Role of inflammasomes and their regulators in prostate cancer initiation, progression and metastasis

[1] Siegel, R., DeSantis, C., Virgo, K., Stein, K., Mariotto, A., Smith, T., Cooper, D., Gansler, T., Lerro, C., Fedewa, S., Lin, C., Leach, C., Cannady, R.S., Cho, H., Scoppa, S., Hachey, M., Kirch, R., Jemal, A. and Ward, E. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 62 (2012) 220–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.2114910.3322/caac.21149Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] Tewari, A.K. and George, D.J. Novel chemotherapies in development for management of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Urol. (2013). DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32835f7da2. 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32835f7da2Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] De Marzo, A.M., Platz, E.A., Sutcliffe, S., Xu, J., Gronberg, H., Drake, C.G., Nakai, Y., Isaacs, W.B. and Nelson, W.G. Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7 (2007) 256–269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc209010.1038/nrc2090Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Haverkamp, J., Charbonneau, B. and Ratliff, T.L. Prostate inflammation and its potential impact on prostate cancer: a current review. J. Cell Biochem. 103 (2008) 1344–1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.2153610.1002/jcb.21536Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Kazma, R., Mefford, J.A., Cheng, I., Plummer, S.J., Levin, A.M., Rybicki, B.A., Casey, G. and Witte, J.S. Association of the innate immunity and inflammation pathway with advanced prostate cancer risk. PLoS One 7 (2012) e51680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005168010.1371/journal.pone.0051680Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Kwon, E.M., Salinas, C.A., Kolb, S., Fu, R., Feng, Z., Stanford, J.L. and Ostrander, E.A. Genetic polymorphisms in inflammation pathway genes and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 20 (2011) 923–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-099410.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0994Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Sfanos, K.S. and De Marzo, A.M. Prostate cancer and inflammation: the evidence. Histopathology 60 (2012) 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.x10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Stock, D., Groome, P.A. and Siemens, D.R. Inflammation and prostate cancer: a future target for prevention and therapy? Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (2008) 117–130, vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.00610.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] MacLennan, G.T., Eisenberg, R., Fleshman, R.L., Taylor, J.M., Fu, P., Resnick, M.I. and Gupta, S. The influence of chronic inflammation in prostatic carcinogenesis: a 5-year followup study. J. Urol. 176 (2006) 1012–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.03310.1016/j.juro.2006.04.033Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Billis, A., Freitas, L.L., Magna, L.A. and Ferreira, U. Inflammatory atrophy on prostate needle biopsies: is there topographic relationship to cancer? Int. Braz. J. Urol. 33 (2007) 355–360; discussion 361–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538200700030000810.1590/S1677-55382007000300008Search in Google Scholar

[11] Billis, A. and Magna, L.A. Inflammatory atrophy of the prostate. Prevalence and significance. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127 (2003) 840–844. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Montironi, R., Vela Navarrete, R., Lopez-Beltran, A., Mazzucchelli, R., Mikuz, G. and Bono, A.V. Histopathology reporting of prostate needle biopsies. 2005 update. Virchows Arch. 449 (2006) 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00428-006-0190-910.1007/s00428-006-0190-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Billis, A. Re: Inflammatory atrophy on prostate needle biopsies: is there topographic relationship to cancer? Int. Braz. J. Urol. 33 (2007) 566–568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538200700040002110.1590/S1677-55382007000400021Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Schroder, K. and Tschopp, J. The inflammasomes. Cell 140 (2010) 821–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.04010.1016/j.cell.2010.01.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Zitvogel, L., Kepp, O., Galluzzi, L. and Kroemer, G. Inflammasomes in carcinogenesis and anticancer immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 13 (2012) 343–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.222410.1038/ni.2224Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Dunn, J.H., Ellis, L.Z. and Fujita, M. Inflammasomes as molecular mediators of inflammation and cancer: potential role in melanoma. Cancer Lett. 314 (2012) 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.00110.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Guo, Y. and Kyprianou, N. Restoration of transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway in human prostate cancer cells suppresses tumorigenicity via induction of caspase-1-mediated apoptosis. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 1366–1371. Search in Google Scholar

[18] Winter, R.N., Kramer, A., Borkowski, A. and Kyprianou, N. Loss of caspase-1 and caspase-3 protein expression in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 1227–1232. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Bruckheimer, E.M. and Kyprianou, N. Bcl-2 antagonizes the combined apoptotic effect of transforming growth factor-beta and dihydrotestosterone in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 53 (2002) 133–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.1014310.1002/pros.10143Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Sasaki, Y., Ahmed, H., Takeuchi, T., Moriyama, N. and Kawabe, K. Immunohistochemical study of Fas, Fas ligand and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme expression in human prostatic cancer. Br. J. Urol. 81 (1998) 852–855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00665.x10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00665.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Nikitina, E.Y., Desai, S.A., Zhao, X., Song, W., Luo, A.Z., Gangula, R.D., Slawin, K.M. and Spencer, D.M. Versatile prostate cancer treatment with inducible caspase and interleukin-12. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 4309–4319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-311910.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3119Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Winter, R.N., Rhee, J.G. and Kyprianou, N. Caspase-1 enhances the apoptotic response of prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation. Anticancer Res. 24 (2004) 1377–1386. Search in Google Scholar

[23] Hasegawa, M., Kawase, K., Inohara, N., Imamura, R., Yeh, W.C., Kinoshita, T. and Suda, T. Mechanism of ASC-mediated apoptosis: biddependent apoptosis in type II cells. Oncogene 26 (2007) 1748–1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.120996510.1038/sj.onc.1209965Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Collard, R.L., Harya, N.S., Monzon, F.A., Maier, C.E. and O’Keefe, D.S. Methylation of the ASC gene promoter is associated with aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 66 (2006) 687–695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2037110.1002/pros.20371Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Das, P.M., Ramachandran, K., Vanwert, J., Ferdinand, L., Gopisetty, G., Reis, I.M. and Singal, R. Methylation mediated silencing of TMS1/ASC gene in prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer 5 (2006) 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-5-2810.1186/1476-4598-5-28Search in Google Scholar

[26] Gurjar, M.V., DeLeon, J., Sharma, R.V. and Bhalla, R.C. Mechanism of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 induction by NO in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 91 (2001) 1380–1386. Search in Google Scholar

[27] Petrella, B.L., Armstrong, D.A. and Vincenti, M.P. Interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta 3 cooperate to activate matrix metalloproteinase expression and invasiveness in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 325 (2012) 220–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.00910.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.009Search in Google Scholar

[28] Nakao, S., Kuwano, T., Tsutsumi-Miyahara, C., Ueda, S., Kimura, Y.N., Hamano, S., Sonoda, K.H., Saijo, Y., Nukiwa, T., Strieter, R.M., Ishibashi, T., Kuwano, M. and Ono, M. Infiltration of COX-2-expressing macrophages is a prerequisite for IL-1 beta-induced neovascularization and tumor growth. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (2005) 2979–2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI2329810.1172/JCI23298Search in Google Scholar

[29] Tsuzaki, M., Guyton, G., Garrett, W., Archambault, J.M., Herzog, W., Almekinders, L., Bynum, D., Yang, X. and Banes, A.J. IL-1 beta induces COX2, MMP-1, -3 and -13, ADAMTS-4, IL-1 beta and IL-6 in human tendon cells. J. Orthop. Res. 21 (2003) 256–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(02)00141-910.1016/S0736-0266(02)00141-9Search in Google Scholar

[30] Maggio, M., Basaria, S., Ceda, G.P., Ble, A., Ling, S.M., Bandinelli, S., Valenti, G. and Ferrucci, L. The relationship between testosterone and molecular markers of inflammation in older men. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 28 (2005) 116–119. Search in Google Scholar

[31] Saylor, P.J., Kozak, K.R., Smith, M.R., Ancukiewicz, M.A., Efstathiou, J.A., Zietman, A.L., Jain, R.K. and Duda, D.G. Changes in biomarkers of inflammation and angiogenesis during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. Oncologist 17 (2012) 212–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-032110.1634/theoncologist.2011-0321Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Vykhovanets, E.V., Shukla, S., MacLennan, G.T., Vykhovanets, O.V., Bodner, D.R. and Gupta, S. Il-1 beta-induced post-transition effect of NFkappaB provides time-dependent wave of signals for initial phase of intrapostatic inflammation. Prostate 69 (2009) 633–643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.2091610.1002/pros.20916Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Klein, R.D., Borchers, A.H., Sundareshan, P., Bougelet, C., Berkman, M.R., Nagle, R.B. and Bowden, G.T. Interleukin-1beta secreted from monocytic cells induces the expression of matrilysin in the prostatic cell line LNCaP. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 14188–14192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.22.1418810.1074/jbc.272.22.14188Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Lebel-Binay, S., Thiounn, N., De Pinieux, G., Vieillefond, A., Debre, B., Bonnefoy, J.Y. and Fridman, W.H., Pages, F. IL-18 is produced by prostate cancer cells and secreted in response to interferons. Int. J. Cancer 106 (2003) 827–835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1128510.1002/ijc.11285Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Veeranki, S., Duan, X., Panchanathan, R., Liu, H. and Choubey, D. IFI16 protein mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of the type-I interferons through suppression of activation of caspase-1 by inflammasomes. PLoS One 6 (2011) e27040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002704010.1371/journal.pone.0027040Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Fujita, K., Ewing, C.M., Isaacs, W.B. and Pavlovich, C.P. Immunomodulatory IL-18 binding protein is produced by prostate cancer cells and its levels in urine and serum correlate with tumor status. Int. J. Cancer 129 (2011) 424–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2570510.1002/ijc.25705Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Veeranki, S. and Choubey, D. Interferon-inducible p200-family protein IFI16, an innate immune sensor for cytosolic and nuclear double-stranded DNA: regulation of subcellular localization. Mol. Immunol. 49 (2012) 567–571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2011.11.00410.1016/j.molimm.2011.11.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Xin, H., Curry, J., Johnstone, R.W., Nickoloff, B.J. and Choubey, D. Role of IFI 16, a member of the interferon-inducible p200-protein family, in prostate epithelial cellular senescence. Oncogene 22 (2003) 4831–4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.120675410.1038/sj.onc.1206754Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[39] Cahu, J., Bustany, S. and Sola, B. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype favors the emergence of cancer stem-like cells. Cell Death Dis. 3 (2012) e446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2012.18310.1038/cddis.2012.183Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[40] Choubey, D. DNA-responsive inflammasomes and their regulators in autoimmunity. Clin. Immunol. 142 (2012) 223–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2011.12.00710.1016/j.clim.2011.12.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[41] Lamkanfi, M. and Dixit, V.M. Inflammasomes and their roles in health and disease. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 28 (2012) 137–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-15574510.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155745Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Olsson, J., Drott, J.B., Laurantzon, L., Laurantzon, O., Bergh, A. and Elgh, F. Chronic prostatic infection and inflammation by Propionibacterium acnes in a rat prostate infection model. PLoS One 7 (2012) e51434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.005143410.1371/journal.pone.0051434Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] Shinohara, D.B., Vaghasia, A.M., Yu, S.H., Mak, T.N., Bruggemann, H., Nelson, W.G., De Marzo, A.M., Yegnasubramanian, S. and Sfanos, K.S. A mouse model of chronic prostatic inflammation using a human prostate cancer-derived isolate of Propionibacterium acnes. Prostate (2013) doi: 10.1002/pros.22648. 10.1002/pros.22648Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Sahdo, B., Sarndahl, E., Elgh, F. and Soderquist, B. Propionibacterium acnes activates caspase-1 in human neutrophils. APMIS (2012) doi: 10.1111/apm.12035. 10.1111/apm.12035Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Nakahira, K., Haspel, J.A., Rathinam, V.A., Lee, S.J., Dolinay, T., Lam, H.C., Englert, J.A., Rabinovitch, M., Cernadas, M., Kim, H.P., Fitzgerald, K.A., Ryter, S.W. and Choi, A.M. Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome. Nat. Immunol. 12 (2011) 222–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.198010.1038/ni.1980Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Harris, J., Hartman, M., Roche, C., Zeng, S.G., O’Shea, A., Sharp, F.A., Lambe, E.M., Creagh, E.M., Golenbock, D.T., Tschopp, J., Kornfeld, H., Fitzgerald, K.A. and Lavelle, E.C. Autophagy controls IL-1beta secretion by targeting pro-IL-1beta for degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 9587–9597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.20291110.1074/jbc.M110.202911Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Menu, P., Mayor, A., Zhou, R., Tardivel, A., Ichijo, H., Mori, K. and Tschopp, J. ER stress activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via an UPRindependent pathway. Cell Death Dis. 3 (2012) e261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2011.13210.1038/cddis.2011.132Search in Google Scholar

[48] Duncan, J.A., Gao, X., Huang, M.T., O’Connor, B.P., Thomas, C.E., Willingham, S.B., Bergstralh, D.T., Jarvis, G.A., Sparling, P.F. and Ting, J.P. Neisseria gonorrhoeae activates the proteinase cathepsin B to mediate the signaling activities of the NLRP3 and ASC-containing inflammasome. J. Immunol. 182 (2009) 6460–6469. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.080269610.4049/jimmunol.0802696Search in Google Scholar

[49] Abdul-Sater, A.A., Said-Sadier, N., Padilla, E.V. and Ojcius, D.M. Chlamydial infection of monocytes stimulates IL-1beta secretion through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Microbes Infect. 12 (2010) 652–661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.00810.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.008Search in Google Scholar

[50] Babolin, C., Amedei, A., Ozolins, D., Zilevica, A., D’Elios, M.M. and de Bernard, M. TpF1 from Treponema pallidum activates inflammasome and promotes the development of regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 187 (2011) 1377–1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.110061510.4049/jimmunol.1100615Search in Google Scholar

[51] Johnson, K.E., Chikoti, L. and Chandran, B. HSV-1 infection induces activation and subsequent inhibition of the IFI16 and NLRP3 inflammasomes. J. Virol. (2013) doi: 10.1128/JVI.00082-13. 10.1128/JVI.00082-13Search in Google Scholar

[52] Rathinam, V.A., Jiang, Z., Waggoner, S.N., Sharma, S., Cole, L.E., Waggoner, L., Vanaja, S.K., Monks, B.G., Ganesan, S., Latz, E., Hornung, V., Vogel, S.N., Szomolanyi-Tsuda, E. and Fitzgerald, K.A. The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses. Nat. Immunol. 11 (2010) 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.186410.1038/ni.1864Search in Google Scholar

[53] Persson, B.E. and Ronquist, G. Evidence for a mechanistic association between nonbacterial prostatitis and levels of urate and creatinine in expressed prostatic secretion. J. Urol. 155 (1996) 958–960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66357-210.1016/S0022-5347(01)66357-2Search in Google Scholar

[54] Martinon, F., Petrilli, V., Mayor, A., Tardivel, A. and Tschopp, J. Goutassociated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature 440 (2006) 237–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature0451610.1038/nature04516Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[55] Couillin, I., Vasseur, V., Charron, S., Gasse, P., Tavernier, M., Guillet, J., Lagente, V., Fick, L., Jacobs, M., Coelho, F.R., Moser, R. and Ryffel, B. IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling is critical for elastase-induced lung inflammation and emphysema. J. Immunol. 183 (2009) 8195–8202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.080315410.4049/jimmunol.0803154Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[56] Cohen, T.S. and Prince, A.S. Activation of inflammasome signaling mediates pathology of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia. J. Clin. Invest. (2013) doi: 10.1172/JCI66142. 10.1172/JCI66142Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[57] Hrbacek, J., Urban, M., Hamsikova, E., Tachezy, R. and Heracek, J. Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: No conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol. Oncol. (2012) doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013. 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed