The demographic and clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1.
3.1.1 Age
At first, we grouped patients into three groups (<40 years group, 40–60 years group, and >60 years group) according to their age as shown by Table 1.
Of all the 95 patients, the youngest one was 23 years old, the oldest one was 88 years old. The median age was 49.0 years (IQR, 39.0 to 58.0). 24 (25.3%) patients were aged below 40 years. 54 (56.8) patients were aged between 40 and 60 years old. 17 (17.9) patients were aged above 60 years old.
For<40 years group, 41.7% of the patients were severe cases and 33.3% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 40–60 years group, 27.8% of the patients were severe cases and 18.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For >60 years group, 41.2% of the patients were severe cases and 41.2% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. We can see that patients aged between 40–60 years had lower risk of being severe cases or reaching the composite endpoint when compared with other groups. However, the P values were greater than 0.05. (P1 = 0.376, P2 = 0.120)
We further regrouped patients into two groups (<40 years or >60 years group, and 40–60 years group) in view of above results. As shown by Table 1, <40 years or >60 years group was related to higher risk of reaching the composite endpoint (R2 = 0.203, P4 = 0.049).
3.1.2 Gender
As shown by Table 1, 44.2% of patients were female, and 55.8% of patients were male.
For female group, 26.2% of the the patients were severe cases, and 21.4% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For male group, 39.6% of the patients were severe cases, and 30.2% of the patients reached the endpoint. However, the P values were greater than 0.05. (P1 = 0.195, P2 = 0.360, P3 = 0.171, P4 = 0.338)
3.1.3 Temperature
As shown by Table 1, we grouped patients into four groups according to their highest temperature during hospitalization.
For <37℃ group, 12.5% of the patients were severe cases, and no patients reached the composite endpoint. For 37–38℃ group, 10.5% of the the patients were severe cases, and 10.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 38–39℃ group, 28.6% of the the patients were severe cases, and 17.1% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For >39℃, 57.6% of the the patients were severe cases, and 51.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1 = 0.002, P2 = 0.001)
Higher temperature was related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.362, R2 = 0.383, P3<0.001, P4<0.001)
3.2 Laboratory findings
The Laboratory findings are shown in Table 2.
3.2.1 Blood leukocyte count
3.2.1.1 Highest blood leukocyte count
As shown by Table 2, we first grouped patients into two groups according to their highest blood leukocyte count during hospitalization. The ≤10 * 10^9/L group were further divided into two subgroups according to their lowest blood leukocyte count during hospitalization.
For >10*10^9/L group, 96.0% of the patients were severe cases, and 80.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 4–10 * 10^9/L group, 11.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 5.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For < 4 * 10^9/L group, 11.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 8.6% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
>10*10^9/L group were strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.604, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.543, P4<0.001)
3.2.1.2 Lowest blood leukocyte count
As shown by Table 2, we first grouped patients into two groups according to their lowest blood leukocyte count during hospitalization. The ≥4 * 10^9/L group were further divided into two subgroups according to their highest blood leukocyte count during hospitalization.
For<4 * 10^9/L group, 16.2% of the patients were severe cases, and 8.1% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 4–10 * 10^9/L group, 11.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 5.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For >10*10^9/L group, 95.7% of the patients were severe cases, and 87.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
>10*10^9/L group were strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.604, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.569, P4<0.001)
3.2.2 Neutrophils
3.2.2.1 Highest neutrophil count
As shown by Table 2, we first grouped patients into two groups according to their highest neutrophil count during hospitalization. The ≤7 * 10^9/L group were further divided into two subgroups according to their lowest neutrophil count during hospitalization.
For >7*10^9/L group, 86.7% of the patients were severe cases, and 73.2% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 2–7 * 10^9/L group, 9.5% of the patients were severe cases, and 2.4% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For < 2 * 10^9/L group, 8.7% of the patients were severe cases, and 8.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
>7*10^9/L group were strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.626, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.566, P4<0.001)
3.2.2.2 Highest neutrophil percentage
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their highest neutrophil percentage during hospitalization.
For >85% group, 83.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 61.3% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 70–85% group, 13.2% of the patients were severe cases, and 13.2% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For ≤70% group, 3.8% of the patients were severe cases, and 3.8% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Higher neutrophil percentage was strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.641, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.492, P4<0.001)
3.2.3 lymphocyte
3.2.3.1 Lowest lymphocyte count
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their Lowest lymphocyte count during hospitalization.
For<0.4* 10^9/L group, 81.8% of the patients were severe cases, and 81.8% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 0.4–0.8* 10^9/L group, 42.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 28.6% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For >0.8* 10^9/L group, 11.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 9.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Lower lymphocyte count was strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = –0.451, P3<0.001, R2 = –0.415, P4<0.001)
3.2.3.2 Lowest lymphocyte percentage
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their Lowest lymphocyte percentage during hospitalization.
For<10% group, 81.3% of the patients were severe cases, and 68.8% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 10%–20% group, 14.3% of the patients were severe cases, and 5.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>20% group, 3.6% of the patients were severe cases, and 3.6% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Lower lymphocyte percentage was strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = –0.631, P3<0.001, R2 = –0.573, P4<0.001)
3.2.3 C-reactive protein level
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into five groups according to their highest C-reactive protein level during hospitalization.
For<10 mg/L and 10–20 mg/L groups, no patients were severe cases, and no patients reached the composite endpoint. For 20–90 mg/L group, 18.7% of the patients were severe cases, and 12.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 90–150 mg/L group, 31.2% of the patients were severe cases, and 25.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>150 mg/L group, 84.0% of the patients were severe cases, and 68.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Higher C-reactive protein level was strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.572, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.503, P4<0.001)
3.2.4 Platelet count
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their Platelet count during hospitalization.
For<100* 10^9/L groups, 45.5% of patients were severe cases, and 45.5% patients reached the composite endpoint. For 100–300* 10^9/L group, 26.8% of the patients were severe cases, and 24.4% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For >300* 10^9/L group, 37.2% of the patients were severe cases, and 23.3% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. However, the P values were greater than 0.05. (P1 = 0.410, P2 = 0.307, P3 = 0.795, P4 = 0.306)
3.2.5 Highest D-dimer level
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into two groups according to their highest D-dimer level during hospitalization.
For ≤1 mg/L group, 9.5% of patients were severe cases, and 3.2% patients reached the composite endpoint. For>1 mg/L group, 81.2% of the patients were severe cases, and 71.9% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Higher D-dimer level was strongly related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.717, P3<0.001,R2 = 0.737,P4<0.001)
3.2.6 Highest alanine aminotransferase activity
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their highest alanine aminotransferase activity during hospitalization.
For<40 U/L group, 18.6% of patients were severe cases, and 9.3% patients reached the composite endpoint. For 40–80 U/L group, 48.1% of the patients were severe cases, and 40.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>80 U/L group, 44.0% of the patients were severe cases, and 40.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1 = 0.017, P2 = 0.003)
Higher alanine aminotransferase activity was related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.243, P3 = 0.013, R2 = 0.306, P4 = 0.002)
3.2.7 Highest aspartate aminotransferase activity
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into three groups according to their highest aspartate aminotransferase activity during hospitalization.
For<40 U/L group, 24% of patients were severe cases, and 12% patients reached the composite endpoint. For 40–80 U/L group, 44.1% of the patients were severe cases, and 41.2% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>80 U/L group, 45.5% of the patients were severe cases, and 45.5% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1 = 0.109, P2 = 0.004)
Higher aspartate aminotransferase activity was related to severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.202, P3 = 0.042, R2 = 0.325, P4 = 0.001)
3.2.8 Highest Creatinine level
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into two groups according to their highest Creatinine level during hospitalization.
For≤90 μmol/L group, 32.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 24.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>90 μmol/L group, 36.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 31.8% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. However, the P values were greater than 0.05. (P1 = 0.800, P2 = 0.583, P3 = 0.763, P4 = 0.506)
3.2.9 Highest α - hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into four groups according to their highest α - hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity during hospitalization.
For<183 U/L group, no patients were severe cases, and no patients reached the composite endpoint. For 183–360 U/L group, 20.0% of the patients were severe cases, and 14.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 360–540 U/L group, 46.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 32.1% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>540 U/L group, 90.0% of patients were severe cases, and 90.0% patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Higher α - hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity correlated strongly with severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.449, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.439, P4<0.001)
3.2.10 Highest lactate dehydrogenase activity
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into four groups according to their highest lactate dehydrogenase activity during hospitalization.
For<245 U/L group, 4.8% of the patients were severe cases, and none of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 245–480 U/L group, 30.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 23.6% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 480–720 U/L group, 61.5% of the patients were severe cases, and 46.2% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>720 U/L group, all the patients were severe cases, and all the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1<0.001, P2<0.001)
Higher lactate dehydrogenase activity correlated strongly with severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.454, P3<0.001, R2 = 0.453, P4<0.001)
3.2.11 Highest creatine kinase activity
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into four groups according to their highest creatine kinase activity during hospitalization.
For<200 U/L group, 26.9% of the patients were severe cases, and 17.9% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 200–400U/L group, 41.7% of the patients were severe cases, and 41.7% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For 400–600U/L group, 44.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 44.4% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. For>600 U/L group, 71.4% of the patients were severe cases, and 57.1% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1 = 0.083, P2 = 0.031)
Higher creatine kinase activity correlated strongly with severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = 0.231, P3 = 0.019, R2 = 0.289, P4 = 0.003)
3.2.12 Lowest total protein level
As shown by Table 2, we grouped patients into two groups according to their Lowest total protein level during hospitalization.
For<60 g/L group, 44.6% of the patients were severe cases, and 33.8% of patients reached the composite endpoint. For ≥60 g/L group, 10.0% of the patients were severe cases, and 10.0% of the patients reached the composite endpoint. (P1 = 0.001, P2 = 0.022)
Lower total protein level correlated with severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and composite endpoint. (R1 = –0.340, P3 = 0.001, R2 = –0.252, P4 = 0.015)