Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Title: Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria
Volume: 3 Issue: 2
Author(s): Keith Poole
Affiliation:
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Abstract: Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Poole Keith, Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2002; 3 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454 |
Print ISSN 1389-2010 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4316 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes and explores biological data. This field combines biology and information system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has attracted great attention as it tries to replicate human intelligence. It has become common technology for analyzing and solving complex data and problems and encompasses sub-fields of machine ...read more
Latest Advancements in Biotherapeutics
The scope of this thematic issue is to comprehensively explore the rapidly evolving landscape of biotherapeutics, emphasizing breakthroughs in precision medicine. Encompassing diverse therapeutic modalities, the issue will delve into the latest developments in monoclonal antibodies, CRISPR/Cas gene editing, CAR-T cell therapies, and innovative drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle-based ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Enkephalinase Inhibitors: Potential Agents for the Management of Pain
Current Drug Targets Neuroprotective Potential of Curcuminoids in Modulating Alzheimer’s Disease <i>via</i> Multiple Signaling Pathways
Current Medicinal Chemistry Nitric Oxide and Inflammation
Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets (Discontinued) Connecting Small Molecules to Nuclear Receptor Pathways
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Use of Natural Compounds as a Potential Therapeutic Agent Against COVID-19
Current Pharmaceutical Design Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Potential Drug Targets and Influences on Neurological Disorders
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors as Targets in the Therapy of Psoriasis
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy Urinary Tract Infection in Children
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Protein Kinase C ζ Drives Sphingomyelin Metabolism in the Nucleus During Cell Proliferation
Current Chemical Biology Derivatives of IL-16 to Modulate Airway Inflammation
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Oxidative/Nitrosative Brain Damage in Stress: Possible Target for Neuropsychopharmacological Drugs
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Central Nervous System Agents Glycomics and Mass Spectrometry
Current Pharmaceutical Design Cholesterol Oxidation Products and Disease: An Emerging Topic of Interest in Medicinal Chemistry
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hyaluronan Fragmentation During Inflammatory Pathologies: A Signal that Empowers Tissue Damage
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Pharmacological and Surgical Therapy for Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage
Current Pharmaceutical Design Discrepancies in Animal Models of Preterm Birth
Current Pharmaceutical Design Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms
Current Neuropharmacology Vanilloid Receptor Antagonists: Emerging Class of Novel Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Pain Management
Current Pharmaceutical Design Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists and Antagonists: Implication in CNS Disorders
Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery (Discontinued) Delirium in Head Trauma: Looking for a Culprit
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials