Doug Schaffer
Saul Greenberg
Abstract
Many information structures are represented as two-dimensional networks (connected graphs) of links and nodes. Because these network tend to be large and quite complex, people often perfer to view part or all of the network at varying levels of detail. Hierarchical clustering provides a framework for viewing the network at different levels of detail by superimposing a hierarchy on it. Nodes are grouped into clusters, and clusters are themselves place into other clusters. Users can then navigate these clusters until an appropiate level of detail is reached. This article describes an experiment comparing two methods for viewing hierarchically clustered networks. Traditional full-zoom techniques provide details of only the current level of the hierarchy.
In contrast, fisheye views, generated by the “variable-zoom” algorithm described in this article, provide information about higher levels as well. Subjects using both viewing methods were given problem-solving tasks requiring them to navigate a network, in this case, a simulated telephone system, and to reroute links in it. Results suggest that the greater context provided by fisheye views significantly improved user performance. Users were quicker to complete their task and made fewer unnecessary navigational steps through the hierarchy. This validation of fisheye views in important for designers of interfaces to complicated monitoring systems, such as control rooms for supervisory control and data acquistion systems, where efficient human performance is often critical. However, control room operators remained concerned about the size and visibility tradeoffs between the fine room operators remained concerned about the size and visibility tradeoffs between the fine detail provided by full-zoom techniques and the global context supplied by fisheye views. Specific interface feaures are required to reconcile the differences.
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Index Terms
- Navigating hierarchically clustered networks through fisheye and full-zoom methods
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Reviews
James Edward Miller
Many information structures are represented as two-dimen sional networks, which must be viewed at varying levels of detail. Hierarchical clustering provides a framework for viewing the structure at different levels by superimposing a hierarchy on it. Nodes are grouped into clusters, and clusters are grouped into larger clusters, and so on, until a structure is created that allows a user to access any desired level of detail. Full-zoom techniques provide details only about the current level of the hierarchy, while the fisheye views generated by the variable-zoom algorithm described in this paper provide information about higher levels as well. Following a discussion of the evolution of these two approaches, the authors describe the results of an experiment in which users emp loyed both approaches to navigate in a hierarchically clustered network. “Results suggest that the greater context provided by fisheye views significantly improved user performance. Users were quicker to complete their task and made fewer unnecessary steps through the hierarchy.” The discussion portion of this well-written paper is particularly good.
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