Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Need for Carbohydrate Intake During Endurance Exercise

  • Leading Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acheson KJ, Schutz Y, Bessard T, Anantharaman K, Flatt JP, et al. Glycogen storage capacity and de novo lipogenesis during massive carbohydrate overfeeding in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48: 240–247, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Askew EW, Claybaugh JR, Hashiro GM, Stokes WS, Cucinell SA. Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise at high altitude. Abstract 4758. Federation Proceedings 45: 972, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagby GJ, Green HJ, Katsuta S, Gollnick PD. Glycogen depletion in exercising rats infused with glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. Journal of Applied Physiology 33: 425–429, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom J, Hulyman E. A study of the glycogen metabolism during exercise in man. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 19: 218–228, 1967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman O, Sahlin K, Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J. Influence of fructose and glucose ingestion on the capacity for long-term exercise in well-trained men. Clinical Physiology 4: 483–494, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonen A, Malcom SA, Kilgour RD, McIntyre KB, Belcastro AN. Glucose ingestion before and during intense exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 50: 766–771, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodowicz GR, Lamb DR, Bauer TS, Connors DP. Efficacy of various drink formulations for fluid replenishment during cycling exercise in the heat. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16(Suppl. 2): 138, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouns F, Saris WHM, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, et al. Eating, drinking, and cycling: a controlled Tour de France simulation study. Part I. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(Suppl. 1): S32–S40, 1989a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brouns F, Saris WHM, Stroecken J, Beckers E, Thijssen R, et al. Eating, drinking and cycling: a controlled Tour de France simulation study. Part II. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(Suppl. I): S41–S48, 1989b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cade R, Spooner G, Schlein E, Pickering M, Dean R. Effect of fluid, electrolyte and glucose replacement during exercise on performance, body temperature, rate of sweat loss, and compositional changes of extracellular fluid. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 12: 150–156, 1972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callow M, Morton A, Guppy M. Marathon fatigue: the role of plasma fatty acids, muscle glycogen and blood glucose. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 654–661, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candas V, Libert JP, Brandenberger G, Sagot JC, Amoros C, et al. Hydration during exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 113–122, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Reversal of fatigue during prolonged exercise by carbohydrate infusion or ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology 63: 2388–2395, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 1703–1709, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Metabolism and performance following carbohyhdrate ingestion late in exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 59–65, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conlee RK, Lawler R, Ross P. Effect of fructose of glucose ingestion on glycogen repletion in muscle and liver after exercise or fasting. medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 137–141, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise. Federation Proceedings 44: 364–368, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL. Carbohydrates for exercise: dietary demands for optimal performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 1–18, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL, Kammer WF, Fisher A. Fluid ingestion during distance running. Archives of Environmental Health 21: 520–525, 1970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costill DL, Kovaleski J, Porter D, Kirwan J, Fielding R, et al. Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle distance events. International Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 266–270, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle EF, Coggan AR. Effectiveness of carbohydrate feeding in delaying fatigue during prolonged exercise. Sports Medicine 1: 446–458, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, Ivy JL. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 165–172, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle EF, Coggan AR, Hemmert MK, Lowe RC, Walters TJ. Substrate usage during prolonged exercise following a preexercise meal. Journal of Applied Physiology 59: 429–433, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coyle EF, Hagberg JM, Hurley BF, Martin WH, Ehsani AA, et al. Carbohydrate feeding during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrates. Journal of Applied Physiology 55: 230–235, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JM, Burgess WA, Slentz CA, Cartoli WP, Pate RR. Effects of ingesting 6% and 12% glucose/electrolyte beverages during prolonged intermittent cycling in the heat. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 563–569, 1988a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis JM, Lamb DR, Pate RR, Slentz CA, Burgess WA, et al. Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks: effects on endurance cycling in the heat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48: 1023–1030, 1988b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson MA, Schwarzkopf RJ, McKenzie RD. Effects of caffeine, fructose and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19: 579–583, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felig P, Cherh A, Minigawa A, Wahren J. Hypoglycemia during prolonged exercise in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine 302: 895–900, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding RA, Costill DL, Fink WJ, King DS, Hargreaves M, et al. Effect of carbohydrate feeding frequencies and dosage on muscle glycogen use during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 472–476, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn MG, Costill DL, Hawley JA, Fink WJ, Neufer PD, et al. Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and glycogen use. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19: 37–40, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn MG, Michaud TJ, Rodriguez-Zayes J, Lambert CP, Boone JB, et al. Effects of 4- and 8-h preexercise feeding on substrate use and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 67: 2066–2071, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster C, Thompson NM, Dean J, Kirkendall DT. Carbohydrate supplementation and performance in soccer players. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18: S12, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Gollnick PD, Pernow B, Essen B, Jansson E, Saltin B. Availability of glycogen and FFA for substrate utilization in leg muscle of man during exercise. Clinical Physiology 1: 27–42, 1981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves M, Costill DL, Coggan A, Fink WJ, Nishibata I. Effect of carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen utilization and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16: 219–222, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves M, Briggs CA. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 65: 1553–1555, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasson SM, Barnes WS. Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise of varying intensity and duration. Sports Medicine 8: 327–334, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holloszy JO, Coyle EF. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. Journal of Applied Physiology 56: 831–838, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hultman E. Nutritional effects on work performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49: 949–957, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hultman E, Nilsson LH. Liver glycogen in man: effect of different diet and muscular exercise. In Pernow & Saltin (Eds) Muscle metabolism during exercise, pp. 143–152, Plenum Press, New York, 1971

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hultman E, Sjoholm H. Biochemical causes of fatigue. In Jones et al. (Eds) Human muscle power, pp. 215–238, Human Kinetics Publishing Co, Champaign IL, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivy JL, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Lower RW. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11:6–11, 1979

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivy JL, Miller W, Dover V, Goodyear LG, Sherman WM, et al. Endurance improved by ingestion of a glucose polymer supplement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15: 466–471, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jandrain BJ, Pirnay F, Lacroix M, Mosora F, Scheen AJ, et al. Effect of osmolality on availability of glucose ingested during prolonged exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 67: 76–82, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson HL, Nelson RA, Consolazio CF. Effects of electrolyte and nutrient solutions on performance and metabolic balance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20: 26–33, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuipers H, Costill DL, Porter DA, Fink WJ, Morse WM. Glucose feeding and exercise in trained rats: mechanisms for glycogen sparing. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 859–863, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb DR, Brodowicz GR. Optimal use of fluids of varying formulations to minimize exercise-induced disturbances in homeostasis. Sports Medicine 3: 247–274, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leatt PB. The effect of glucose polymer ingestion on skeletal muscle glycogen depletion during soccer match play and its resynthesis following a match. University of Toronto M.Sc. Thesis, 1986

  • Leatt PB, Jacobs I. Effects of glucose polymer ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during a soccer match. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18(Suppl. 2): S6, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Macareg PVJ. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on running endurance. In Fox (Ed.) Nutrient utilization during exercise, pp. 91–96, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Maughan RJ, Fenn CE, Leiper JB. Effects of fluid, electrolyte and substrate ingestion on endurance capacity. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 481–489, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maughan RJ, Whiting PH. Hypoglycemia in marathon runners: effects of glucose ingestion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15: 128, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren D, Otter M. The effect of glucose and medium chain triglyceride ingestion on exercise metabolism. Journal of Sports Sciences 6: 167–168, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurray RG, Wilson JR, Kitchell B. The effects of fructose and glucose on high intensity endurance performance. Research Quarterly 54: 156–162, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard-Stafford ML, Cureton KJ, Ray CA. Effect of glucose polymer diet supplement on responses to prolonged successive swimming, cycling and running. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 327–333, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JB, Costill DL, Houmard JA, Fink WJ, Pascoe DD, et al. Influence of cabohydrate dosage on exercise performance and glycogen metabolism. Journal of Applied Physiology 67: 1843–1849, 1989a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JB, Costill DL, Houmard JA, Fink WJ, Robergs RA, et al. Gastric emptying: influence of prolonged exercise and carbohydrate concentration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 269–274, 1989b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JB, Costill DL, Houmard JA, Fink WJ, Robergs RA, et al. Influence of carbohydrate ingestion on counterregulatory hormones during prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 33–36, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JB, Costill DL, Houmard JA, Flynn MG, Fink WJ, et al. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on gastric emptying and exercise performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20: 110–115, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouton A, Ribière C. Conseils diététique pour un coureur de marathon. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique 23: 75–78, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray R. The effect of consuming carbohydrate-electrolyte beverages on gastric emptying and fluid absorption during and following exercise. Sports Medicine 4: 322–351, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray R, Eddy DE, Murray TW, Seifert JG, Paul GL, et al. The effect of fluid and carbohydrate feedings during intermittent cycling exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19: 597–604, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray R, Paul GL, Seifert JG, Eddy DE, Halaby GA. The effects of glucose, fructose and sucrose ingestion during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 275–282, 1989a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray R, Seifert JG, Eddy DE, Paul GL, Halaby GA. Carbohydrate feeding and exercise: effect of beverage carbohydrate content. European Journal of Applied Physiology 59: 152–158, 1989b

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naveri H, Tikkanen H, Kairento AL, Harkonen M. Gastric emptying and serum insulin levels after intake of glucose polymer solutions. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 661–665, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neufer PD, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Kirwan JP, Fielding RA, et al. Effects of exercise and carbohydrate composition on gastric emptying. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 18: 658–662, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neufer PD, Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, et al. Improvement in exercise performance: effects of carbohydrate feedings and diet. Journal of Applied Physiology 62: 983–988, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noakes TD, Lambert EV, Lambert MI, McArthur PS, Myburgh KH, et al. Carbohydrate ingestion and muscle glycogen depletion during marathon and ultramarathon racing. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 482–489, 1988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson LH. Liver glycogen content in man in the postabsorptive state. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 32: 317–323, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson LH, Hultman E. Liver glycogen in man: the effect of total starvation or a carbohydrate poor diet followed by carbohydrate refeeding. Scandinacian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 32: 325–330, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen MD, Kregel KC, Wall PT, Gisolfi CV. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on thermoregulation, gastric emptying and plasma volume during exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 185, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallikarakis N, Jandrain B, Pirnay F, Mosora F, La Croix F, et al. Remarkable metabolic availability of oral glucose during long-duration exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 60: 1035–1042, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, Ten Hoor F, Saris WHM. Gastric emptying with repeated drinking during running and bicycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 238–243, 1990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter EA, Galbo H. High glycogen levels enhance glycogen breakdown in isolated contracting skeletal muscle. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 827–831, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan AJ, Bleiler TL, Carter JE, Gisolfi CV. Gastric emptying during prolonged cycling exercise in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 51–58, 1989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saris WKM, Van Erp-Baart MA, Brouns F, Westwerterp KR, Ten Hoor F. Study on food intake and energy expenditure during extreme sustained exercise: the Tour de France. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(Suppl. 1): S26–S31, 1989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki H, Maeda J, Usui S, Ishiko T. Effect of sucrose and caffeine ingestion on performance of prolonged strenuous exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 8: 261–265, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert JG, Langenfeld ME, Rudge SJ. Effects of glucose polymer ingestion on ultraendurance bicycling performance. Medicine in Science in Sports and Exercise 18(Suppl. 2): S5–S6, 1986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seiple RS, Vivian VM, Fox EL, Bartels RL. Gastric-emptying characteristics of two glucose polymer-electrolyte solutions. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15: 366–369, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard RJ, Leatt P. Carbohydrate and fluid needs of the soccer player. Sports Medicine 4: 164–176, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman WM. Carbohydrate, muscle glycogen, and improved performance. Physician and Sportsmedicine 15(2): 157–164, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Siliprandi N. II fegato nell’esercizio fisico. Rassegna Internazionale di Medicina dello Sport 4: 1–7, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Sole CC, Noakes TD. Faster gastric emptying for glucose-polymer and fructose solutions than for glucose in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology 58: 605–612, 1989

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonne B, Galbo H. Carbohydrate metabolism in fructose-fed and food-restricted running rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 1457–1466, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabata I, Atomi Y, Miyashita M. Blood glucose concentration dependent ACTH and Cortisol responses to prolonged exercise. Clinical Physiology 4: 299–307, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams C, Nute MG, Broadbank L, Vinall S. Influence of fluid intake on endurance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology 60: 112–119, 1990

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler KB. Sports nutrition for the primary care physician: the importance of carbohydrate. Physician and Sportsmedicine 17(5): 106–117, 1989

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto di Medicina dello Sport di Bologna, via dello Sterlino 6, 40137, Bologna, Italy

    Andrea Valeriani

Authors
  1. Andrea Valeriani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Valeriani, A. The Need for Carbohydrate Intake During Endurance Exercise. Sports Med 12, 349–358 (1991). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112060-00002

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112060-00002

Keywords

Search

Navigation