Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate simultaneously serum and milk malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and antioxidant potential (AOP) in active-smoking, passive-smoking, and nonsmoking mothers and to search if there is any difference between serum and milk oxidant/ antioxidant status caused by smoking. According to their smoking status, 60 mothers (age range: 20–35 yr) were classified into one of three groups: the active-smoking mothers (n=15), the passive-smoking mothers (n=22), and the nonsmoking mothers (n=23). Serum and milk MDA, SOD, GPx, and AOP values were determined in mothers on the postpartum seventh day by the spectrophotometric method. Serum Zn and Cu concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). There was no significant difference in serum samples with respect to MDA (p=0.17), SOD (p=0.51) and AOP (p=0.36) levels, but there was a significant difference in serum GPx (p=0.002) levels among the study groups. The significant differences were also found in milk samples in terms of MDA (p=0.002) and SOD (p=0.011), but not in GPx (p=0.11) and AOP (p=0.29) levels among the study groups. No significant difference was seen in serum zinc concentration (p=0.49), but copper concentration differed significantly among the groups (p=0.005). These observations suggest that human milk is more vulnerable to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation than serum samples in smoking mothers, even if they are passive smokers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. P. Eiserich, A. van der Vliet, G. J. Handelman, et al., Dietary antioxidants and cigarette smoke-induced biomolecular damage: a complex interaction, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(6 Suppl.), 1490S-1500S (1995).
S. A. Hulea, R. Olinescu, S. Nita, et al., Cigarette smoking causes biochemical changes in blood that are suggestive of oxidative stress: a case-control study, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 14, 173–180 (1995).
S. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, H. S. Shin, et al., Influence of smoking on markers of oxidative stress and serum mineral concentrations in teenage girls in Korea, Nutrition 19, 240–243 (2003).
H. Wurzel, C. C. Yeh, C. Gairola, et al., Oxidative damage and antioxidant status in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats exposed chronically to cigarette smoke, J. Biochem. Toxicol. 10, 11–17 (1995).
M. P. Gupta, K. L. Khanduja, and R. R. Sharma, Effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the rat, Toxicol. Lett. 41, 107–114 (1988).
M. A. Abou-Seit, Blood antioxidant status and urine sulfate and thiocyanate levels in smokers, J. Biochem. Toxicol. 11, 133–138 (1996).
J. Hilbert and V. Mohsenin, Adaptation of lung antioxidants to cigarette smoking in humans, Chest 110, 916–920 (1996).
R. M. Ortega, A. M. Lopez-Sobaler, R. M. Martinez, et al., Influence of smoking on vitamin E status during the third trimester and on breast-milk tocopherol concentrations in Spanish women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68, 662–667 (1998).
R. M. Ortega, A. M. Lopez-Sobaler, M. E. Quintas, et al., The influence of smoking on vitamin C status during the third trimester of pregnancy and on vitamin C levels in maternal milk, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 17, 379–384 (1998).
S. K. Jain, R. McVie, J. Duett, et al., Erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes, Diabetes 38, 1539–1543 (1989).
Y. Sun, L. W. Oberley, and Y. Li, A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase, Clin. Chem. 34, 497–500 (1988).
D. E. Paglia and W. N. Valentine, Studies on the quantiative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158–169 (1967).
H. S. Ozturk, M. Y. Cimen, O. B. Cimen, M. Kacmaz, and I. Durak, Oxidant/antioxidant status of plasma samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatol. Int. 19, 35–37 (1999).
R. Steldinger, W. Luck, and H. Nau, Half lives of nicotine in milk of smoking mothers: implications for nursing, J. Perinat. Med. 16, 261–262 (1988).
I. Durak, S. Elgun, N. K. Bingol, et al., Effects of cigarette smoking with different tar content on erythrocyte oxidant/antioxidant status, Addict. Biol. 7, 255–258 (2002).
K. B. Schwarz, J. M. Cox, S. Sharma, et al., Prooxidant effects of maternal smoking and formula in newborn infants, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 24, 68–74 (1997).
Y. Sajjad, M. Leonard, and M. Doyle, Antioxidant levels in the cord blood of term fetus, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 20, 468–471 (2000).
M. A. Dubick and C. L. Keen, Influence of nicotine on tissue trace element concentrations and tissue antioxidant defense, Biol. Trace Element Res. 31, 97–99 (1991).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ermis, B., Yildirim, A., Örs, R. et al. Influence of smoking on serum and milk malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidant potential levels in mothers at the postpartum seventh day. Biol Trace Elem Res 105, 27–36 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:105:1-3:027
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:105:1-3:027