Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins (family C1, clan CA) have long been regarded as ubiquitous household enzymes, primarily involved in the recycling and degradation of proteins in lysosomes. This opinion has changed considerably during recent decades, however, with the demonstration of their involvement in various physiological processes. A growing body of evidence supports the theory that cathepsins play specific functions in lung homeostasis and pathophysiological events such as asthma, lung fibrosis (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (embracing emphysema and chronic bronchitis), silicosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or tumor invasion. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge of the role of these enzymes in the lung. Particular attention has been paid to the understanding of the role of these proteases and their natural inhibitors, cystatins (family I25, clan IH), in TGF-β1-driven fibrotic processes with an emphasis on lung fibrosis.
Acknowledgments
We apologize for any references omitted due to space limitations. We thank la Région Centre for their financial support (FibroCat project). We acknowledge the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale for institutional funding. Dr Mariana Kasabova had former doctoral scholarship from Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie, France. The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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