Abstract
This paper reviews recent work on the biological underpinnings of clinical depression emphasizing the crucial role of immunoinflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in driving changes in neuronal regulating tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). The essence of the association of O&NS pathways with autoimmune responses in depression is via damage to lipid membranes, anchorage molecules and functional proteins that lead to changes in their chemical structures creating new modified epitopes (neoepitopes), which are highly immunogenic. The abovementioned pathways together with decreased antioxidant levels, including zinc, coenzyme Q10, glutathione and vitamin E, and melatonin are intimately involved in different aspects of depression, including mitochondrial functions and the regulation of cAMP / circadian genes, allowing for impacts across different aspects of symptom patterning. Immuno- inflammatory and O&NS processes may additionally cause alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroprogression, that is tissue damage, including neurodegeneration and apoptosis, and decreased neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Activation of those interconnected pathways is relevant to the pathophysiology of acute and chronic depression and the progressive course (staging) of clinical depression. This implies that compounds that target these pathways may be useful to treat acute episodes and prevent further progression of the disease. We herein review some promising compounds, such as melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, allopregnanolone, PDE4 inhibitors, statins, aspirin, sodium benzoate, tryptophan-enriched diets, and antioxidants, including epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, quercitin, alpha-lipoic acid and resveratrol.
Keywords: Depression, oxidative, nitrosative, inflammation, kynurenine, circadian, antioxidants, sirtuins, AHr.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Immuno-inflammatory Pathways in Depression: Treatment Implications
Volume: 20 Issue: 23
Author(s): George Anderson and Michael Maes
Affiliation:
Keywords: Depression, oxidative, nitrosative, inflammation, kynurenine, circadian, antioxidants, sirtuins, AHr.
Abstract: This paper reviews recent work on the biological underpinnings of clinical depression emphasizing the crucial role of immunoinflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in driving changes in neuronal regulating tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). The essence of the association of O&NS pathways with autoimmune responses in depression is via damage to lipid membranes, anchorage molecules and functional proteins that lead to changes in their chemical structures creating new modified epitopes (neoepitopes), which are highly immunogenic. The abovementioned pathways together with decreased antioxidant levels, including zinc, coenzyme Q10, glutathione and vitamin E, and melatonin are intimately involved in different aspects of depression, including mitochondrial functions and the regulation of cAMP / circadian genes, allowing for impacts across different aspects of symptom patterning. Immuno- inflammatory and O&NS processes may additionally cause alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroprogression, that is tissue damage, including neurodegeneration and apoptosis, and decreased neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Activation of those interconnected pathways is relevant to the pathophysiology of acute and chronic depression and the progressive course (staging) of clinical depression. This implies that compounds that target these pathways may be useful to treat acute episodes and prevent further progression of the disease. We herein review some promising compounds, such as melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, allopregnanolone, PDE4 inhibitors, statins, aspirin, sodium benzoate, tryptophan-enriched diets, and antioxidants, including epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, quercitin, alpha-lipoic acid and resveratrol.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Anderson George and Maes Michael, Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Immuno-inflammatory Pathways in Depression: Treatment Implications, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2014; 20 (23) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113196660738
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113196660738 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
"Tuberculosis Prevention, Diagnosis and Drug Discovery"
The Nobel Prize-winning discoveries of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and streptomycin have enabled an appropriate diagnosis and an effective treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Since then, many newer diagnosis methods and drugs have been saving millions of lives. Despite advances in the past, TB is still a leading cause of infectious disease mortality ...read more
?Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Nano-Therapeutics Targeting Tumor Microenvironment?
This thematic issue explores the forefront of cancer treatment, centering on the groundbreaking potential of nano-therapeutics meticulously designed to target the tumor microenvironment. At its core, the issue aims to unravel the latest advancements in nanotechnology, showcasing innovative materials, formulations, and delivery systems that hold promise for redefining cancer therapeutics. ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The STAT3 Inhibitor Stattic Impairs Cardiomyocyte Mitochondrial Function Through Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Formation
Current Pharmaceutical Design Coumarins as Antioxidants
Current Medicinal Chemistry Role of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Current Molecular Pharmacology A Systematic Review on Levosimendan in Paediatric Patients
Current Vascular Pharmacology Therapeutic Targets for Heart Failure: Beyond Beta-Adrenergic and Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Current Advances in the Synthesis and Antitumoral Activity of SIRT1-2 Inhibitors by Modulation of p53 and Pro-Apoptotic Proteins
Current Medicinal Chemistry Therapeutic Modulation of Cytokines in Chronic Infectious Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Pathogenesis of Age-Related Cataract: A Systematic Review of Proteomic Studies
Current Proteomics Altered Prolylcarboxypeptidase Expression and Function in Response to Different Risk Factors of Diabetes
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Association Between Hypothyroidism and Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database
Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials Annexin A5 Imaging: An Academic Research – Clinical Trials and Theses
Current Molecular Imaging (Discontinued) A Fast and Simple Conductometric Method for Verapamil Hydrochloride Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis Combined Anticancer Therapies: An Overview of the Latest Applications
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Biological Therapies: Effects of Proinflammatory Pathways and their Inhibition on the Myocardium of Rheumatoid Athritis Patients
Current Medicinal Chemistry RAGE: A Multi-Ligand Receptor Unveiling Novel Insights in Health and Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Transition of Care for Patients with Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy for Myocardial Angiogenesis
Current Vascular Pharmacology Self Managing Heart Failure in Remote Australia - Translating Concepts into Clinical Practice
Current Cardiology Reviews Ectodomain Shedding of ACE and ACE2 as Regulators of Their Protein Functions
Current Enzyme Inhibition New Advances in the Field of Calcium Channel Antagonists: Cardiovascular Effects and Structure-Activity Relationships
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents