0.45 |
Gender (male) | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) | 0.34 | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | 0.27 | 0.80 (0.48–1.35) | 0.41 |
Daycare < 1-year-old | 1.56 (0.98–2.47) | 0.06 | 1.57 (0.83–2.94) | 0.16 | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 0.30 | 1.43 (0.81–2.51) | 0.21 |
Furry pets at home | 0.62 (0.37–1.05) | 0.07 | 0.55 (0.22–1.33) | 0.18 | 0.74 (0.41–1.37) | 0.34 | 0.86 (0.44–1.70) | 0.66 |
Tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy | 4.15 (0.47–37.5) | 0.20 | 4.48 (0.73–27.5) | 0.11 | 1.89 (0.31–11.5) | 0.49 | 2.93 (0.48–17.9) | 0.24 |
Parental history of atopy | 1.23 (0.83–1.84) | 0.30 | 1.62 (0.89–2.95) | 0.12 | 1.61 (1.01–2.56) | 0.04 | 2.02 (1.19–3.46) | 0.01 |
Z-score of body mass index | 1.10 (0.91–1.32) | 0.34 | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 0.76 | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | 0.23 | 1.15 (0.89-1.48) | 0.28 |
Preterm birth (<37 weeks) | 0.65 (0.31–1.36) | 0.25 | 0.41 (0.10–1.78) | 0.24 | 1.03 (0.46–2.31) | 0.94 | 1.25 (0.52–3.02) | 0.62 |
Family income per month ($USD) | 0.46 | 0.82 | 0.47 | 0.76 | ||||
<20,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
20,000~33,300 | 0.90 (0.54–1.49) | 0.67 | 1.01 (0.49–2.07) | 0.97 | 0.76 (0.43–1.35) | 0.35 | 0.99 (0.52–1.90) | 0.98 |
≥33,300 | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) | 0.42 | 0.82 (0.40–1.69) | 0.59 | 0.72 (0.42–1.26) | 0.26 | 1.22 (0.66–2.25) | 0.53 |
Duration of breast feeding | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.56 | ||||
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
<6 months | 1.25 (0.74–2.09) | 0.41 | 0.57 (0.28–1.14) | 0.11 | 1.26 (0.70–2.27) | 0.44 | 1.48 (0.72–3.04) | 0.29 |
≥6 months | 1.17 (0.64–2.13) | 0.62 | 0.67 (0.30–1.52) | 0.34 | 0.78 (0.39–1.59) | 0.50 | 1.44 (0.64–3.27) | 0.38 |
Urinary 8-OHdG Levels (ng/mg Cr) | Total | Number of Atopic Phenotypes (%) | Adjusted OR | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 200 | (95% CI) | |||
Asthma | 0.02 | |||
Q1: <17.68 | 50 | 16 (32.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 17.68–26.38 | 50 | 14 (28.0%) | 1.17 (0.47–2.89) | |
Q3: 26.38–42.7 | 50 | 8 (16.0%) | 1.02 (0.40–2.60) | |
Q4: >42.7 | 50 | 11 (22.0%) | 2.71 (1.14–6.43) | |
Allergic rhinitis | 0.05 | |||
Q1: <17.68 | 50 | 32 (64.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 17.68–26.38 | 50 | 28 (56.0%) | 1.10 (0.49–2.49) | |
Q3: 26.38–42.7 | 50 | 19 (38.0%) | 1.39 (0.61–3.20) | |
Q4: >42.7 | 50 | 20 (40.0%) | 2.13 (0.93–4.89) | |
Night pruritus | 0.18 | |||
Q1: <17.68 | 50 | 21 (42.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 17.68–26.38 | 50 | 18 (36.0%) | 1.08 (0.46–2.54) | |
Q3: 26.38–42.7 | 50 | 16 (32.0%) | 1.13 (0.48–2.68) | |
Q4: >42.7 | 50 | 16 (32.0%) | 2.20 (0.95–5.09) |
Urinary 8-OHdG Levels (ng/mg Cr) | Total | Number of Atopic Phenotypes (%) | Adjusted OR | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 200 | (95% CI) | |||
Asthma | 0.67 | |||
Q1: <14.94 | 50 | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 14.94–21.24 | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0-na) | |
Q3: 21.24–34.18 | 50 | 2 (4.0%) | 4.01 (0.16–103) | |
Q4: >34.18 | 50 | 1 (2.0%) | 0.79 (0.03–23.0) | |
Allergic rhinitis | 0.35 | |||
Q1: <14.94 | 50 | 2 (4.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 14.94–21.24 | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0-na) | |
Q3: 21.24–34.18 | 50 | 3 (6.0%) | 3.53 (0.28–44.7) | |
Q4: >34.18 | 50 | 3 (6.0%) | 3.27 (0.26–42.0) | |
Night pruritus | >0.99 | |||
Q1: <14.94 | 50 | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (reference) | |
Q2: 14.94–21.24 | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0-na) | |
Q3: 21.24–34.18 | 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0-na) | |
Q4: >34.18 | 50 | 1 (2.0%) | 1.98 (0.04–104) |
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Chen, P.-Y.; Chen, C.-W.; Su, Y.-J.; Chang, W.-H.; Kao, W.-F.; Yang, C.-C.; Wang, I.-J. Associations between Levels of Urinary Oxidative Stress of 8-OHdG and Risk of Atopic Diseases in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218207
Chen P-Y, Chen C-W, Su Y-J, Chang W-H, Kao W-F, Yang C-C, Wang I-J. Associations between Levels of Urinary Oxidative Stress of 8-OHdG and Risk of Atopic Diseases in Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218207
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Pang-Yen, Chien-Wei Chen, Yu-Jang Su, Wen-Han Chang, Wei-Fong Kao, Chen-Chang Yang, and I-Jen Wang. 2020. "Associations between Levels of Urinary Oxidative Stress of 8-OHdG and Risk of Atopic Diseases in Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218207