Abstract
Panic disorder is a common, socially important human neurological disease. It is known that this disease has a strong genetic basis. Many laboratories investigate candidate genes involved in the control of pathological anxiety. This review summarizes the results of these studies and testify that the development of a panic disorder is associated with the polymorphism of the genes of key neurotransmitter systems of the brain (serotonin, dopamine, cholecystokinin), as well as their metabolizing enzymes. Based on the available data, a complex approach is suggested to enable the identification a genotype that provides predisposition to panic disorder.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baranov, P.A., http://www.psychiatry.ru/practic/handbook/
Korobeynikova, L.A. and Klimov, E.A., Med. Genet., 2010, vol. 9, no. 4, p. 40.
Korobeynikova, L.A., Azimova, Yu.E., Fokina, N.M., Rud’ko, O.I., and Klimov, E.A., Med. Genet., 2011, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 37.
Abelson, J.L., Nesse, R.M., and Vinik, A., Biol. Psychiatry, 1991, vol. 29, p. 1220.
Bandelow, B., Saleh, K., Pauls, J., Domschke, K., Wedekind, D., and Falkai, P., World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2007, vol. 10, p. 1.
Blaya, C., Salum, G.A., Lima, M.S., LeistnerSegal, S., and Manfro, G.G., Behav. Brain Funct., 2007, vol. 18, no. 3, p. 41.
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., and Meterissian, G., Can. J. Psychiatry, 1990, vol. 35, p. 83.
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., and Bourin, M., J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 1991, vol. 16, p. 91.
Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., Payeur, R., Bourin, M., and Borthwick, F., Am. J. Psychiatry, 1992, vol. 149, p. 962.
Bradwejn, J. and Koszycki, D., Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl., 2001, vol. 234, p. 19.
Braszko, J.J., Kułakowska, A., and Winnicka, M.M., J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2003, vol. 54, no. 2, p. 271.
Broocks, A., Meyer, T., Opitz, M., Bartmann, U., Hillmer-Vogel, U., George, A., Pekrun, G., Wedekind, D., Rüther, E., and Bandelow, B., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2003, vol. 13, p. 153.
Cabib, S. and Puglisi-Allegra, S., J. Neurosci., 1994, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 3333.
Charney, D.S., Heninger, G.R., and Jatlow, P.I., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1985, vol. 42, no. 3, p. 233.
Choi, W.S., Lee, B.H., Yang, J.C., and Kim, Y.K., Psychiatry Invest., 2010, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 141.
Crawley, J.N. and Corwin, R.L., Peptides, 1994, vol. 15, p. 731.
Daniels, C.Y., 2010. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287913-overview
Deakin, J.F.W. and Graeff, F., J. Psychopharmacol., 1991, vol. 5, p. 305.
Deckert, J., Catalano, M., Heils, A., Di Bella, D., Friess, F., Politi, E., Franke, P., Nöthen, M.M., Maier, W., Bellodi, L., and Lesch, K.P., Psychiatr. Genet., 1997, vol. 7, p. 45.
Deckert, J., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 1998, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 187.
Deckert, J., Catalano, M., Syagailo, Y.V., Bosi, M., Okladnova, O., Di Bella, D., Nöthen, M.M., Maffei, P., Franke, P., Fritze, J., Maier, W., Propping, P., Beckmann, H., Bellodi, L., and Lesch, K.P., Hum. Mol. Genet., 1999, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 621.
De Montigny, C., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 1989, vol. 46, p. 511.
Domschke, K., Freitag, C.M., Kuhlenbumer, G., Schirmacher, A., Sand, P., Nyhuis, P., Jacob, C., Fritze, J., Franke, P., Rietschel, M., Garritsen, H.S., Fimmers, R., Nöthen, M.M., Lesch, K.P., Stögbauer, F., and Deckert, J., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2004, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 183.
Domschke, K., Braun, M., Ohrmann, P., Suslow, T., Kugel, H., Bauer, J., Hohoff, C., Kersting, A., Engelien, A., Arolt, V., Heindel, W., and Deckert, J., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 349.
Dunn, A.J., J. Neurochem., 1988, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 406.
Fehr, C., Schleicher, A., Szegedi, A., Anghelescu, I., Klawe, C., Hiemke, C., and Dahmen, N., Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2001, vol. 25, p. 965.
Freitag, C.M., Domschke, K., Rothe, C., Lee, Y.J., Hohoff, C., Gutknecht, L., Sand, P., Fimmers, R., Lesch, K.P., and Deckert, J., Psychiatr. Genet., 2006, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 59.
Fujii, C., Harada, S., Ohkoshi, N., Hayashi, A., Yoshizawa, K., Ishizuka, C., and Nakamura, T., Clin. Genet., 1999, vol. 56, p. 394.
Gelernter, J., Bonvicini, K., Page, G., Woods, S.W., Goddard, A.W., Kruger, S., Pauls, D.L., and Goodson, S., Am. J. Med. Genet., 2001, vol. 105, no. 6, p. 548.
Goldberg, T.E., Egan, M.F., Gscheidle, T., Coppola, R., Weickert, T., Kolachana, B.S., Goldman, D., and Weinberger, D.R., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2003, vol. 60, no. 9, p. 889.
Grahame-Smith, D.G., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1964, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 586.
Gross, C., Zhuang, X., Stark, K., Ramboz, S., Oosting, R., Kirby, L., Santarelli, L., Beck, S., and Hen, R., Nature, 2002, vol. 416, p. 369.
Hamilton, S.P., Heiman, G.A., Haghighi, F., Mick, S., Klein, D.F., Hodge, S.E., Weissman, M.M., Fyer, A.J., and Knowles, J.A., Psychiatr. Genet., 1999, no. 9, p. 1.
Hamilton, S.P., Slager, S.L., Heiman, G.A., Haghighi, F., Klein, D.F., Hodge, S.E., Weissman, M.M., Fyer, A.J., and Knowles, J.A., Mol. Psychiatry, 2000, vol. 5, no. 5, p. 465.
Hamilton, S.P., Slager, S.L., Helleby, L., Heiman, G.A., Klein, D.F., Hodge, S.E., Wiessman, M.M., Fyer, A.J., and Knowles, J.A., Mol. Psychiatry, 2001, vol. 6, p. 59.
Hamilton, S.P., Slager, S.L., Heiman, G.A., Deng, Z., Haghighi, F., Klein, D.F., Hodge, S.E., Weissman, M.M., Fyer, A.J., and Knowles, J.A., Biol. Psychiatry, 2002, vol. 51, no. 7, p. 591.
Hamilton, S.P., Fyer, A.J., Durner, M., Heiman, G.A., Baisre De Leon, A., Hodge, S.E., Knowles, J.A., and Weissman, M.M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, vol. 100, no. 5, p. 2550.
Hamilton, S.P., Slager, S.L., De Leon, A.B., Heiman, G.A., Klein, D.F., Hodge, S.E., Weissman, M.M., Fyer, A.J., and Knowles, J.A., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2004, vol. 29, no. 3, p. 558.
Han, L., Nielsen, D.A., Rosenthal, N.E., Jefferson, K., Kaye, W., Murphy, D., Altemus, M., Humphries, J., Cassano, G., Rotondo, A., Virkkunen, M., Linnoila, M., and Goldman, D., Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, vol. 45, p. 615.
Hansen, T.O., Peptides, 2001, vol. 22, p. 1201.
Harvey, M., Shink, E., Tremblay, M., Gagne, B., Raymond, C., Labbe, M., Walther, D.J., Bader, M., and Barden, N., Mol. Psychiatry, 2004, vol. 9, p. 980.
Hattori, E., Ebihara, M., Yamada, K., Ohba, H., Shibuya, H., and Yoshikawa, T., Mol. Psychiatry, 2001, vol. 6, p. 465.
Hattori, E., Yamada, K., Toyota, T., Yoshitsugu, K., Toru, M., Shibuya, H., and Yoshikawa, T., Am. J. Med. Genet., 2001, vol. 105, no. 8, p. 779.
Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S., Stöber, G., Riederer, P., Bengel, D., and Lesch, K.P., J. Neurochem., 1996, vol. 66, no. 6, p. 2621.
Hettema, J.M., Prescott, C.A., and Kendler, K.S., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 2001, vol. 189, no. 7, p. 413.
Hosing, V.G., Schimacher, A., Kuhlenbaumer, G., Freitag, C., Sand, P., Schlesiger, C., Jacob, C., Fritze, J., Franke, P., Rietchel, M., Garritsen, H., Nothen, M.M., Fimmers, R., Stogbauer, F., and Deckert, J., J. Neural. Trasm. Suppl., 2004, vol. 68, p. 147.
Huang, Y.Y., Battistuzzi, C., Oquendo, M.A., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Greenhill, L., Zalsman, G., Brodsky, B., Arango, V., Brent, D.A., and Mann, J.J., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2004, vol. 7, p. 441.
Huston, J.P., Schwarting, R.W., Thiel, C.M., and Muller, C.P., Neuroreport, 1998, vol. 9, p. 1025.
Inada, Y., Yoneda, H., Koh, J., Sakai, J., Himei, A., Kinoshita, Y., Akabame, K., Hiraoka, Y., and Sakai, T., Psychiatry Res., 2003, vol. 118, no. 1, p. 25.
Inoue, H., Iannotti, C.A., Welling, C.M., Veile, R., Donis-Keller, H., and Permutt, M.A., Genomics, 1997, vol. 42, p. 331.
Ise, K., Akiyoshi, J., Horinouchi, Y., Tsutshimi, T., Isogava, K., and Nagayva, H., Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2003, vol. 118, no. 1, p. 29.
Kadonaga, J.T., Briggs, M.R., Bell, S.P., and Tjian, R., Science, 1986, vol. 234, no. 4772, p. 47.
Kennedy, J.L., Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., King, N., Crowe, R., and Vincent, J., Mol. Psychiatry, 1999, vol. 4, p. 284.
Kent, J.M., Coplan, J.D., and Gorman, J.M., Biol. Psychiatry, 1998, vol. 44, p. 812.
Kim, W., Choi, Y.H., Yoon, K.S., Cho, D.Y., Pae, C.U., and Woo, J.M., Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, vol. 30, no. 8, p. 1413.
Koefoed, P., Hansen, T.V., Woldbye, D.P., Werge, T., Mors, O., Hansen, T., Jakobsen, K.D., Nordentoft, M., Wang, A., Bolwin, T.G., and Rehfeld, G.F., Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 2009, vol. 120, p. 281.
Koefoed, P., Woldbye, D.P., Hansen, T.O., Hansen, E.S., Knudsen, G.M., Bolwig, T.G., and Rehfeld, J.F., Psychiatr. Genet., 2010, vol. 20, no. 2, p. 59.
Lachman, H.M., Papolos, D.F., Saito, T., Yu, Y.M., Szumlanski, C.L., and Weinshilboum, R.M., Pharmacogenetics, 1996, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 243.
Lam, P., Hong, C.J., and Tsai, S.J., Neurosci. Lett., 2005, vol. 378, no. 2, p. 98.
Ledent, C., Vaugeois, J.M., Schiffmann, S.N., Pedrazzini, T., El Yacoubi, M., Vanderhaeghen, J.J., Costentin, J., Heath, J.K., Vassart, G., and Parmentier, M., Nature, 1997, vol. 388, no. 6643, p. 674.
Lemonde, S., Turecki, G., Bakish, D., Du, L., Hrdina, P.D., Bown, C.D., Sequeira, A., Kushwaha, N., Morris, S.J., Basak, A., Ou, X.M., and Albert, P.R., J. Neurosci., 2003, vol. 23, p. 8788.
Lesch, K.P., Wiesmann, M., Hoh, A., Muller, T., Disselkamp-Tietze, J., Osterheider, M., and Schulte, H.M., Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 1992, vol. 106, p. 111.
Lesch, K.P., Wolozin, B.L., Estler, H.C., Murphy, D.L., and Riederer, P., J. Neural. Transm. Gen. Sect., 1993, vol. 91, no. 1, p. 67.
Lesch, K.P., Balling, U., Gross, J., Strauss, K., Wolozin, B.L., Murphy, D.L., and Riederer, P., J. Neural. Transm. Gen. Sect., 1994, vol. 95, p. 157.
Lesch, K.P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S.Z., Greenberg, B.D., Petri, S., Benjamin, J., Muller, C.R., Hamer, D.H., and Murphy, D.L., Science, 1996, vol. 274, p. 1527.
Lovenberg, W., Jequier, E., and Sjoerdsma, A., Science, 1967, vol. 155, no. 759, p. 217.
Maron, E., Kuikka, J.T., Shlik, J., Vasar, V., Vanninen, E., and Tiihonen, J., Psychiatry Res., 2004, vol. 132, p. 173.
Maron, E., Tasa, G., Tõru, I., Lang, A., Vasar, V., and Shlik, J., World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2004, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 149.
Maron, E., Nikopensius, T., Kõks, S., Altmäe, S., Heinaste, E., Vabrit, K., Tammekivi, V., Hallast, P., Koido, K., Kurg, A., Metspalu, A., Vasar, E., Vasar, V., and Shlik, J., Psychiatr. Genet., 2005, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 17.
Maron, E. and Shlik, J., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 1.
Maron, E., Tõru, I., Must, A., Tasa, G., Toover, E., Vasar, V., Lang, V., Lang, A., and Shlik, J., Neurosci. Lett., 2007, vol. 411, no. 3, p. 180.
Massat, I., Souery, D., Del-Favero, J., Nothen, M., Blackwood, D., Muir, W., Kaneva, R., Serretti, A., Lorenzi, C., Rietschel, M., Milanova, V., Papadimitriou, G.N., Dikeos, D., Van Broekhoven, C., and Mendlewicz, J., Mol. Psychiatry, 2005, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 598.
Miyasaka, K., Yoshida, Y., Matsushita, S., Higuchi, S., Shirakawa, O., Shimokata, H., and Funakoshi, A., Am. J. Med. Genetics, 2004, vol. 127B, p. 78.
Miyasaka, K., Takigushi, S., and Funakoshi, A., Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 2007, vol. 7, p. 1205.
Mössner, R., Walitza, S., Geller, F., Scherag, A., Gutknecht, L., Jacob, C., Bogusch, L., Remschmidt, H., Simons, M., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Fleischhaker, C., Schulz, E., Warnke, A., Hinney, A., Wewetzer, C., and Lesch, K.P., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2006, vol. 9, p. 437.
Mössner, R., Freitag, C.M., Gutknecht, L., Reif, A., Tauber, R., Franke, P., Fritze, J., Wagner, G., Peikert, G., Wenda, B., Sand, P., Rietschel, M., Garritsen, H., Jacob, C., Lesch, K.P., and Deckert, J., J. Psychopharmacol., 2006, vol. 20, p. 547.
Murphy, D.L., Lerner, A., Rudnick, G., and Lesch, K.P., Mol. Interv., 2004, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 109.
Neumeister, A., Bain, E., Nugent, A.C., Carson, R.E., Bonne, O., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Eckelman, W., Herscovitch, P., Charney, D.S., and Drevets, W.C., J. Neurosci., 2004, vol. 24, p. 589.
Noble, F., Wang, S., Crawley, J.N., Bradwejn, J., Seroogy, K.B., Hamon, M., and Roques, B.P., Pharmacol. Rev., 1999, vol. 51, p. 745.
Nutt, D.J., J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1998, vol. 59, p. 24.
Nutt, D.J., J. Clin. Psychiatry, 1999, vol. 60, no. 17, p. 23.
Ohara, K., Nagai, M., Suzuki, Y., Ochiai, M., and Ohara, K., Psychiatry Res., 1998, vol. 80, no. 2, p. 145.
Olesen, O.F., Bennike, B., Hansen, E.S., Koefoed, P., Woldbye, D.P., Bolwig, T.G., and Mellerup, E., Psychiatr. Genet., 2005, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 159.
Olsson, M., Annerbrink, K., Westberg, L., Melke, J., Baghaei, F., Rosmond, R., Holm, G., Andersch, S., Allgulander, C., and Eriksson, E., Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2004, vol. 127B, no. 1, p. 81.
Perna, G., Favaron, E., Di Bella, D., Bussi, R., and Bellodi, L., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2005 [Epub ahead of print].
Pich, E.M. and Samanin, R., Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 1986, vol. 89, no. 1, p. 125.
Polesskaya, O.O. and Sokolov, B.P., J. Neurosci. Res., 2002, vol. 67, p. 812.
Ranade, S.S., Mansour, H., Wood, J., Chowdari, K.V., Brar, L.K., Kupfer, D.J., and Nimgaonkar, V.L., Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2003, vol. 121B, p. 28.
Rehfeld, J.F. and Van Solinge, W.W., FEBS Lett., 1992, vol. 309, p. 47.
Rieder, M.J., Taylor, S.L., Clark, A.G., and Nickerson, D.A., Nat. Genet., 1999, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 59.
Rigat, B., Hubert, C., Alhenc-Gelas, F., Cambien, F., Corvol, P., and Soubrier, F., J. Clin. Invest., 1990, vol. 86, no. 4, p. 1343.
Rothe, C., Gutknecht, L., Freitag, C., Tauber, R., Mössner, R., Franke, P., Fritze, J., Wagner, G., Peikert, G., Wenda, B., Sand, P., Jacob, C., Rietschel, M., Nöthen, M.M., Garritsen, H., Fimmers, R., Deckert, J., and Lesch, K.P., Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2004, vol. 7, p. 189.
Rothe, C., Koszycki, D., Bradwejn, J., King, N., Deluca, V., Tharmalingam, S., Macciardi, F., Deckert, J., and Kennedy, J.L., Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006, vol. 31, no. 10, p. 2237.
Rotondo, A., Mazzanti, C., Dell’Osso, L., Rucci, P., Sullivan, P., Bouanani, S., Gonnelli, C., Goldman, D., and Cassano, G.B., Am. J. Psychiatry, 2002, vol. 159, no. 1, p. 23.
Sabol, S.Z., Hu, S., and Hamer, D., Hum. Genet., 1998, vol. 103, no. 3, p. 273.
Samochowiec, J., Hajduk, A., Samochowiec, A., Horodnicki, J., Stepien-, G., Grzywacz, A., and Kucharska-Mazur, J., Psychiatry Res., 2004, vol. 128, no. 1, p. 21.
Sand, P., Lesch, K.P., Catalano, M., Bosi, M., Syagailo, Y.V., Okladnova, O., Di Bella, D., Maffei, P., Heils, A., Friess, F., Politi, E., Nöthen, M.M., Franke, P., Stöber, G., Fritze, J., Maier, W., Propping, P., Beckmann, H., Bellodi, L., Riederer, P., and Deckert, J., World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2000, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 147.
Schulze, T.G., Müller, D.J., Krauss, H., Scherk, H., Ohlraun, S., Syagailo, Y.V., Windemuth, C., Neidt, H., Grössle, M., Papassotiropoulos, A., Heun, R., Nöthen, M.M., Maier, W., Lesch, K.P., and Rietschel, M., Am. J. Med. Genet., 2000, vol. 96, no. 6, p. 801.
Sheehan, K., Lowe, N., Kirley, A., Mullins, C., Fitzgerald, M., Gill, M., and Hawi, Z., Mol. Psychiatry, 2005, vol. 10, p. 944.
Shifman, S., Bronstein, M., Sternfeld, M., Pisanté-Shalom, A., Lev-Lehman, E., Weizman, A., Reznik, I., Spivak, B., Grisaru, N., Karp, L., Schiffer, R., Kotler, M., Strous, R.D., Swartz-Vanetik, M., Knobler, H.Y., Shinar, E., Beckmann, J.S., Yakir, B., Risch, N., Zak, N.B., and Darvasi, A., Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2002, vol. 71, no. 6, p. 1296.
Shimizu, E., Hashimoto, K., Kobayashi, K., Mitsumori, M., Ohgake, S., Koizumi, H., Okamura, N., Koike, K., Kumakiri, C., Nakazato, M., Komatsu, N., and Iyo, M., Neurosci. Lett., 2004, vol. 363, no. 1, p. 81.
Song, I., Brown, D.R., Wiltshire, R.N., Gantz, I., Trent, J.M., and Yamada, T., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, vol. 90, p. 9085.
Steiner, H., Fuchs, S., and Accili, D., Physiol. Behav., 1997, vol. 63, no. 1, p. 137.
Strobel, A., Gutknecht, L., Rothe, C., Reif, A., Mossner, R., Zeng, Y., Brocke, B., and Lesch, K.P., J. Neural Transm., 2003, vol. 110, p. 1445.
Tachikawa, H., Harada, S., Kawanishi, Y., Okubo, T., and Shiraishi, H., Am. J. Med. Genet., 1999, vol. 88, no. 6, p. 700.
Tachikawa, H., Harada, S., Kawanishi, Y., Okubo, T., and Shiraishi, H., Am. J. Med. Genet., 2000, vol. 96, p. 141.
Takahashi, Y., Fukushige, S., Murotsu, T., and Matsubara, K., Gene, 1986, vol. 50, nos. 1–3, p. 353.
Thorgeirsson, T.E., Oskarsson, H., Desnica, N., Kostic, J.P., Stefansson, J.G., Kolbeinsson, H., Lindal, E., Gagunashvili, N., Frigge, M.L., Kong, A., Stefansson, K., and Gulcher, J.R., Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2003, vol. 72, no. 5, p. 1221.
Tyrer, P. and Shawcross, C., J. Psychiatr. Res., 1988, vol. 22, p. 87.
Walitza, S., Renner, T.J., Dempfle, A., Konrad, K., Wewetzer, Ch., Halbach, A., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Remschmidt, H., Smidt, J., Linder, M., Flierl, L., Knolker, U., Friedel, S., Schafer, H., Gross, C., Hebebrand, J., Warnke, A., and Lesch, K.P., Mol. Psychiatry, 2005, vol. 10, p. 1126.
Walther, D.J., Peter, J.U., Bashammakh, S., Hortnagl, H., Voits, M., Fink, H., and Bader, M., Science, 2003, vol. 299, p. 76.
Wang, Z., Valdes, J., Noyes, R., Zoega, T., and Crowe, R.R., Am. J. Med. Genet., 1998, vol. 81, p. 228.
Wang, Z., Wassink, T., Andreansen, N.C., and Crowe, R.R., Am. J. Med. Genet., 2001, vol. 114, p. 479.
Wei, J. and Hemmings, G.P., Eur. Psychiatry, 1999, vol. 14, p. 67.
Yamada, K., Hattori, E., Shimizu, M., Sugaya, A., Shibuya, H., and Yoshikawa, T.J., Neural. Transm., 2001, vol. 108, no. 7, p. 837.
Woo, J.M., Yoon, K.S., Choi, Y.H., Oh, K.S., Lee, Y.S., and Yu, B.H.J., Psychiatr. Res., 2004, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 365.
Zill, P., Baghai, T.C., Zwanzger, P., Schule, C., Eser, D., Rupprecht, R., Moller, H.J., Bondy, B., and Ackenheil, M., Mol. Psychiatry, 2004, vol. 9, p. 1030.
Zill, P., Buttner, A., Eisenmenger, W., Moller, H.J., Bondy, B., and Ackenheil, M., Biol. Psychiatry, 2004, vol. 56, p. 581.
Zhang, X., Gainetdinov, R.R., Beaulieu, J.M., Sotnikova, T.D., Burch, L.H., Williams, R.B., Schwartz, D.A., Krishnan, K.R., and Caron, M.G., Neuron, 2005, vol. 45, p. 11.
Zhou, Z., Roy, A., Lipsky, R., Kuchipudi, K., Zhu, G., Taubman, J., Enoch, M.A., Virkkunen, M., and Goldman, D., Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2005, vol. 62, p. 1109.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © L.A. Korobeynikova, O.I. Rudko, Yu.E. Azimova, N.M. Fokina, E.A. Klimov, 2011, published in Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii, 2012, Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 21–35.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Korobeynikova, L.A., Rudko, O.I., Azimova, Y.E. et al. Genetic basis of predisposition to panic disorder. Biol Bull Rev 2, 294–305 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086412040056
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079086412040056