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Right ventricular size and function under riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (the RIVER study)

Respiratory Research volume 19, Article number: 258 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Riociguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTPEH). The objective of this study was to evaluate right heart size and function assessed by echocardiography during long term treatment with riociguat.

Methods

Patients who started riociguat treatment (1.0–2.5 mg tid) within the trials phase II, PATENT, PATENTplus, EAS, CHEST and continued treatment for 3–12 months were included in this study. Echocardiography was analysed off-line at baseline, after 3, 6 and 12 months by investigators who were blinded to clinical data. Last and baseline observation carried forward method (LOCF, BOCF) were performed as sensitivity analysis.

Results

Seventy-one patients (45% PAH, 55% CTEPH; 53.5% female; 60 ± 13 years, mean pulmonary arterial pressure 46 ± 10 mmHg, mean PVR 700 ± 282dynes·sec·cm-5) were included. After 6 months, RA and RV area, RV thickness tricuspid regurgitation velocity showed a significant reduction. After 12 months, patients receiving riociguat therapy showed a significant reduction in right atrial (− 2.6 ± 4.4 cm2, 95% CI -3.84, − 1.33; p < 0.001, n = 49) and right ventricular (RV) area (− 3.5 ± 5.2 cm2, 95% CI -5.1, − 1.9; p < 0.001; n = 44), RV thickness (− 0.76 ± 2.2 mm, 95% CI -1.55, 0.03; n = 32), and a significant increase in TAPSE (2.95 ± 4.78 mm, 95% CI 1.52, 4.39; n = 45) and RV fractional area change (8.12 ± 8.87 mm, 95% CI 4.61, 11.62; n = 27).

Both LOCF and BOCF showed similar results but lower effect sizes.

Conclusion

Patients under long-term treatment with riociguat show significantly reduced right heart size and improved RV function in PAH and CTEPH. Further controlled prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Background

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are conditions both characterized by a progressive vascular remodeling, increase in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular (RV) overload that can ultimately lead to right heart failure and death [1]. At diagnosis most patients show an enlarged right heart with increased RV and right atrial (RA) area (>16cm2) and impaired cardiac output (CO). Riociguat is the first drug that has been approved for the treatment of both PAH and CTEPH [2, 3]. In patients with PAH, the 12-week PATENT-1 study showed a significant improvement of the primary endpoint 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and of secondary end-points as PVR, N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, World Health Organisation functional class (WHO-FC), time to clinical worsening, and Borg dyspnea score [2]. An exploratory analysis of the first 12 weeks of the long-term extension study (PATENT-2) showed further significant improvement of 6-MWD in the 215 PAH-patients receiving up to 2.5 mg of riociguat three times daily [4].

In CTEPH patients the 12-week CHEST-1 study revealed a statistically significant improvement of 6MWD (primary end-point) and in PVR, NT-proBNP serum values, and in WHO-FC (secondary end points) [3]. Further studies investigating the effect of riociguat in an uncontrolled design were the early access study (EAS) in patients with CTEPH [5] and PATENTplus in PAH [1]. Due to potentially unfavourable safety signals with sildenafil plus riociguat in the PATENTplus study and no evidence of a positive benefit/risk ratio, concomitant use of riociguat with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors is contraindicated [6].

Sparse data are currently available on the effects of riociguat administration on right heart size and function. RV size and function have not been addressed as end-points in the respective riociguat studies. The study protocols of the phase III riociguat studies did not include echocardiographic assessments to investigate right heart size as RV or RA areas. However, right heart size and function are of utmost prognostic importance in PAH/CTEPH. RV performance measured by echocardiography [7, 8] and enlarged RA area [7, 9] have been shown to be independent prognostic factors in PAH. Recently it has been shown that riociguat treatment (1.0–2.5 mg tid) was associated with a significant reduction of RV and RA area after 3, 6 and 12 months compared to baseline [10]. RA area significantly decreased after 12 months and RV systolic function assessed with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) improved after 6 and 12 months of riociguat therapy [10].

The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of long-term riociguat treatment on right heart size and function measured by echocardiography in patients with PAH or CTEPH who have been enrolled in the prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group, placebo-controlled riociguat trails PATENT-1, PATENTplus, CHEST-1, phase II trial and Early Access Study and the corresponding long-term extension trials.

Methods

Study design

This clinical investigation was performed as a retrospective analysis using the data of prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical studies (riociguat trails PATENT-1 study, PATENTplus study, CHEST-1 study, phase II trial and Early Access Study) and the corresponding long-term extension trials with add-on of echocardiographic data obtained during routine assessments which have been performed during these trials. All riociguat studies were approved by the ethics committees of the respective centers. The ethics committee of the medical faculty, University of Heidelberg had no objection against the retrospective analysis of echocardiographic data within this study (S668–2015). Due to the small number of patients with available echocardiographic data receiving placebo, the data was evaluated as single armed, observational study.

Study population

German centres were contacted to include patients who were enrolled within the riociguat phase II and III trials and received routine echocardiographic assessments throughout the study period. In five centres Dresden, Hannover, Heidelberg, Giessen and Regensburg echocardiographic assessments were routinely performed at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months beside the parameters which have been obtained in the context of the riociguat trials. All patients with PAH (PATENT-1 and 2, PATENTplus) or CTEPH (CHEST-1 and 2, Early Access Study) randomized into one of the trials (i.e. for whom study medication had been assigned and a package had been opened) and who had at least once been administered study medication were eligible for the study, if echocardiography had been routinely performed at baseline and at least once during the course of the trial.

Analysis of echocardiography

For analysis of the echocardiographic parameters including RA and RV areas, TAPSE, RV thickness, tricuspid regurgitation velocity, RV fractional area change, right and left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular eccentricity index, pulmonary artery diameter and presence of pericardial effusion we obtained the DICOM-films of the on-line echocardiographic assessments performed in each centre and analysed them off-line in Heidelberg. In case of low image quality and lacking multiple measurements, values were not included in the data base. For the off-line readings specialised software was used (TOMTEC) by an experienced physician. The investigator (AM) who performed the off-line readings of the echocardiography-DICOM-data was blinded to the patient name, treatment group, location and time point of the assessment, demographic and clinical data. All echocardiographic measurements were performed according to American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular imaging guidelines [11]. Accordingly, RA area and RV area were measured at the end of ventricular diastole (largest volume), tracing following the endocardium from the lateral aspect of the tricuspid annulus to the septal aspect, excluding the area of the annulus and the leaflets (with regard to RA area) and excluding the area of the annulus and trabecular structures (with regard to RV area). RV systolic area was calculated with the same methodology but at the end of the systole. RV fractional area change was defined as: [(RV end-diastolic area – RV end-systolic area)/ RV diastolic area]*100. TAPSE was calculated using M-mode from the lateral tricuspid annulus. Results of off-line readings were forwarded to an external contract research organisation in order to merge with the clinical data of the riociguat trials. A clinically significant improvement of right heart size was defined as a ≥ 15% reduction RA or RV area [12].

Data collection

Data from the riociguat studies were used for this study to complete clinical characterization of the patient cohort. The respective parameters from the riociguat trials database were merged with the echocardiography data after double pseudonymization for data protection by contract research organisation. Parameters comprised of baseline demographics, vital signs, WHO functional class, hemodynamics, 6-min walking distance, NTpro-BNP and PH targeted treatment.

Patients who received riociguat in the core study were included with their baseline examination of the core study and the subsequent follow-up examinations. Patients who received placebo in the core study and riociguat in the extension study were included with their final examination of the double-blind study (= baseline examination of the extension study) and the subsequent follow-up examinations.

Patients with invalid echocardiographic recordings, insufficient quality of recordings or missing baseline echocardiography were excluded from the analysis.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics are displayed by mean ± standard deviation, median and interquartile ranges. Frequency tables are provided for qualitative data. The primary endpoint was defined as the change of RA area from baseline to 12 months of treatment. The second part of the primary endpoint with comparison of changes during treatment between riociguat and placebo group was not possible due to the small sample size of the placebo group (n = 5). Previous power analysis for the primary endpoint determined a statistical power of at least 87.7% at an alpha level of 0.025 with a sample size of 75 patients if the true treatment effect was a reduction of RA area of at least 3 cm2 with a standard deviation of the difference of 7.5 cm2 after 12 months of treatment.

For the comparison of baseline and follow up values the t-test for paired measurements or the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used, as appropriate. Frequency distributions between baseline and follow-up were compared with the test of marginal homogeneity if at least one of the variables had more than two different values. For 2 × 2 tables the McNemar test was performed. Comparisons between groups were analysed with the t-test for independent samples or the Mann Whitney U test. For the comparison of frequency distributions between groups Fishers exact test was used.

For missing values of echocardiographic parameters after 12 months, baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) and last observation carried forward (LOCF) methods were performed as sensitivity analysis.

All tests are two-tailed and p-values < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. All analyses were performed with SAS 9.3 for Windows (SAS Institute, Cary NC) and SPSS V 24.

Results

Within the riociguat studies the participating centres included 112 patients (55% female, 43% PAH, 60 ± 13 years; 20 patients starting with placebo, 92 with riociguat), who had at least one echocardiographic assessment during the treatment period. In 71 patients (54% female, 83% treatment-naïve, 60 ± 13 years, mean pulmonary arterial pressure 46 ± 10 mmHg; Table 1, Fig. 1) echocardiography was available at the start date of the riociguat treatment. Out of them, 59 started the study with riociguat (83.1% of 71), 12 with placebo (16.9% of 71); the latter were switched to open-label riociguat after 12 and 16 weeks, respectively. In 20 patients who received initial placebo treatment, data from baseline echocardiography was available. Out of them, five patients presented with echocardiographic data after 3 months of placebo treatment. Because of the small and possibly biased placebo group, we did not perform a statistical test for the comparison of both groups.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
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Fig. 1
figure 1

RIVER study Flow-Chart. All patients with PAH (PATENT-1 and 2, PATENTplus) or CTEPH (CHEST-1 and 2, Early Access Study) randomized into one of the trials (i.e. for whom study medication had been assigned and a package had been opened) and who had at least once been administered study medication were eligible for the study, if echocardiography had been routinely performed at baseline and at least once during the course of the trial

Full size image

No patient died throughout the reported study period. Two patients who were not included in the analysis (due to missing echocardiographic assessment) received a lung transplantation.

Effect of riociguat on right heart size and function

Imaging quality was very good in > 90% of cases. In 71 patients with baseline-echocardiography, changes of echocardiographic parameters after three (n = 30), six (n = 34) and 12 months (n = 50) are shown in Table 2. Patients receiving riociguat therapy showed a significant reduction in RA area after 6 (− 2.4 ± 3.7 cm2, 95% confidence interval (CI) -3.73, − 1.13; p < 0.001, n = 34) and 12 months (− 2.6 ± 4.4 cm2, 95% CI -3.84, − 1.33; p < 0.001, n = 49). Likewise, patients showed a significant decrease in RV area (3 months: − 3.0 ± 3.0 cm2, 95% CI -4.1, − 1.9; 6 months:− 3.0 ± 3.15 cm2, 95% CI -4.23, − 1.96; 12 months: − 3.5 ± 5.2 cm2, 95% CI -5.1, − 1.9; p < 0.001 for all time points; n = 29, 32, 44, respectively). Patients who completed all four echocardiographic assessments (at baseline, after 3, 6 and 12 months (n = 21)) presented with a significant reduction of RA and RV areas for all time points (Table 2, Fig. 2).

Table 2 Changes of echocardiographic parameters after 3, 6 and 12 months of riociguat treatment
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

Right atrial and right ventricular areas in patients who completed all four echocardiographic assessments. Patients who completed echocardiographic assessments at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months showed a significant reduction of right atrial and right ventricular areas for all time points. Values are given as mean ± standard error of the mean

Full size image

After three months seven of 30 patients had a marked reduction in RA area of ≥15% compared to baseline (23.3% of 30); after six months 14 patients reached this reduction (41.2% of 34) and after 12 months 23 patients (46.9% of 49) (Table 2).

At baseline 20 of 70 patients showed a RA area lower than 18cm2 (28.6% of 70, one patient with baseline echocardiography had a missing RA area value). After 3 months 15 had a RA area < 18 cm2 (50.0% of 30), after 6 months 18 (52.9% of 34) and after 12 months 25 (51.0% of 49), respectively (Table 2).

After 12 months of riociguat treatment patients showed a significant decrease in RV thickness (− 0.76 ± 2.2 mm, 95% CI -1.55, 0.03), tricuspid regurgitation velocity (− 0.36 ± 0.83 cm/sec, 95% CI -0.6, − 0.12), pulmonary artery diameter (− 1.64 ± 3.17 mm, 95% CI -2.92, 0.36) and a significant increase in TAPSE (2.95 ± 4.78 mm, 95% CI 1.52, 4.39) and RV fractional area change (8.12 ± 8.87 mm, 95% CI 4.61, 11.62) (Table 2).

Patients also presented with an improvement of qualitatively assessed RV systolic function after 12 months of treatment (normal systolic function at baseline n = 6 vs. 16 at 12 months, mild impairment 15 vs. 16, moderate impairment 15 vs. 7, severe impairment 9 vs. 6; χ2-test p = 0.016). Left ventricular systolic function and presence of pericardial effusion remained stable throughout the study period. Both LOCF and BOCF showed similar significance and lower effect sizes (data not shown).

After 12 months of riociguat treatment patients showed a significant increase in mean 6MWD (59.6 ± 81 m, p < 0.001).

Description of patients who did not receive echocardiography after 12 months

Echocardiography after 12 months riociguat treatment was performed for 50 out of the 71 riociguat patients with echocardiography at riociguat start (70.4% of 71), 21 patients had no echocardiography after 12 months (29.6% of 71).

Patients who did not complete their 12-month echocardiographic assessment did not significantly differ regarding gender, age, height, weight, severity of the disease, 6MWD and hemodynamics from patients who received an echocardiographic examination after 12 months (Table 3, all p > 0.05). Baseline values for 6MWD and cardiac index were lower, pulmonary vascular resistance and NT-proBNP higher in patients who did not complete their 12 month examination, though differences between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (Table 3). Median values for PVR, cardiac index and cardiac output were similar between groups.

Table 3 Comparison of patients with echocardiography and patients with missing examination after 12 months
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Patients with 12-month assessment showed a statistically significant but clinically not relevant lower diastolic blood pressure and higher PAWP (Table 3).

Placebo group

In 20 patients who received placebo treatment, data from baseline echocardiography was available. Out of them, five patients presented with echocardiographic data after 3 months. Patients who received placebo treatment had a mild increase in NT-proBNP (22 ± 104 pmol/l) and 6MWD (18 ± 55 m).

Due to the small sample size of five patients who received an echocardiographic assessment after 3 months, the effect of riociguat was not tested for statistical significance against the control group. Data of patients receiving placebo treatment are presented descriptively (Table 4). RA area slightly decreased within 3 months (0.4 ± 2.9), whereas RV area increased by 1.9 ± 6.4 cm2. During the three month period, an increase was seen in TAPSE (0.5 ± 3.2 mm) and RV thickness (1 ± 0.8 mm). Median values of differences between baseline and 3 months did not reveal any marked changes. Presence of pericardial effusion and RV function also remained constant within the 3 months study period.

Table 4 Changes of echocardiographic parameters after 3 months of placebo treatment
Full size table

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge this is the first multicentre study showing a reduction of right heart size and improvement of right heart function during treatment with riociguat in patients with PAH or CTEPH. After 6 and 12 months of riociguat treatment, RV and RA area assessed by echocardiography decreased. At the same time, RV systolic function and RV hypertrophy improved. These results were obtained by blinded off-line readings of echocardiographic assessments which have been performed within riociguat trials.

Relevance of right heart size and function in pulmonary hypertension

These data confirm the results of a recent unblinded single-center study [10] which showed a significant improvement of right ventricular area already after 3 months, an improvement of RV systolic function after 6 months and right atrial area after 12 months treatment. In the current study, RA area was already significantly improved after 6 months of riociguat treatment.

As the current guidelines on treatment goals in pulmonary hypertension state, RA area seems to be one of the most robust echocardiographic determinants of outcome [13] and strongly correlates with RV function [9]. Enlarged RA assessed by transthoracic echocardiography was significantly associated with lower transplant-free survival [7, 14] whereas RA area < 18 cm2 was associated with a good prognosis [9, 14]. In this study a reduction of RA area ≥ 15% was achieved by almost 50% of the patients. It has been shown previously that a therapy response to PH targeted medication of ≥15% in RA and RV area may predict long-term outcome in patients with PH [12]. Using the proposed cut-off for a normal RA area of 15cm2 in female and 16 cm2 in males [15], 31% of patients who presented with baseline values above these cut-offs showed values within the normal ranges after one year of riociguat treatment.

A reduction of right heart size might be an indicator for an improvement of systolic function and reduction in volume overload. In this study the reduction of right heart size was accompanied by a significant improvement of RV systolic function assessed by RV fractional area change, TAPSE and qualitative assessment of RV systolic function.

Preclinical studies showed that Riociguat has a positive effect on pulmonary pressures [16], and is able to reverse RV remodeling [17]. In our study, riociguat administration was associated with an improvement of both RV systolic function, as well as of pulmonary pressures (TRV). The investigation of the underlying predominant mechanisms of riociguat treatment was however out of the scope of our study.

Strengths and limitations

A strength of this study is the central off-line reading of echocardiographic data by a blinded experienced physician which standardized the interpretation of data and increases its quality. In addition, patients included in this analysis were enrolled in prospective randomized controlled riociguat trials, leading to a thorough and homogenous patient selection (due to similar in- and exclusion criteria of the trials) and high quality of clinical data. As the echocardiographic data derived from routine echocardiographic assessments and were assessed according to the local standards of the participating centres, the study results represent data from clinical practice.

On the other hand, the rate of patients who did not receive echocardiographic assessments after 12 months may have biased the results. However, sensitivity analyses of echocardiographic parameters after 12 months with BOCF and LOCF led to similar significant results with lower effect sizes (data not shown).

Further study limitations are the retrospective nature of the study, limited number of study centres and a small number of patients, in particular those receiving placebo treatment. A higher number of patients receiving riociguat would also have been desirable in order to compare the effects on patients with PAH vs. CTEPH.

Conclusion

This study suggests that treatment with riociguat may improve right heart function in patients with PAH and CTEPH within 12 months of treatment. Prospective, controlled studies are needed to confirm the effects of riociguat on right heart size and function in these patients.

Abbreviations

6MWD:

6-min walking distance

95% CI:

95% confidence interval

BOCF:

Baseline observation carried forward

CI:

Cardiac index

CO:

Cardiac output

CTEPH:

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

LOCF:

Last observation carried forward

mPAP:

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide

PAH:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

PAWP:

Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure

PH:

Pulmonary hypertension

PVR:

Pulmonary vascular resistance

RA:

Right atrial

RV:

Right ventricular

TAPSE:

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

WHO-FC:

WHO-functional class

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Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Funding

The study was funded by a grant from Bayer AG and Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA. The companies had no influence on data interpretation and reporting of the trial.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Alberto M. Marra and Michael Halank contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRCCS SDN, Research Institute, Naples, Italy

    Alberto M. Marra

  2. Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Röntgenstraße 1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany

    Alberto M. Marra, Nicola Benjamin, Christina A. Eichstaedt, Benjamin Egenlauf, Satenik Harutyunova & Ekkehard Grünig

  3. Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany

    Alberto M. Marra, Nicola Benjamin, Christina A. Eichstaedt, Benjamin Egenlauf, Satenik Harutyunova & Ekkehard Grünig

  4. Department of Internal Medicine I, Pneumology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany

    Michael Halank

  5. Cardiology Division, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy

    Eduardo Bossone

  6. Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico” University, Naples, Italy

    Antonio Cittadini

  7. Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Christina A. Eichstaedt & Christine Fischer

  8. Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany

    Henning Gall & Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani

  9. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Marius M. Hoeper & Karen M. Olsson

  10. Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Tobias J. Lange

  11. Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

    Hans Klose

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  1. Alberto M. Marra
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Contributions

All authors contributed substantially to the study conception and design. MH, BE, HG, HAG, MMH, TJL, KMO, HK, EG performed the assessments and patients examinations. AMM, NB, MH, BE, HG, HAG, MMH, TJL, KMO, HK, EG performed the data collection. NB, CF performed the data analysis. All authors contributed to data interpretation and to the writing of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ekkehard Grünig.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All riociguat studies were approved by the ethics committees of the respective centers. All data were double-pseudonymized. The ethics committee of the medical faculty, University of Heidelberg had no objection against the retrospective analysis of echocardiographic data within this study (S668–2015).

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

AMM: received grants from Italian Helthcare Ministry, grant for young researchers “Ricerca finalizzata 2016 per giovani ricercatori” n. GR-2016-02364727, personal lecture fee from Bayer Healthcare.

MH: Fees for consulting and/or lectures and conference expenses from Actelion, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, Merck, Novartis, OMT and Pfizer.

NB: speaker honoraria from Actelion pharmaceuticals.

EB: nothing to disclose.

AC: nothing to disclose.

CAE: nothing to disclose.

BE: nothing to disclose.

CF: nothing to disclose.

HG: has received support and/or honoraria from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics/OMT.

HAG: received fees for lectures and/or consulting from Actelion, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and United Therapeutics.

MMH: Fees for consulting and/or lectures from Actelion, Bayer, Gilead, GSK, Merck and Pfizer.

TJL: received fees for lectures and/or consulting and/or research support to institution from Actelion, AOP orphan/OMT, Bayer, GSK, Pfizer, United Therapeutics.

KMO: speaker and consultancy fees from Actelion pharmaceuticals.

HK: received fees for talks and/or consulting work from Actelion, Bayer, MSD, GSK and Pfizer; research funding from GSK, Actelion and Bayer.

EG: received fees for talks and/or consulting work from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer and United Therapeutics. Research funding from GSK, Actelion and Bayer.

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Marra, A.M., Halank, M., Benjamin, N. et al. Right ventricular size and function under riociguat in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (the RIVER study). Respir Res 19, 258 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-018-0957-y

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Keywords

Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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