Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Patients with polymorphic light eruption have decreased serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 that increase upon 311 nm UVB photohardening

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background: Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) is a very common condition whose pathogenesis may involve immunological abnormalities. Vitamin D sufficiency is thought to be important for normal immune function. Objective: To determine whether PLE patients are vitamin D deficient and to study how photohardening with 311 nm UVB affects the vitamin D status of PLE patients. Methods: The vitamin D status of 23 PLE patients (21 females and 2 males; age range, 18–55 years) was analysed at four different time points (early spring, late spring, summer, and winter) by measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25(OH)D) serum levels through a standardised immunoassay. Fifteen of those patients received 311 nm UVB in early spring for prevention of PLE symptoms. 25(OH)D levels of the PLE patients were compared to that of 23 sex-, age-, and body-mass-index post hoc-matched control subjects. Results: PLE patients had low levels of 25(OH)D throughout the year compared to that of the control subjects. At baseline in early spring, the mean ± SD 25(OH)D level was 14.9 ± 3.0 ng ml−1 in the PLE patients that would later receive 311 nm UVB and 14.4 ± 2.4 ng ml−1 in the patients not receiving 311 nm UVB. Successful prophylactic treatment with 311 nm UVB significantly increased 25(OH)D levels to a mean of 21.0 ± 3.4 ng ml−1 (p < 0.001; ANOVA, Tukey’s test). Heading into summer, the 25(OH)D levels in treated patients decreased again, reaching their lowest levels in winter. In contrast, the 25(OH)D levels of untreated PLE patients stayed in the low range in early and late spring but increased by trend towards summer, reaching similar levels to that of the PLE patients who had received 311 nm UVB (17.1 ± 2.3 vs. 17.3 ± 6.0 ng ml−1). Like the treated PLE patients, 25(OH)D levels of untreated patients significantly decreased in winter to comparable levels (12.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.8 ± 1.8 ng ml−1). Taken together, the 25(OH)D levels of PLE patients were significantly lower at all time points than that observed in the matched control population (34.4 ± 12.5 ng ml−1) (p < 0.000003). Conclusions: PLE patients have low 25(OH)D serum levels. 311 nm UVB phototherapy that prevented PLE symptoms increased those levels. Thus, we speculate that boosting levels of vitamin D may be important in ameliorating PLE.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. L. E. Rhodes, M. Bock, A. S. Janssens, T. C. Ling, L. Anastasopoulou, C. Antoniou, F. Aubin, T. Bruckner, B. Faivre, N. K. Gibbs, C. Jansen, S. Pavel, A. J. Stratigos, F. R. de Gruijl and T. L. Diepgen, Polymorphic light eruption occurs in 18% of Europeans and does not show higher prevalence with increasing latitude: multicenter survey of 6,895 individuals residing from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, J. Invest. Dermatol., 2010, 130, 626–628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. A. J. Stratigos, C. Antoniou and A. D. Katsambas, Polymorphous light eruption, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2002, 16, 193–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Gruber-Wackernagel, S. N. Byrne and P. Wolf, Pathogenic mechanisms of polymorphic light eruption, Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed), 2009, 1, 341–354.

    Google Scholar 

  4. P. Wolf, S. N. Byrne, A. Gruber-Wackernagel, New insights into the mechanisms of polymorphic light eruption: resistance to ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression as an aetiological factor, Exp. Dermatol., 2009, 18, 350–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. E. Holzle, G. Plewig, R. von Kries and P. Lehmann, Polymorphous light eruption, J. Invest. Dermatol., 1987, 88, 32s–38s.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. U. Mastalier, H. Kerl and P. Wolf, Clinical, laboratory, phototest and phototherapy findings in polymorphic light eruptions: a retrospective study of 133 patients, Eur. J. Dermatol., 1998, 8, 554–559.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. A. L. Naleway, Polymorphous light eruption, Int. J. Dermatol., 2002, 41, 377–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. C. T. Jansen, The natural history of polymorphous light eruptions, Arch. Dermatol., 1979, 115, 165–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Bilsland, S. A. George, N. K. Gibbs, T. Aitchison, B. E. Johnson and J. Ferguson, A comparison of narrow band phototherapy (TL-01) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the management of polymorphic light eruption, Br. J. Dermatol., 1993, 129, 708–712.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Gruber-Wackernagel, A. Heinemann, V. Konya, S. N. Byrne, T. P. Singh, A. Hofer, F. Legat and P. Wolf, Photohardening restores the impaired neutrophil responsiveness to chemoattractants leukotriene B4 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanin in patients with polymorphic light eruption, Exp. Dermatol., 2011, 20, 473–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. T. C. Ling, N. K. Gibbs and L. E. Rhodes, Treatment of polymorphic light eruption, Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed., 2003, 19, 217–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. H. Ibbotson, D. Bilsland, N. H. Cox, R. S. Dawe, B. Diffey, C. Edwards, P. M. Farr, J. Ferguson, G. Hart, J. Hawk, J. Lloyd, C. Martin, H. Moseley, K. McKenna, L. E. Rhodes and D. K. Taylor, An update and guidance on narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: a British Photodermatology Group Workshop Report, Br. J. Dermatol., 2004, 151, 283–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. M. T. Cantorna, Vitamin D and autoimmunity: is vitamin D status an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence?, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 2000, 223, 230–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. N. Shoenfeld, H. Amital and Y. Shoenfeld, The effect of melanism and vitamin D synthesis on the incidence of autoimmune disease, Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol., 2009, 5, 99–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Y. Arnson, H. Amital and Y. Shoenfeld, Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2007, 66, 1137–1142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Gruber-Wackernagel, I. Bambach, F. J. Legat, A. Hofer, S. N. Byrne, F. Quehenberger and P. Wolf, Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled intra-individual trial on topical treatment with a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogue in polymorphic light eruption, Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 165, 152–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. D. L. Damian, Y. J. Kim, K. M. Dixon, G. M. Halliday, A. Javeri and R. S. Mason, Topical calcitriol protects from UV-induced genetic damage but suppresses cutaneous immunity in humans, Exp. Dermatol., 2010, 19, e23–e30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. C. Ryan, B. Moran, M. J. McKenna, B. F. Murray, J. Brady, P. Collins, S. Rogers and B. Kirby, The effect of narrowband UV-B treatment for psoriasis on vitamin D status during wintertime in Ireland, Arch. Dermatol., 2010, 146, 836–842.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. D. Czarnecki, Narrowband ultraviolet B therapy is an effective means of raising serum vitamin D levels, Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 2008, 33, 202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. K. Vähävihu, M. Ala-Houhala, M. Peric, P. Karisola, H. Kautiainen, T. Hasan, E. Snellman, H. Alenius, J. Schauber and T. Reunala, Narrowband ultraviolet B treatment improves vitamin D balance and alters antimicrobial peptide expression in skin lesions of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, Br. J. Dermatol., 2010, 163, 321–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. K. Vähävihu, L. Ylianttila, H. Kautiainen, H. Viljakainen, C. Lamberg-Allardt, T. Hasan, P. Tuohimaa, T. Reunala and E. Snellman, Narrowband ultraviolet B course improves vitamin D balance in women in winter, Br. J. Dermatol., 2010, 162, 848–853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. D. L. Kamen, G. S. Cooper, H. Bouali, S. R. Shaftman, B. W. Hollis and G. S. Gilkeson, Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus, Autoimmun. Rev., 2006, 5, 114–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. S. M. Reid, M. Robinson, A. C. Kerr and S. H. Ibbotson, Prevalence and predictors of low vitamin D status in patients referred to a tertiary photodiagnostic service: a retrospective study, Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed., 2012, 28, 91–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. E. May, K. Asadullah and U. Zugel, Immunoregulation through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs, Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy, 2004, 3, 377–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. A. L. Ponsonby, A. McMichael, I. van der Mei, Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: insights from epidemiological research, Toxicology, 2002, 181–182, 71–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. K. Loser, A. Mehling, S. Loeser, J. Apelt, A. Kuhn, S. Grabbe, T. Schwarz, J. M. Penninger and S. Beissert, Epidermal RANKL controls regulatory T-cell numbers via activation of dendritic cells, Nat. Med., 2006, 12, 1372–1379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. T. N. Dam, B. Moller, J. Hindkjaer and K. Kragballe, The vitamin D3 analog calcipotriol suppresses the number and antigen-presenting function of Langerhans cells in normal human skin, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 1996, 1, 72–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. M. D. Griffin and R. Kumar, Effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs on dendritic cell function, J. Cell. Biochem., 2003, 88, 323–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. M. D. Griffin, W. Lutz, V. A. Phan, L. A. Bachman, D. J. McKean and R. Kumar, Dendritic cell modulation by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: a vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2001, 98, 6800–6805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. G. Penna and L. Adorini, 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation, J. Immunol., 2000, 164, 2405–2411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. L. Adorini, G. Penna, N. Giarratana and M. Uskokovic, Tolerogenic dendritic cells induced by vitamin D receptor ligands enhance regulatory T cells inhibiting allograft rejection and autoimmune diseases, J. Cell. Biochem., 2003, 88, 227–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. H. Fujita, A. Asahina, M. Komine and K. Tamaki, The direct action of 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 on purified mouse Langerhans cells, Cell. Immunol., 2007, 245, 70–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Gregori, M. Casorati, S. Amuchastegui, S. Smiroldo, A. M. Davalli and L. Adorini, Regulatory T cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and mycophenolate mofetil treatment mediate transplantation tolerance, J. Immunol., 2001, 167, 1945–1953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. L. Biggs, C. Yu, B. Fedoric, A. F. Lopez, S. J. Galli and M. A. Grimbaldeston, Evidence that vitamin D(3) promotes mast cell-dependent reduction of chronic UVB-induced skin pathology in mice, J. Exp. Med., 2010, 207, 455–463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. M. F. Holick, J. A. MacLaughlin, M. B. Clark, S. A. Holick, J. T. Potts Jr., R. R. Anderson, I. H. Blank, J. A. Parrish and P. Elias, Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences, Science, 1980, 210, 203–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. P. Wolf, A. Gruber-Wackernagel, B. Rinner, A. Griesbacher, K. Eberhard, A. Grosely-Strele, G. Mayer, R. E. Stauber and S. N. Byrne, Phototherapeutic hardening modulates systemic cytokine levels in patients with polymorphic light eruption, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2012 DOI: 10.1039/C2PP25187F.

    Google Scholar 

  37. F. Baeke, H. Korf, L. Overbergh, A. Verstuyf, L. Thorrez, L. Van Lommel, M. Waer, F. Schuit, C. Gysemans and C. Mathieu, The vitamin D analog, TX527, promotes a human CD4+CD25highCD127low regulatory T cell profile and induces a migratory signature specific for homing to sites of inflammation, J. Immunol., 2011, 186, 132–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. G. Trujillo, J. Zhang, D. M. Habiel, L. Ge, M. Ramadass, B. Ghebrehiwet and R. R. Kew, Cofactor regulation of C5a chemotactic activity in physiological fluids. Requirement for the vitamin D binding protein, thrombospondin-1 and its receptors, Mol. Immunol., 2011, 49, 495–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. A. Hofer, F. J. Legat, A. Gruber-Wackernagel, F. Quehenberger and P. Wolf, Topical liposomal DNA-repair enzymes in polymorphic light eruption, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 1118–1128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. R. S. Mason, V. B. Sequeira, K. M. Dixon, C. Gordon-Thomson, K. Pobre, A. Dilley, M. T. Mizwicki, A. W. Norman, D. Feldman, G. M. Halliday and V. E. Reeve, Photoprotection by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and analogs: further studies on mechanisms and implications for UV-damage, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2010, 121, 164–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. T. P. Singh, B. Huettner, H. Koefeler, G. Mayer, I. Bambach, K. Wallbrecht, M. P. Schön and P. Wolf, Platelet-activating factor blockade inhibits the T-helper type 17 cell pathway and suppresses psoriasis-like skin disease in K5.hTGF-beta1 transgenic mice, Am. J. Pathol., 2011, 178, 699–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. T. P. Singh, M. P. Schön, K. Wallbrecht, K. Michaelis, B. Rinner, G. Mayer, U. Schmidbauer, H. Strohmaier, X. J. Wang and P. Wolf, 8-methoxypsoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy acts via inhibition of the IL-23/Th17 axis and induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells involving CTLA4 signaling in a psoriasis-like skin disorder, J. Immunol., 2010, 184, 7257–7267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. G. Han, F. Li, T. P. Singh, P. Wolf and X. J. Wang, The pro-inflammatory role of TGFbeta1: a paradox?, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 2012, 8, 228–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. T. P. Singh, M. P. Schön, K. Wallbrecht and P. Wolf, 8-Methoxypsoralen plus UVA treatment increases the proportion of CLA+ CD25+ CD4+ T cells in lymph nodes of K5.hTGFbeta1 transgenic mice, Exp. Dermatol., 2012, 21, 228–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. G. Bock, B. Prietl, J. K. Mader, E. Holler, M. Wolf, S. Pilz, W. B. Graninger, B. M. Obermayer-Pietsch and T. R. Pieber, The effect of vitamin D supplementation on peripheral regulatory T cells and beta cell function in healthy humans: a randomized controlled trial, Diabetes/Metab. Res. Rev., 2011, 27, 942–945.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. B. Prietl, S. Pilz, M. Wolf, A. Tomaschitz, B. Obermayer-Pietsch, W. Graninger and T. R. Pieber, Vitamin D supplementation and regulatory T cells in apparently healthy subjects: vitamin D treatment for autoimmune diseases?, Isr. Med. Assoc. J., 2010, 12, 136–139.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. L. Nonn, L. Peng, D. Feldman and D. M. Peehl, Inhibition of p38 by vitamin D reduces interleukin-6 production in normal prostate cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5: implications for prostate cancer prevention by vitamin D, Cancer Res., 2006, 66, 4516–4524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. B. Rostkowska-Nadolska, E. Sliupkas-Dyrda, J. Potyka, D. Kusmierz, M. Fraczek, T. Krecicki, P. Kubik, M. Zatonski and M. Latocha, Vitamin D derivatives: calcitriol and tacalcitol inhibits interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in human nasal polyp fibroblast cultures, Adv. Med. Sci., 2010, 55, 86–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. P. Pflegerl, P. Vesely, B. Hantusch, M. Schlederer, R. Zenz, E. Janig, G. Steiner, A. Meixner, P. Petzelbauer, P. Wolf, A. Soleiman, G. Egger, R. Moriggl, T. Kishimoto, E. F. Wagner and L. Kenner, Epidermal loss of JunB leads to a SLE phenotype due to hyper IL-6 signaling, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2009, 106, 20423–20428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. A. Wackernagel, C. Massone, G. Hoefler, E. Steinbauer, H. Kerl and P. Wolf, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are absent in skin lesions of polymorphic light eruption, Photodermatol., Photoimmunol. Photomed., 2007, 23, 24–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. D. L. Damian, Y. J. Matthews, T. A. Phan and G. M. Halliday, An action spectrum for ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression in humans, Br. J. Dermatol., 2011, 164, 657–659.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. B. Lehmann and M. Meurer, Vitamin D metabolism, Dermatol. Ther., 2010, 23, 2–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. V. E. Reeve, M. Bosnic, C. Boehm-Wilcox, N. Nishimura and R. D. Ley, Ultraviolet A radiation (320–400 nm) protects hairless mice from immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet B radiation (280–320 nm) or cis-urocanic acid, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1998, 115, 316–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. K. Vähävihu, Heliotherapy and narrow-band UVB improve vitamin D balance: studies in healthy subjects and in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Thesis, University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. R. Webb, B. R. DeCosta and M. F. Holick, Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1989, 68, 882–887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. A. V. Anstey, R. M. Azurdia, L. E. Rhodes, A. D. Pearse and P. E. Bowden, Photosensitive Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome is not caused by a single gene mutation: analysis of the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase in five U.K. families, Br. J. Dermatol., 2005, 153, 774–779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. B. Lehmann, Role of the vitamin D3 pathway in healthy and diseased skin–facts, contradictions and hypotheses, Exp. Dermatol., 2009, 18, 97–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. B. Lehmann, T. Genehr, P. Knuschke, J. Pietzsch and M. Meurer, UVB-induced conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in an in vitro human skin equivalent model, J. Invest. Dermatol., 2001, 117, 1179–1185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. B. Lehmann, T. Rudolph, J. Pietzsch and M. Meurer, Conversion of vitamin D3 to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human skin equivalents, Exp. Dermatol., 2000, 9, 97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. B. Lehmann, W. Sauter, P. Knuschke, S. Dressler and M. Meurer, Demonstration of UVB-induced synthesis of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in human skin by microdialysis, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2003, 295, 24–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Lehmann, The vitamin D3 pathway in human skin and its role for regulation of biological processes, Photochem. Photobiol., 2005, 81, 1246–1251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. J. Reichrath, Vitamin D and the skin: an ancient friend, revisited, Exp. Dermatol., 2007, 16, 618–625.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. P. H. Hart, S. Gorman, J. J. Finlay-Jones, Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D?, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2011, 11, 584–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. AGW and PW contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbrugger Platz 8, A-8036, Graz, Austria

    Alexandra Gruber-Wackernagel & Peter Wolf

  2. Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria

    Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch

  3. Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia

    Scott N. Byrne

Authors
  1. Alexandra Gruber-Wackernagel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Scott N. Byrne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter Wolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Wolf.

Additional information

Contribution to the Vitamin D Update collected papers.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gruber-Wackernagel, A., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Byrne, S.N. et al. Patients with polymorphic light eruption have decreased serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 that increase upon 311 nm UVB photohardening. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 1831–1836 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25188d

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25188d

Search

Navigation