Abstract
The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Current Neuropharmacology
Title:Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala
Volume: 12 Issue: 2
Author(s): George Anderson and Michael Maes
Affiliation:
Keywords: Autism, glia, immuno-inflammation, melatonin, nitrosative stress, oxidative stress, tryptophan.
Abstract: The autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) form a set of multi-faceted disorders with significant genetic, epigenetic and environmental determinants. Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), immuno-inflammatory pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCATs) pathway play significant interactive roles in driving the early developmental etiology and course of ASD. O&NS interactions with immunoinflammatory pathways mediate their effects centrally via the regulation of astrocyte and microglia responses, including regional variations in TRYCATs produced. Here we review the nature of these interactions and propose an early developmental model whereby different ASD genetic susceptibilities interact with environmental and epigenetic processes, resulting in glia biasing the patterning of central interarea interactions. A role for decreased local melatonin and N-acetylserotonin production by immune and glia cells may be a significant treatment target.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Anderson George and Maes Michael, Redox Regulation and the Autistic Spectrum: Role of Tryptophan Catabolites, Immuno-inflammation, Autoimmunity and the Amygdala, Current Neuropharmacology 2014; 12 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X11666131120223757 |
Print ISSN 1570-159X |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6190 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Recent Advances in Targeted Anti-Vasculature Therapy: The Neuroblastoma Model
Current Drug Targets Potential of DNMT and its Epigenetic Regulation for Lung Cancer Therapy
Current Genomics PI3K Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: What has been Achieved So Far?
Current Medicinal Chemistry Current State of the Art of New Tubulin Inhibitors in the Clinic
Current Clinical Pharmacology The Future of Collateral Artery Research
Current Cardiology Reviews Role of Cytokines in Regulating Feeding Behaviour
Current Drug Targets HIV-1 Integrase Inhibition: Binding Sites, Structure Activity Relationships and Future Perspectives
Current Medicinal Chemistry Dequalinium-Derived Nanoconstructs: A Promising Vehicle for Mitochondrial Targeting
Current Drug Delivery The Targeted-liposome Delivery System of Antitumor Drugs
Current Drug Metabolism Designing Novel Therapies Against Sarcomas in the Era of Personalized Medicine and Economic Crisis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Heterocyclic Chalcone Analogues as Potential Anticancer Agents
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Retinoids as Critical Modulators of Immune Functions: New Therapeutic Perspectives for Old Compounds
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Chitosan and Its Use in Design of Insulin Delivery System
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation HtrA Serine Proteases as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Targeted Therapy Options for Treatment of Bone Metastases; Beyond Bisphosphonates
Current Pharmaceutical Design VFP: A Visual Algorithm for Predicting Gene Fusion in RNA-Seq Data
Current Bioinformatics Color-Coded Fluorescent Protein Imaging of Angiogenesis: The AngioMouse® Models
Current Pharmaceutical Design Use of Anticancer Platinum Compounds in Combination Therapies and Challenges in Drug Delivery
Current Medicinal Chemistry Tetherin Antagonism by Primate Lentiviral Nef Proteins
Current HIV Research Polo-Like Kinase 1 Pharmacological Inhibition as Monotherapy or in Combination: Comparative Effects of Polo-Like Kinase 1 Inhibition in Medulloblastoma Cells
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry