References
Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 2388–95
Gisolfi CV, Duchman SM. Guidelines for optimal replacement beverages for different athletic events. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 679–87
Murray R. The effects of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Sports Med 1987; 4: 322–51
Olsson K-E, Saltin B. Diet and fluids in training and competition. Scand J Rehab Med 1971; 3: 31–8
Sullivan SN. Exercise-associated symptoms in triathletes. Phys Sports Med 1987; 15: 105–8
Rehrer NJ, Janssen GME, Brouns F, et al. Fluid intake and gastrointestinal problems in runners competing in a 25 km race and a marathon. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: S22–5
Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, et al. Physiological changes and gastro-intestinal symptoms as a result of ultra-endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 64: 1–8
Rehrer NJ, Kemenade van M, Meester W, et al. Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes. Int J Sports Nutr 1992; 2: 48–59
Riddoch C, Trinick T. Gastrointestinal disturbances in marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 1988; 22: 71–74
Worobetz LJ, Gerrard DF. Gastrointestinal symptoms during exercise and enduro athletes: prevalence and speculations of the etiology. N Z Med J 1985; 98: 644–6
Peters HPF, van Schelven WF, Verstappen PA, et al. Exercise performance and gastro-intestinal complaints as a function of carbohydrate supplements during prolonged exercise [abstract]. Int J Sports Med 1993; 14: 298
Soffer EE, Summers RW, Gisolfi C. Effect of exercise on intestinal motility and transit in trained athletes. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: G698–702
Halvorsen F-A, Ritland S. Gastrointestinal problems related to endurance event training. Sports Med 1992; 14: 157–63
Brouns FJPH, Saris WHM, ten Hoor F. Dietary problems in the case of strenuous exertion: part I. A literature review. J Sports Med 1986; 26: 306–12
Rowell LB, Blackmon JR, Bruce RA. Indocyanine green clearance and estimated hepatic blood flow during mild to maximal exercise in upright man. J Clin Invest 1964; 43: 1677–90
Clausen JP. Effects of physical training on cardiovascular adjustments to exercise in man. Physiol Rev 1977; 57: 779–815
Qamar MI, Read AE. Effects of exercise on mesenteric blood flow in man. Gut 1987; 28: 583–7
Rehrer NJ, Smets A, Reynaert E, et al. Direct measurement of splanchnic blood flow during exercise in man [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: S165
Kehl O, Jäger K, Münch R, et al. Mesenteriale Ischämie als Ursache der Jogging-anämie? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1986; 116: 974–6
Bulkley GB, Kvietys PR, Parks DA, et al. Relationship of blood flow and oxygen consumption to ischemic injury in the canine small intestine. Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 852–7
Haglund U. Gut ischaemia. Gut 1994; 35: S73–6
Johnson LR, editor. Gastrointestinal physiology. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby, 1991
Bohlen HG. Intestinal tissue pO2 and microvascular responses during glucose exposure. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: H164–71
Mailman D. Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on intestinal absorption and blood flow. J Physiol 1978; 279: 121–32
Øktedalen O, Lunde OC, Opstad PK, et al. Changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa after long-distance running. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 270–4
Schaub N, Spichtin HP, Stalder GA. Ischämische Kolitis als Ursache einer Darmbluting bei Marathonlauf? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1985; 115: 454–7
Schwartz A, Vanagunas A, Kamel P. The aetiology of gastrointestinal bleeding in runners: a prospective endoscopic appraisal. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35: 194
Qamar MI, Read AE. Effects of ingestion of carbohydrate, fat, protein and water on the mesenteric blood flow in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 26–30
Sidery MB, Macdonals IA, Cowley AJ, et al. Cardiovascular responses to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals in young subjects. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H1430–6
Yu YM, Yu LC, Chou CC. Distribution of blood flow in the intestine with hypertonic glucose in the lumen. Surgery 1975; 78: 520–5
Vandewalle H, Lacombe C, Lelievre JC, et al. Blood viscosity after a 1-h submaximal exercise with and without drinking. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: 104–7
Rehrer NJ, Beckers EJ, Brouns F, et al. Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990; 22: 790–5
Neufer PD, Young AJ, Sawka MN. Gastric emptying during exercise: effects of heat stress and hypohydration. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 433–9
Peters HPF, van Schelven WF, Verstappen PA, et al. Gastrointestinal problems as a function of carbohydrate supplements and mode of exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 1211–24
Moses FM. Gastrointestinal bleeding and the athlete. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1157–9
Riddoch CJ. Exercise induced gastro-intestinal symptoms, hormonal involvement [dissertation]. Belfast: Queens Univ. of Belfast, 1990
Brouns F, Saris WHM, Rehrer NJ. Abdominal complaints and gastrointestinal function during long-lasting exercise. Int J Sports Med 1987; 8: 175–89
Modlin IM, Bloom SR, Mitchell S. Plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) levels and intestinal ischaemia. Experientia 1978; 34: 535–6
Fahrenkrug J, Haglund U, Jodal M, et al. Nervous release of vaso-active intestinal polypeptide in the gastrointestinal tract of cats: possible physiological implications. J Physiol 1978; 284: 291–305
Jackson WD, Grand RJ. The human intestinal response to enteral nutrients: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1991; 10: 500–9
Malagelada JR, Camilleri M, Stanghellini V. Manometric diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders. New York: Thieme-Stratton, 1986
Smout AJPM, Akkermans LMA. Normal and disturbed motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Petersfield: Wrightsen Biomedical Publishing Ltd, 1992
Brouns F, Beckers E. Is the gut an athletic organ? Digestion, absorption and exercise. Sports Med 1993; 15: 242–57
Neufer PD, Young AJ, Sawka MN. Gastric emptying during walking and running: effects of varied exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989; 58: 440–5
Cammack J, Read NW, Cann PA, et al. Effect of prolonged exercise on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine. Gut 1982; 23: 957–61
Keeling WF, Harris A, Martin BJ. Orocecal transit during mild exercise in women. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1350–3
Meshkinpour H, Kemp C, Fairshter R. Effect of aerobic exercise on mouth- to caecum transit time. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 938–41
Evans DF, Foster GE, Hardcastle JD. Does exercise affect the migrating motor complex in man? In: Roman C, editor. Gastrointestinal motility. Lancaster: MTP, 1984: 277–84
Dapoigny M, Sarna SK. Effects of physical exercise on colonic motor activity. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: G646–52
Fone DR, Horowitz M, Maddox A, et al. Gastroduodenal motility during the delayed gastric emptying induced by cold stress. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1155–61
Canham JE, Consolazio CF. Nutrition and stress. JAMA 1966; 24: 64–70
Moses F, Singh A, Smoak B, et al. Alterations in intestinal permeability during prolonged high intensity running [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: A472
Lifschitz CH, Shulman RJ. Intestinal permeability tests: are they clinically useful? J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990; 10: 283–7
Gathiram P, Gaffin SL, Wells MT, et al. Superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock in cats: modification of the endotoxemia by antilipopolysaccharide antibodies (anti-LPS). Circ Shock 1986; 19: 231–7
Papa M, Halperin Z, Rubinstein E, et al. The effect of ischemia of the dog’s colon on transmural migration of bacteria and endotoxin. J Surg Res 1983; 35: 264–9
Cuevas P, Fine J. Demonstration of a lethal endotoxemia in experimental occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971; 133: 81–3
Bosenberg AT, Brock-Utne JG, Gaffin SL, et al. Strenuous exercise causes systemic endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 106–8
Brock-Utne JG, Gaffin SL, Wells MT, et al. Endotoxaemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race. S Afr Med J 1988; 73: 533–6
Scott LD, Cahall DL. Influence of the interdigestive myoelectric complex on enteric flora in the rat. Gastroenterol 1982; 82: 737–45
Küppers PM, Miller TA, Chen CYK, et al. Effect of total parenteral nutrition plus morphine on bacterial translocation in rats. Ann Surg 1993; 217: 286–92
Hubbard RW, Mathew CB, Durkot MJ, et al. Novel approaches to pathophysiology of heatstroke: energy depletion model. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 1066–75
Varro GE, Harris JA, Geenen JE. Effect of decreased local circulation on the absorptive capacity of a small intestine loop in the dog. Am J Digest Dis 1965; 10: 170–7
Williams JH, Mager M, Jacobson ED. Relationship of mesenteric blood flow to intestinal absorption of carbohydrates. J Lab Clin Med 1964; 63: 853–63
Gisolfi CV, Spranger KJ, Summers RW, et al. Effects of cycle exercise on intestinal absorption in humans. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 2518–27
Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, McGaw BA. Effects of exercise intensity on absorption of ingested fluids in man. Exp Physiol 1990; 75: 419–21
Schedl HP, Maughan RJ, Gisolfi CV. Intestinal absorption during rest and exercise: implications for formulating an oral rehydration solution (ORS). Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 267–80
Kneepkens F. Carbohydrate absorption in children: new aspects of the breath hydrogen test [dissertation]. Groningen: Groningen University, 1988
Moses FM. The effect of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Sports Med 1990; 9: 159–72
Peters HPF, Schep G, Koster DJ, et al. Hydrogen breath test as a simple noninvasive method for evaluation of carbohydrate malabsorption during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 68: 435–40
Rosenweig NS, Herman RH. Dose response of jejunal sucrase and maltase activities to isocaloric high and low carbohydrate diets in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1970; 23; 1373–7
Coyle EF, Montain SJ. Carbohydrate and fluid ingestion during exercise: are there trade-offs? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 671–8
Hargreaves M, Costill D, Burke L, et al. Influence of sodium bioavailability during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26: 365–8
Mitchell JB, Voss KW. The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance during prolonged exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 314–9
Noakes TD, Rehrer NJ, Maughan RJ. The importance of volume in regulating gastric emptying. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 307–13
Fiddian-Green RG. Studies in splanchnic ischaemia and multiple organ failure. In: Marston A, Bulkley GB, Fiddian-Green RG, et al., editors. Splanchnic ischemia and multiple organ failure. London: Edward Arnold, 1989: 350–63
Economos CD, Bortz SS, Nelson ME. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports Med 1993; 16: 381–99
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peters, H.P.F., Akkermans, L.M.A., Bol, E. et al. Gastrointestinal Symptoms During Exercise. Sports Med 20, 65–76 (1995). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520020-00002
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199520020-00002