Published online Jan 22, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.2.283
Metabolic Syndrome with Hyperglycemia and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke
Abstract
Purpose
The association of ischemic stroke and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) is not clear. The present study aimed to identify the impact of diabetes or hyperglycemia on the risk of MetSyn-associated ischemic stroke.
Materials and Methods
This study comprised an Asian population of 576 patients with acute nonembolic cerebral infarction and 500 controls. MetSyn was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. MetSyn patients were further subgrouped according to their glucose levels: MetSyn with DM, MetSyn with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and MetSyn with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The impact of MetSyn on cerebral infarction was then evaluated.
Results
At baseline, the prevalence of MetSyn in patients with cerebral infarction was higher than that of the controls (57.29% vs. 10.00%, p<0.01). In the stroke group, the prevalences of MetSyn with DM, IFG, and NGT were 25.69%, 8.85% and 22.74%, respectively, all of which were higher than that of the controls (all p-values <0.05). By multiple logistic regression analysis, we discovered that MetSyn was associated with an increased risk of cerebral infarction (odds ratio: 5.73, p<0.01). After adjustment for all the components of MetSyn, the odds ratios of MetSyn with DM, IFG, and NGT were 5.70, 2.24 and 2.19 (all p-values <0.05), respectively.
Conclusion
In Asian population, patients with MetSyn accompanied by T2DM are at the greatest risk for acute non-embolic stroke. Additionally, IFG was not observed to be associated with an increased risk for MetSyn-related ischemic stroke.
INTRODUCTION
Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a constellation of inter-related metabolic abnormalities that include insulin resistance, diabetes, elevated blood pressure, obesity, and dyslipidemia. MetSyn is recognized to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.1-4 Several epidemiologic studies have indicated that MetSyn involves an increased risk of ischemic stroke.3, 5-10
As defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program and the Third Adult Treatment Panel,11 many of the features of MetSyn such as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) can be used as predictors of diabetes. Thus, MetSyn may indicate a prediabetic state.12-14 Nevertheless, there is controversial evidence regarding the incremental vascular risk associated with MetSyn without diabetes mellitus (DM). A recent study8 of T2DM subjects with MetSyn indicated that T2DM did not increase the risk of ischemic stroke. In the present population-based case-control study, we evaluated MetSyn with and without DM or IFG as risk factors of acute ischemic/nonembolic stroke.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
A total of 576 patients (346 men, 230 women) who were hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke (within 2 weeks from symptom onset) from June 2004 to January 2007 at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University were included as the stroke group. Additionally, 500 volunteers (301 men, 199 women), who were consecutively evaluated as part of the medical examinations, were included as the control group. This study received ethical approval from the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects before enrollment in the study.
Subjects in the control group were matched with the stroke group for both age and sex (Table 1). Among these, subjects with a history of stroke were excluded. Criteria for inclusion in the study were as follows: 1) patients who visited the Department of Neurology at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University within 12 h of the onset of symptoms; 2) the diagnosis of acute ischemic/nonembolic stroke was based on history (clinical course, associated symptoms such as facial paralysis, slurred speech, dysarthria, and hemiparesis), physical examinations (including neurologic and cardiac assessments), and radiologic study (initial noncontrast brain CT scan or MRI). Further confirmation included full cardiac evaluation (history and physical electrocardiograms) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound to exclude a cardiac or carotid artery source of embolism. Subjects with a history of active infections, neoplasia, renal or liver diseases, and thyroid dysfunction were excluded.
Table 1
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of the Study Population
Vascular risk factors
Body weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Body mass index was calculated as the weight of the subjects in kilograms divided by the square of their height in meters.15 After fasting for 8 hours, blood samples were taken to assess plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. In addition, subjects were administered an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) once their fasting plasma glucose level reached ≥5.6 mmol/L. Cigarette smoking status data were collected in a structured interview. All laboratory and clinical investigations were evaluated 4 weeks after the onset of acute ischemic stroke.
Definition of IFG and T2DM
Normal fasting glucose, IFG, and T2DM were defined according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association.16 Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of <5.6 mmol/L or a 2-h OGTT glucose of <7.8 mmol/L. IFG was considered for a fasting plasma glucose level of 5.6-6.9 mmol/L.17 We defined IGT as a 2-h OGTT glucose level of 7.8-11.0 mmol/L. T2DM was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L, a 2-h OGTT glucose of ≥11.1 mmol/L, or the use of hypoglycemic drug therapy.
Definition of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn)
According to the International Diabetes Federation definition,16 participants were defined as having MetSyn if he or she demonstrated central obesity (a waist circumference of ≥90 cm in men or ≥80 cm in women based on the Asia-Pacific consensus15) plus two or more of the following criteria: 1) a triglyceride level of ≥1.69 mmol/L (150 mg/dL); 2) a HDL-C level of <1.04 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) in men and <1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) in women; 3) systolic or diastolic blood pressure of ≥130/85 mm Hg or previously diagnosed hypertension; and 4) a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) or a previous diagnosis of T2DM.
Statistical analyses
First, the chi-square (χ2) test was used to evaluate differences in baseline characteristics among MetSyn and different glucose status categories. Then multiple logistic regression models were employed to determine the multivariate associations of MetSyn after adjusting for cofounders, components and other vascular disease risk factors. All odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for all subjects with MetSyn accompanied by DM, IFG, or NGT. The component conditions of MetSyn were included as categorical variables. All analyses were carried out with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 11.0 software (Beijing Hope Electronic Press, Beijing, China). All reported p-values are two-tailed, and p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Prevalence of MetSyn according to glucose status (DM, IFG, and NGT)
MetSyn was more frequent among patients with acute ischemic/nonembolic stroke compared to those in the control group (57.29% vs. 10.00%, χ2=262.048, p<0.01). Compared to the controls, participants with stroke exhibited a higher prevalence of MetSyn with DM (25.69% vs. 3.20%, p<0.001), IFG (8.85% vs. 2.20%, p<0.001), and NGT (22.74% vs. 4.60%, p<0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2
Prevalence of MetSyn According to Glucose Status
Prevalence of DM, IFG, NGT according to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
There were 363 participants who demonstrated a fasting glucose level of ≥5.6 mmol/L in the stroke group. According to OGTT, 87 participants were diagnosed as diabetic, 72 participants had IFG, 106 participants were IGT, 17 participants were both IFG and IGT, and 81 participants were NGT. In other words, according to OGTT, the detected prevalences of DM, IFG and IGT were 23.97%, 24.52% and 33.88%, respectively, in the stroke group. In contrast, in the control group, 74 participants were administered the OGTT, and among them, 16 participants had DM, 14 participants had IFG, and 22 participants were IGT. The prevalence of DM was 21.62%.
Ischemic stroke is associated with MetSyn in subjects of different glucose status
On multiple logistic regression analysis, after adjustment for age, gender and smoking habits, the ORs for ischemic stroke were 11.24 (95% CI: 6.49-19.48, p<0.001) in subjects with MetSyn and DM; 4.60 (95% CI: 2.43-8.68, p<0.00) in subjects with MetSyn and IFG; and 4.15 (95% CI: 2.45-7.05, p<0.001) in subjects with MetSyn and NGT. When further adjusted for other known components of MetSyn, such as hypertension, high serum LDL-C and central obesity, the risk remained, and the ORs of ischemic stroke were 5.70, 2.24, and 2.19 in subjects with MetSyn and DM, IFG, or NGT, respectively (p<0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3
MetSyn-Associated Ischemic Stroke in Subjects of Different Glucose Status
DISCUSSION
The present results suggest that MetSyn is a strong independent risk factor for acute ischemic/nonembolic stroke. This association was not attenuated after adjustment for the presence of established cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors, such as age, gender, current smoking, DM or hypertension. The prevalence of MetSyn was significantly higher among subjects with ischemic stroke compared to the controls (57.29% vs.10.00%, p<0.05), independent of other confounding factors such as age, gender and smoking. The OR for ischemic stroke was 11.24 (95% CI: 6.49-19.48, p<0.001) in subjects with both MetSyn and DM, while after further adjustment for other known MetSyn components, such as hypertension, high serum LDL-C and central obesity, the OR for ischemic stroke was 5.70 in subjects with both MetSyn and DM. These results are in agreement with recent studies18-20 that showed that MetSyn is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke morbidity and mortality, with risk estimates ranging from 2- to 14.7-fold.
According to the multiple logistic regression analyses performed in this study, MetSyn with or without DM was found to be associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The risk of ischemic stroke in subjects with both MetSyn and DM was higher compared to subjects with MetSyn only but no DM, indicating that MetSyn could be used as a risk factor of ischemic stroke, even in the absence of DM. It should be noted that there is controversial evidence regarding the incremental vascular risk associated with MetSyn in non-DM subjects, as recent data from a study of T2DM subjects with MetSyn showed that ischemic stroke risk did not increase as a function of MetSyn.8 Differences between the results of that study and ours may be due to the differences in the ethnicities of the subjects (Greek patients with a Mediterranean diet vs. Asians). In addition, the mean age of the diabetic population in their study was lower than that of our study subjects (stroke group 64.8±7.2 vs. 63.00±11.78, controls 59.7±9 vs. 62.78±8.46, respectively).
According to the Framingham Offspring Study,21 MetSyn is almost three times as prevalent as diabetes, imposes greater adverse impact and accounts for more strokes than overt diabetes. In other words, the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and stroke is more attributable to MetSyn than to diabetes. However, the Northern Manhattan Study,22 a multiethnic, prospective, population-based cohort study of nondiabetic individuals, showed that insulin resistance estimated by a homeostasis model assessment in the fourth quartile (vs. quartiles 1-3) is associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of first ischemic stroke. After adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors, including glucose level and obesity, MetSyn did not attenuate the association with ischemic stroke. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify whether MetSyn is associated with ischemic stroke in DM and non-DM individuals.
In the present study, MetSyn-associated ischemic stroke was similar in groups with IFG or NGT (with ORs of 2.24 and 2.19, respectively). This is in agreement with recent studies, in which IFG was not associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke,23 while IGT (a glucose level of 140-199 mg/dL 2 h after a glucose load) was significantly associated with ischemic stroke.24 In addition, we found that 23.97% of subjects with DM in the present study were not diagnosed by the measurement of fasting glucose alone. These are important findings, because the standard definition of MetSyn is a fasting glucose of ≥5.6 mmol/L or previously diagnosed T2DM, rather than by results of IGT or OGTT.16 While the measurement of fasting glucose during an acute episode of stroke may be considered a limitation of the study, many subjects with normal fasting glucose levels exhibit insulin resistance. In addition to the role of glucose status (NGT, IFG, or DM), there are other aspects of glucose metabolism that may act as risk factors for ischemic stroke, especially hyperinsulinemia and increased insulin resistance. We, therefore, suggest that clinicians pay more attention to OGTT and IGT in the definition and assessment of MetSyn.
In summary, our results suggest that MetSyn is associated with an increased risk of acute non-embolic stroke in Asian populations, especially in patients with DM or hyperglycemia. Our findings provide important information toward better characterization of individuals who are at increased risk of stroke.
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Medjaden Bioscience Limited for assisting in the preparation of this manuscript.
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MeSH Terms
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