Abstract
The current grade classification system of gliomas is based on the histopathological features of these tumors and has great significance in defining groups of patients for clinical assessment. However, this classification system is also associated with a number of limitations, and as such, additional clinical assessment criteria are required. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in cellular functions and are currently regarded as potential biomarkers for glioma diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, the molecular classification of glioma based on lncRNA expression may provide additional information to assist in the systematic identification of glioma. In the present paper, we review the emerging evidence indicating that specific lncRNAs may have the potential for use as key novel biomarkers and thus provide a powerful tool for the systematic diagnosis of glioma.
Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Award Identifier / Grant number: 81360190
Funding statement: This project was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 81360190 to Y.X.).
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 81360190 to Y.X.).
Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
References
Amaral, P.P. and Mattick, J.S. (2008). Noncoding RNA in development. Mamm. Genome 19, 454–492.10.1007/s00335-008-9136-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Anton, K., Baehring, J.M., and Mayer, T. (2012). Glioblastoma multiforme: overview of current treatment and future perspectives. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 26, 825–853.10.1016/j.hoc.2012.04.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Balss, J., Meyer, J., Mueller, W., Korshunov, A., Hartmann, C., and von, D.A. (2008). Analysis of the IDH1 codon 132 mutation in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol. 116, 597–602.10.1007/s00401-008-0455-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bao, Z.S., Zhang, C.B., Wang, H.J., Yan, W., Liu, Y.W., Li, M.Y., and Zhang, W. (2013). Whole-genome mRNA expression profiling identifies functional and prognostic signatures in patients with mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 19, 714–720.10.1111/cns.12118Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chen, Y., Wu, J.J., Lin, X.B., Bao, Y., Chen, Z.H., Zhang, C.R., Cai, Z., Zhou, J.Y., Ding, M.H., Wu, X.J., et al. (2015). Differential lncRNA expression profiles in recurrent gliomas compared with primary gliomas identified by microarray analysis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8, 5033–5043.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, Z., Guo, J., Chen, L., Luo, N., Yang, W., and Qu, X. (2015). A long noncoding RNA AB073614 promotes tumorigenesis and predicts poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 6, 25381–25389.10.18632/oncotarget.4541Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Eberhart, C.G. (2011). Molecular diagnostics in embryonal brain tumors. Brain Pathol. 21, 96–104.10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00455.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ellis, B.C., Molloy, P.L., and Graham, L.D. (2012). CRNDE: a long non-Coding RNA Involved in CanceR, Neurobiology, and DEvelopment. Front Genet. 3, 270.10.3389/fgene.2012.00270Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Fuller, G.N. (2008). The WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system, 4th edition. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 132, 906.10.5858/2008-132-906-TWCOTOSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Gupta, R.A., Shah, N., Wang, K.C., Kim, J., Horlings, H.M., Wong, D.J., Tsai, M.C., Hung, T., Argani, P., Rinn, J.L., et al. (2010). Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature 464, 1071–1076.10.1038/nature08975Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Han, Y., Liu, Y., Nie, L., Gui, Y., and Cai, Z. (2013). Inducing cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and motility reduction by silencing long noncoding ribonucleic acid metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urology 81, 209.e1–7.10.1016/j.urology.2012.08.044Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hu, L., Lv, Q.L., Chen, S.H., Sun, B., Qu, Q., Cheng, L., Guo, Y., Zhou, H.H., and Fan, L. (2016). Up-regulation of long non-coding RNA AB073614 predicts a poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 13, 433.10.3390/ijerph13040433Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Huang, L., Liao, L.M., Liu, A.W., Wu, J.B., Cheng, X.L., Lin, J.X., and Zheng, M. (2014). Overexpression of long noncoding RNA HOTAIR predicts a poor prognosis in patients with cervical cancer. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 290, 717–723.10.1007/s00404-014-3236-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ji, P., Diederichs, S., Wang, W., Böing, S., Metzger, R., Schneider, P.M., Tidow, N., Brandt, B., Buerger, H., Bulk, E., et al., (2003). MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 22, 8031–8041.10.1038/sj.onc.1206928Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jia, P., Cai, H., Liu, X., Chen, J., Ma, J., Wang, P., Liu, Y., Zheng, J., and Xue, Y. (2016). Long non-coding RNA H19 regulates glioma angiogenesis and the biological behavior of glioma-associated endothelial cells by inhibiting microRNA-29a. Cancer Lett. 381, 359–369.10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jiang, P., Wang, P., Sun, X., Yuan, Z., Zhan, R., Ma, X., and Li, W. (2016a). Knockdown of long noncoding RNA H19 sensitizes human glioma cells to temozolomide therapy. Oncol. Targets Ther. 9, 3501–3509.10.2147/OTT.S96278Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jiang, X., Yan, Y., Hu, M., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Dai, Y., Wu, D., Wang, Y., Zhuang, Z., and Xia, H. (2016b). Increased level of H19 long noncoding RNA promotes invasion, angiogenesis, and stemness of glioblastoma cells. J. Neurosurg. 124, 129–136.10.3171/2014.12.JNS1426Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kallen, A.N., Zhou, X.B., Xu, J., Qiao, C., Ma, J., Yan, L., Lu, L., Liu, C., Yi, J.S., Zhang, H., et al., (2013). The imprinted H19 lncRNA antagonizes let-7 microRNAs. Mol. Cell 52, 101–112.10.1016/j.molcel.2013.08.027Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ke, J., Yao, Y.L., Zheng, J., Wang, P., Liu, Y.H., Ma, J., Li, Z., Liu, X.B., Li, Z.Q., Wang, Z.H., et al., (2015). Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR inhibits malignant biological behaviors of human glioma cells via modulation of miR-326. Oncotarget 6, 21934–21949.10.18632/oncotarget.4290Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, T.M., Huang, W., Park, R., Park, P.J., and Johnson, M.D. (2011). A developmental taxonomy of glioblastoma defined and maintained by MicroRNAs. Cancer Res. 71, 3387–3399.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-4117Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, K., Jutooru, I., Chadalapaka, G., Johnson, G., Frank, J., Burghardt, R., Kim, S., and Safe, S. (2013). HOTAIR is a negative prognostic factor and exhibits pro-oncogenic activity in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 32, 1616–1625.10.1038/onc.2012.193Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kogo, R., Shimamura, T., Mimori, K., Kawahara, K., Imoto, S., Sudo, T., Tanaka, F., Shibata, K., Suzuki, A., Komune, S., et al. (2011). Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR regulates polycomb-dependent chromatin modification and is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancers. Cancer Res. 71, 6320–6326.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1021Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Li, J.T., Wang, L.F., Zhao, Y.L., Yang, T., Li, W., Zhao, J., Yu, F., Wang, L., Meng, Y.L., Liu, N.N., et al. (2014a). Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 maintained by Hotair suppression of miR-568 upregulates S100 calcium binding protein A4 to promote breast cancer metastasis. Breast Cancer Res. 16, 454.10.1186/s13058-014-0454-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Li, R., Qian, J., Wang, Y.Y., Zhang, J.X., and You, Y.P. (2014b). Long noncoding RNA profiles reveal three molecular subtypes in glioma. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 20, 339–343.10.1111/cns.12220Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Li, C., Lei, B., Huang, S., Zheng, M., Liu, Z., Li, Z., and Deng, Y. (2015). H19 derived microRNA-675 regulates cell proliferation and migration through CDK6 in glioma. Am. J. Transl. Res. 7, 1747–1764.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, R., Maeda, S., Liu, C., Karin, M., and Edgington, T.S. (2007). A large noncoding RNA is a marker for murine hepatocellular carcinomas and a spectrum of human carcinomas. Oncogene 26, 851–858.10.1038/sj.onc.1209846Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Louis, D.N., Ohgaki, H., Wiestler, O.D., Cavenee, W.K., Burger, P.C., Jouvet, A., Scheithauer, B.W., and Kleihues, P. (2007). The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 114, 97–109.10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Lv, Q.L., Hu, L., Chen, S.H., Sun, B., Fu, M.L., Qin, C.Z., Qu, Q., Wang, G.H., He, C.J., and Zhou, H.H. (2016). A long noncoding RNA ZEB1-AS1 promotes tumorigenesis and predicts poor prognosis in glioma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 1431.10.3390/ijms17091431Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ma, K.X., Wang, H.J., Li, X.R., Li, T., Su, G., Yang, P., and Wu, J.W. (2015). Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 associates with the malignant status and poor prognosis in glioma. Tumour Biol. 36, 3355–3359.10.1007/s13277-014-2969-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Martinez, R. and Schackert, G. (2007). Epigenetic aberrations in malignant gliomas: an open door leading to better understanding and treatment. Epigenetics 2, 147–150.10.4161/epi.2.3.5049Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mattick, J.S. (2009). The genetic signatures of noncoding RNAs. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000459.10.1371/journal.pgen.1000459Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mattick, J.S., Amaral, P.P., Dinger, M.E., Mercer, T.R., and Mehler, M.F. (2009). RNA regulation of epigenetic processes. Bioessays 31, 51–59.10.1002/bies.080099Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mehler, M.F. and Mattick, J.S. (2006). Non-coding RNAs in the nervous system. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 575, 333–341.10.1113/jphysiol.2006.113191Search in Google Scholar
Mercer, T.R., Dinger, M.E., and Mattick, J.S. (2009). Long non-coding RNAs: insights into functions. Nat. Rev. Genet. 10, 155–159.10.1038/nrg2521Search in Google Scholar
Mulhern, R.K., Merchant, T.E., Gajjar, A., Reddick, W.E., and Kun, L.E. (2004). Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood. Lancet Oncol. 5, 399–408.10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01507-4Search in Google Scholar
Murat, A., Migliavacca, E., Gorlia, T., Lambiv, W.L., Shay, T., Hamou, M.F., de Tribolet N, Regli, L., Wick, W., Kouwenhoven, M.C., et al., (2008). Stem cell-related ‘self-renewal’ signature and high epidermal growth factor receptor expression associated with resistance to concomitant chemoradiotherapy in glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 3015–3024.10.1200/JCO.2007.15.7164Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nobusawa, S., Watanabe, T., Kleihues, P., and Ohgaki, H. (2009). IDH1 mutations as molecular signature and predictive factor of secondary glioblastomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 6002–6007.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0715Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ohgaki, H. and Kleihues, P. (2005). Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 64, 479–489.10.1093/jnen/64.6.479Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Olson, J.D., Riedel, E., and DeAngelis, L.M. (2000). Long-term outcome of low-grade oligodendroglioma and mixed glioma. Neurology 54, 1442–1448.10.1212/WNL.54.7.1442Search in Google Scholar
Paugh, B.S., Qu, C., Jones, C., Liu, Z., Adamowicz-Brice, M., Zhang, J., Bax, D.A., Coyle, B., Barrow, J., Hargrave, D., et al. (2010). Integrated molecular genetic profiling of pediatric high-grade gliomas reveals key differences with the adult disease. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 3061–3068.10.1200/JCO.2009.26.7252Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Pollard, S.M., Yoshikawa, K., Clarke, I.D., Danovi, D., Stricker, S., Russell, R., Bayani, J., Head, R., Lee, M., Bernstein, M., et al. (2009). Glioma stem cell lines expanded in adherent culture have tumor-specific phenotypes and are suitable for chemical and genetic screens. Cell Stem Cell 4, 568–580.10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Prasanth, K.V. and Spector, D.L. (2007). Eukaryotic regulatory RNAs: an answer to the ‘genome complexity’ conundrum. Genes Dev. 21, 11–42.10.1101/gad.1484207Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ramos, A.D., Attenello, F.J., and Lim, D.A. (2016). Uncovering the roles of long noncoding RNAs in neural development and glioma progression. Neurosci. Lett. 625, 70–79.10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.025Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rinn, J.L., Kertesz, M., Wang, J.K., Squazzo, S.L., Xu, X., Brugmann, S.A., Goodnough, L.H., Helms, J.A., Farnham, P.J., Segal, E., et al. (2007). Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs. Cell 129, 1311–1323.10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sadetzki, S., Zach, L., Chetrit, A., Nass, D., Hoffmann, C., Ram, Z., Zaaroor, M., Umansky, F., Rappaport, Z.H., Cohen, A., et al. (2008). Epidemiology of gliomas in Israel: a nationwide study. Neuroepidemiology 31, 264–269.10.1159/000165366Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sanson, M., Marie, Y., Paris, S., Idbaih, A., Laffaire, J., Ducray, F., El, H.S., Boisselier, B., Mokhtari, K., Hoang-Xuan, K., et al. (2009). Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 4150–4154.10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9832Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schwartz, J.C., Younger, S.T., Nguyen, N.B., Hardy, D.B., Monia, B.P., Corey, D.R., and Janowski, B.A. (2008). Antisense transcripts are targets for activating small RNAs. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15, 842–848.10.1038/nsmb.1444Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Luan, W., Wang, P., Tao, T., Zhang, J., Qian, J., Liu, N., and You, Y. (2014). Long non-coding RNA H19 promotes glioma cell invasion by deriving miR-675. PLoS One 9, e86295.10.1371/journal.pone.0086295Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Smoll, N.R., Gautschi, O.P., Schatlo, B., Schaller, K., and Weber, D.C. (2012). Relative survival of patients with supratentorial low-grade gliomas. Neuro-oncology 14, 1062–1069.10.1093/neuonc/nos144Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sun, L., Hui, A.M., Su, Q., Vortmeyer, A., Kotliarov, Y., Pastorino, S., Passaniti, A., Menon, J., Walling, J., Bailey, R., et al. (2006). Neuronal and glioma-derived stem cell factor induces angiogenesis within the brain. Cancer Cell 9, 287–300.10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Turkheimer, F.E., Roncaroli, F., Hennuy, B., Herens, C., Nguyen, M., Martin, D., Evrard, A., Bours, V., Boniver, J., and Deprez, M. (2006). Chromosomal patterns of gene expression from microarray data: methodology, validation and clinical relevance in gliomas. BMC Bioinformat. 7, 526.10.1186/1471-2105-7-526Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Yin, H., and Han, B. (2015). CRNDE, a long-noncoding RNA, promotes glioma cell growth and invasion through mTOR signaling. Cancer Lett. 367, 122–128.10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.027Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, L., Liu, Y., Sun, S., Lu, M., and Xia, Y. (2016a). Regulation of neuronal-glial fate specification by long non-coding RNAs. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 491–499.10.1515/revneuro-2015-0061Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhou, J., Duan, R., Pu, P., Kang, C., and Han, L. (2016b). A novel cell cycle-associated lncRNA, HOXA11-AS, is transcribed from the 5-prime end of the HOXA transcript and is a biomarker of progression in glioma. Cancer Lett. 373, 251–259.10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.039Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Xiang, J., Guo, S., Jiang, S., Xu, Y., Li, J., Li, L., and Xiang, J. (2016). Silencing of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes apoptosis of glioma cells. J. Korean Med. Sci. 31, 688–694.10.3346/jkms.2016.31.5.688Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Youland, R.S., Khwaja, S.S., Schomas, D.A., Keating, G.F., Wetjen, N.M., and Laack, N.N. (2013). Prognostic factors and survival patterns in pediatric low-grade gliomas over 4 decades. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 35, 197–205.10.1097/MPH.0b013e3182678bf8Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, X., Sun, S., Pu, J.K., Tsang, A.C., Lee, D., Man, V.O., Lui, W.M., Wong, S.T., and Leung, G.K. (2012). Long non-coding RNA expression profiles predict clinical phenotypes in glioma. Neurobiol. Dis. 48, 1–8.10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, J.X., Han, L., Bao, Z.S., Wang, Y.Y., Chen, L.Y., Yan, W., Yu, S.Z., Pu, P.Y., Liu, N., You, Y.P., et al. (2013a). HOTAIR, a cell cycle-associated long noncoding RNA and a strong predictor of survival, is preferentially expressed in classical and mesenchymal glioma. Neuro-oncology 15, 1595–1603.10.1093/neuonc/not131Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang, X.Q., Sun, S., Lam, K.F., Kiang, K.M., Pu, J.K., Ho, A.S., Lui, W.M., Fung, C.F., Wong, T.S., and Leung, G.K. (2013b). A long non-coding RNA signature in glioblastoma multiforme predicts survival. Neurobiol. Dis. 58, 123–131.10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, X.Q., Kiang, K.M., Wang, Y.C., Pu, J.K., Ho, A., Cheng, S.Y., Lee, D., Zhang, P.D., Chen, J.J., Lui, W.M., et al. (2015). IDH1 mutation-associated long non-coding RNA expression profile changes in glioma. J. Neurooncol. 125, 253–263.10.1007/s11060-015-1916-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zheng, J., Liu, X., Wang, P., Xue, Y., Ma, J., Qu, C., and Liu, Y. (2016). CRNDE promotes malignant progression of glioma by attenuating miR-384/PIWIL4/STAT3 Axis. Mol. Ther. 24, 1199–1215.10.1038/mt.2016.71Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston