Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Paper
  • Published:

Diverse agents act at multiple levels to inhibit the Rel/NF-κB signal transduction pathway

Oncogene volume 18, pages 6896–6909 (1999)Cite this article

Abstract

Rel/NF-κB transcription factors regulate several important physiological processes, including developmental processes, inflammation and immune responses, cell growth, cancer, apoptosis, and the expression of certain viral genes. Therefore, they have also been sought-after molecular targets for pharmacological intervention. As details of the Rel/NF-κB signal transduction pathway are revealed, it is clear that modulators of this pathway can act at several levels. Inhibitors of the Rel/NF-κB pathway include a variety of natural and designed molecules, including anti-oxidants, proteasome inhibitors, peptides, small molecules, and dominant-negative or constitutively active polypeptides in the pathway. Several of these molecules act as general inhibitors of Rel/NF-κB induction, whereas others inhibit specific pathways of induction. Inhibitors of Rel/NF-κB are likely to gain stature as treatments for certain cancers and neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arbault S, Edeas M, Legrand-Poels S, Sojic N, Amatore C, Piette J, Best-Belpomme M, Lindenbaum A and Vuillaume M. . 1998 Biomed. Pharmacother. 51: 430–438.

  • Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A and Karin M. . 1995 Science 270: 286–290.

  • Badrichani AZ, Stroka DM, Bilbao G, Curiel DT, Bach FH and Ferran. . 1999 J. Clin. Invest. 103: 543–553.

  • Bales KR, Du Y, Dodel RC, Yan GM, Hamilton-Byrd E and Paul SM. . 1998 Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 57: 63–72.

  • Barkett M and Gilmore TD. . 1999 Oncogene 18: 6910–6924.

  • Baud V, Lin Z-G, Bennett B, Suzuki N, Xia Y and Karin M. . 1999 Genes Dev. 13: 1297–1308.

  • Bentires-Alj M, Hellin AC, Ameyar M, Chouaib S, Merville MP and Bours V. . 1999 Cancer Res. 59: 811–815.

  • Bergmann M, Hart L, Lindsay M, Barnes PJ and Newton R. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 6607–6610.

  • Biswas DK, Dezube BJ, Ahlers CM and Pardee AB. . 1993 J. AIDS 6: 778–786.

  • Bork PM, Bacher S, Schmitz ML, Kaspers U and Heinrich M. . 1999 Planta Med. 65: 297–300.

  • Brand K, Eisele T, Kreusel U, Page M, Page S, Haas M, Gerling A, Kaltschmidt C, Neumann FJ, Mackman N, Baeurele PA, Walli AK and Neumeier D. . 1997 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vascul. Biol. 17: 1901–1909.

  • Brennan P and O'Neill LA. . 1998 Biochem. Pharm. 55: 965–973.

  • Brostjan C, Anrather J, Csizmadia V, Stroka D, Soares M, Bach FH and Winkler H. . 1996 J. Biol. Chem. 271: 19612–19616.

  • Bushdid PB, Brantley DM, Yull FE, Blaeuer GL, Hoffman LH, Niswander L and Kerr LD. . 1998 Nature 392: 615–618.

  • Bustos C, Hernandez-Presa MA, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L, Perez F, Diaz C, Hernanadez G and Egido J. . 1998 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 32: 2057–2064.

  • Cao Z, Xiong J, Takeuchi M, Kurama T and Goeddel DV. . 1996 Nature 383: 443–446.

  • Chaturvedi MM, Kumar A, Darnay BG, Chainy GBN, Aggarwal S and Aggarwal BB. . 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30129–30134.

  • Cho S, Urata Y, Iida T, Goto S, Yamaguchi M, Sumikawa K and Kondo T. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 253: 104–108.

  • Cominacini L, Garbin U, Fratta Pasini A, Paulon T, Davoli A, Campagnola M, Marchi E, Pastorino AM, Gaviraghi G and Lo Cascio V. . 1997 J. Hypertens. 5: 1633–1640.

  • D'Acquisto F, Sautebin L, Iuvone T, Di Rosa M and Carnuccio R. . 1998 FEBS Lett. 440: 76–80.

  • De Bosscher K, Lienhard Schmitz M, Vanden Berghe W, Plaisance S, Fiers W and Haegeman G. . 1997 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 13504–13509.

  • Delgado M, Munoz-Elias EJ, Kan Y, Gozes I, Fridkin M, Brenneman DE, Gomariz RP and Ganea D. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 31427–31436.

  • DiDonato JA, Hayakawa M, Rothwarf DM, Zandi E and Karin M. . 1997 Nature 388: 548–554.

  • Duffey DC, Chen Z, Dong G, Ondrey FG, Wolf JS, Brown K, Siebenlist U and Van Waes C. . 1999 Cancer Res. 59: 3468–3474.

  • Egan LJ and Sandborn WJ. . 1998 Gastroenterology 115: 1295–1296.

  • Egan LJ, Mays DC, Huntoon CJ, Bell MP, Pike MG, Sandborn WJ, Lipsky JJ and McKean DJ. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 26448–26453.

  • Ehrlich LC, Hu S, Peterson PK and Chao CC. . 1998 Neuroreport 9: 1723–1726.

  • Fenteany G and Schreiber SL. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 8545–8548.

  • Fiedler MA, Wernke-Dollries K and Stark JM. . 1996 J. Virol. 70: 9079–9082.

  • Frantz B, Nordby EC, Bren G, Steffan N, Paya CV, Kincaid RL, Tocci MJ, O'Keefe SJ and O'Neill EA. . 1994 EMBO J. 13: 861–870.

  • Frantz B and O'Neill EA. . 1995 Science 270: 2017–2019.

  • Fuchs SY, Chen A, Xiong Y, Pan Z-Q and Ronai Z. . 1999 Oncogene 18: 2039–2046.

  • Gabrilovich D, Ishida T, Oyama T, Ran S, Kravtsov V and Nadaf S. . 1998 Blood 92: 4150–4166.

  • Gehrt A, Erkel G, Anke T and Sterner O. . 1998 J. Antibiot. 51: 455–463.

  • Geng Z, Rong Y and Lau BH. . 1997 Free Rad. Biol. Med. 23: 345–350.

  • Gerbes AL, Vollmar AM, Kiemer AK and Bilzer M. . 1998 Hepatology 28: 1309–1317.

  • Ghosh S, May MJ and Kopp EB. . 1998 Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16: 225–260.

  • Gilad E, Wong HR, Zingarelli B, Virag L, O'Connor M, Salzman AL and Szabo C. . 1998 FASEB J. 12: 685–693.

  • Grilli M, Pizzi M, Memo M and Spano P. . 1996 Science 274: 1383–1385.

  • Grimm S, Bauer MKA, Baeuerle PA and Schulze-Osthoff K. . 1996 J. Cell Biol. 134: 13–23.

  • Grisham MB, Palombella VJ, Elliott PJ, Conner EM, Brand S, Wong HL, Pien C, Mazzola LM, Destree A, Parent L and Adams J. . 1999 Methods Enzymol. 300: 345–363.

  • Grunberger D, Banerjee R, Eisinger K, Oltz EM, Efros L, Caldwell M, Estevez V and Nakanishi K. . 1988 Experientia 44: 230–232.

  • Harant H, Wolff B and Lindley IJD. . 1998 FEBS Lett. 436: 329–334.

  • Hehner SP, Heinrich M, Borks P, Vogt M, Ratter F, Lehmann V, Schulze-Osthoff K, Dröge W and Schmitz L. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1288–1297.

  • Hernandez-Presa MA, Bustos C, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L and Egido J. . 1998 Am. J. Pathol. 153: 1825–1837.

  • Higuchi M, Singh S, Chan H and Aggarwal BB. . 1995 Blood 86: 2248–2256.

  • Hiramoto M, Shimizu N, Sugimoto K, Tang J, Kawakami Y, Ito M, Aizawa S, Tanaka H, Makino I and Handa H. . 1998 J. Immunol. 160: 810–819.

  • Hirano F, Tanaka H, Miura T, Hirano Y, Okamoto K, Makino Y and Makino I. . 1998 Immunopharmacology 39: 31–38.

  • Hirano M, Osada S-i, Aoki T, Hirai S-i, Hosaka M, Inoue J-i and Ohno S. . 1996 J. Biol. Chem. 271: 13234–13238.

  • Hsu H, Shu HB, Pan MG and Goeddel DV. . 1996 Cell 84: 299–308.

  • Imbert V, Rupec RA, Livolsi A, Pahl HL, Traenckner EB, Mueller-Dieckmann C, Farahifar D, Rossi B, Auberger P, Baeuerle PA and Peyron JF. . 1996 Cell 86: 787–798.

  • Iqbal M, Chatterjee S, Kauer JC, Das M, Messina P, Freed B, Biazzo W and Siman R. . 1995 J. Med. Chem. 38: 2276–2277.

  • Islam KN, Devaraj S and Kialal I. . 1998 Circulation 98: 2255–2261.

  • Israël N, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Aillet F and Virelizier JL. . 1992 J. Immunol. 149: 3386–3393.

  • Iwasaki T, Uehara Y, Graves L, Rachie N and Bomsztyk K. . 1992 FEBS Lett. 298: 240–244.

  • Janssen YM and Sen CK. . 1999 Methods Enzymol. 300: 363–374.

  • Jin FY, Nathan C, Radzioch D and Ding A. . 1997 Cell 88: 417–426.

  • Jobin C, Hellerbrand C, Licato LL, Brenner DA and Sartor RB. . 1998a Gut 42: 779–787.

  • Jobin C, Panja A, Hellerbrand C, Iimuro Y, Didonato J, Brenner DA and Sartor RB. . 1998b J. Immunol. 160: 410–418.

  • Kanegae Y, Tavares AT, Izpisua Belmonte JC and Verma IM. . 1998 Nature 392: 611–614.

  • Karin M. . 1999 Oncogene 18: 6867–6874.

  • Karin M and Delhase M. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9067–9069.

  • Katsuyama K, Shichiri M, Marumo F and Hirata Y. . 1998 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vascul. Biol. 18: 1796–1802.

  • Kawashima S, Hayashi M, Takii T, Kimura H, Zhang HL, Nagatsu A, Sakakibara J, Murata K, Oomoto Y and Onozaki K. . 1998 J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 18: 423–428.

  • Kazmi S, Plante R, Visconte V, Taylor G, Zhou L and Lau C. . 1995 J. Cell Biochem. 57: 299–310.

  • Kim CH, Kim JH, Moon SJ, Chung KC, Hsu CY, Seo JT and Ahn YS. . 1999 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 259: 505–509.

  • Kimura T, Sakaida I, Terai S, Matsumura Y, Uchida K and Okita K. . 1997 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 231: 557–560.

  • Kopp E and Ghosh S. . 1994 Science 265: 956–959.

  • Kotake Y, Sang H, Miyajima T and Wallis GL. . 1998 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1448: 77–84.

  • Kumar A, Dhawan S and Aggarwal BB. . 1998 Oncogene 17: 913–918.

  • Kunz D, Walker G, Eberhardt W, Nitsch D and Pfeilschifter J. . 1995 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 216: 438–446.

  • Lauzurica P, Martinez-Martinez S, Marazuela M, Gomez de Arco P, Martinez C, Sanchez-Madrid F and Redondo JM. . 1999 Eur. J. Immunol. 26: 1890–1900.

  • Law RE, Stimmel JB, Damore MA, Carter C, Clarke S and Wall R. . 1992 Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 103–111.

  • Lee FS, Hagler J, Chen ZJ and Maniatis T. . 1997 Cell 88: 213–222.

  • Lee FS, Peters RT, Dang LC and Maniatis T. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9319–9324.

  • Lentsch AB, Shanley TP, Sarma V and Ward PA. . 1997 J. Clin. Invest. 100: 2443–2448.

  • Le Page C, Sanceau J, Drapier JC and Wietzerbin J. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 243: 451–457.

  • Li N and Karin M. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13012–13017.

  • Li N and Karin M. . 1999 FASEB J. 13: 1137–1143.

  • Lin YL and Lin JK. . 1997 Mol. Pharm. 52: 465–472.

  • Lin YZ, Yao SY, Veach RA, Torgerson TR and Hawiger J. . 1995 J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14255–14258.

  • Ling L, Cao Z and Goeddel DV. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3792–3797.

  • Mahboubi K, Young W and Ferreri NR. . 1998 J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 285: 862–868.

  • Mahon TM and O'Neill LAJ. . 1995 J. Biol. Chem. 270: 28557–28564.

  • Malinin NL, Boldin MP, Kovalenko AV and Wallach D. . 1997 Nature 385: 540–544.

  • Manna SK and Aggarwal BB. . 1998a J. Immunol. 161: 2863–2872.

  • Manna SK and Aggarwal BB. . 1998b J. Immunol. 161: 2873–2880.

  • Manna SK and Aggarwal BB. . 1998c J. Biol. Chem. 273: 33333–33341.

  • Manna SK and Aggarwal BB. . 1999 J. Immunol. 162: 2095–2102.

  • Manna SK, Gad YP, Mukhopadhyay A and Aggarwal BB. . 1999a Biochem. Pharmacol. 57: 763–774.

  • Manna SK, Kuo MT and Aggarwal BB. . 1999b Oncogene 18: 4371–4382.

  • Manna SK, Zhang HJ, Yan T, Oberley LW and Aggarwal BB. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 13245–13254.

  • Marienfeld R, Neumann M, Chuvpilo S, Escher C, Kneitz B, Avots A, Schimpl A and Serfling E. . 1997 Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 1601–1609.

  • Matthews JR, Botting CH, Panico M, Morris HR and Hay RT. . 1996 Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 2236–2242.

  • McCaffrey PG, Kim PK, Valge-Archer VE, Sen R and Rao A. . 1994 Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2134–2142.

  • Mercurio F, Zhu H, Murray BW, Shevchenko A, Bennett BL, Li J, Young DB, Barbosa M, Mann M, Manning A and Rao A. . 1997 Science 278: 860–866.

  • Meyer S, Kohler NG and Joly A. . 1997 FEBS Lett. 413: 354–358.

  • Mihm S, Ennen J, Pessara U, Kurth R and Dröge W. . 1991 AIDS 5: 497–503.

  • Mohan N, Sadeghi K, Reiter RJ and Meltz ML. . 1995 Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 37: 1063–1070.

  • Musonada CA and Chipman JK. . 1998 Carcinogenesis 19: 1583–1589.

  • Natarajan K, Singh S, Burke Jr TR, Grunberger D and Aggarwal BB. . 1996 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9090–9095.

  • Natarajan K, Manna SK, Chaturvedi MM and Aggarwal BB. . 1998 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 352: 59–70.

  • Nemoto S, DiDonato JA and Lin A. . 1998 Mol. Cell Biol. 18: 7336–7343.

  • O'Connell MA, Bennett BL, Mercurio F, Manning AM and Mackman N. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 30410–30414.

  • Okamoto S-I, Mukaida N, Yasumoto K, Rice N, Ishikawa Y, Horiguchi H, Murakami S and Matsushima K. . 1994 J. Biol. Chem. 269: 8582–8589.

  • Orth K, Palmer LE, Bao ZQ, Stewart S, Rudolph AE, Bliska JB and Dixon JE. . 1999 Science 285: 1920–1923.

  • Oyama T, Ran S, Ishida T, Nadaf S, Kerr L, Carbone DP and Gabrilovich DI. . 1998 J. Immunol. 160: 1224–1232.

  • Page S, Fischer C, Baumgartner B, Hass M, Kreusel U, Loidl G, Hayn M, Ziegler-Heitbrock HWL, Neumeier D and Brand K. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 11611–11618.

  • Pahl HL, Krauss B, Schulze-Osthoff K, Decker T, Traenckner EB, Vogt M, Myers C, Warring P, Mülbacher A, Czernilofsky AP and Baeuerle PA. . 1996 J. Exp. Med. 183: 1829–1840.

  • Pahl HL. . 1999 Oncogene 18: 6853–6866.

  • Palayoor ST, Bump EA, Calderwood SK, Bartol S and Coleman CN. . 1998 Clin. Cancer Res. 4: 763–771.

  • Palombella VJ, Rando AL, Goldberg AL and Maniatis T. . 1994 Cell 78: 773–786.

  • Pierce JW, Read MA, Ding H, Luscinskas FW and Collins T. . 1996 J. Immunol. 156: 3961–3969.

  • Pierce JW, Schoenleber R, Jesmok G, Best J, Moore SA, Collins T and Gerritsen ME. . 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 21096–21103.

  • Powell PP, Dixon LK and Parkhouse RME. . 1996 J. Virol. 70: 8527–8533.

  • Pyatt DW, Gruntmeir J, Stillman WS and Irons RD. . 1998a Toxicology 128: 83–90.

  • Pyatt DW, Stillman WS and Irons RD. . 1998b Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 149: 178–184.

  • Qiu D, Zhao G, Aoki Y, Shi L, Uyei A, Nazarian S, Ng JCH and Kao PN. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 13443–13450.

  • Ray A and Prefontaine KE. . 1994 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 752–756.

  • Reddy SA, Huang JH and Liao WS. . 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 29167–29173.

  • Regnier CH, Song HY, Gao X, Goeddel DV, Cao Z and Rothe M. . 1997 Cell 90: 373–383.

  • Revilla Y, Callejo M, Rodriguez JM, Culebras E, Nogal ML, Salas ML, Vinuela E and Fresno M. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5405–5411.

  • Ritchie DM, Argentieri DC, Aparicio BL, Plante RK, Lau CY and Barbone AG. . 1995 Intl. J. Immunopharmacol. 17: 805–812.

  • Rodriguez MS, Thompson J, Hay RT and Dargemont C. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 9108–9115.

  • Rossi A, Elia G and Santoro MG. . 1997 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 746–750.

  • Rossi A, Elia G and Santoro MG. . 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 273: 16446–16452.

  • Rothe M, Xiong J, Shu HB, Williamson K, Goddard A and Goeddel DV. . 1996 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 8241–8246.

  • Saliou C, Rihn B, Cillard J, Okamoto T and Packer L. . 1998 FEBS Lett. 440: 8–12.

  • Sappey C, Boelaert JR, Legrand-Poels S, Forceille C, Favier A and Piette J. . 1995 AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11: 1049–1061.

  • Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK and Baldwin Jr AS. . 1995 Science 270: 283–286.

  • Schesser K, Spiik AK, Dukuzumuremyi JM, Neurath MF, Pettersson S and Wolf-Watz H. . 1998 Mol. Microbiol. 28: 1067–1079.

  • Schreck R, Albermann K and Baeuerle PA. . 1992b Free Rad. Res. Comm. 17: 221–237.

  • Schreck R, Meier B, Männel DN, Dröge W and Baeuerle PA. . 1992a J. Exp. Med. 175: 1181–1194.

  • Schreck R, Rieber P and Baeuerle PA. . 1991 EMBO J. 10: 2247–2258.

  • Schulze-Osthoff K, Beyaert R, Vandervoorde V, Haegeman G and Fiers W. . 1993 EMBO J. 12: 3095–3104.

  • Sen CK, Traber K and Packer L. . 1996a Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 218: 148–153.

  • Sen CK, Roy S and Packer L. . 1996b FEBS Lett. 85: 58–62.

  • Sen CK, Tirosh O, Roy S, Kobayashi MS and Packer L. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 247: 223–228.

  • Sen J, Venkataraman L, Shinkai Y, Pierce JW, Alt FW, Burakoff SJ and Sen R. . 1995 J. Immunol. 154: 3213–3221.

  • Serfling E, Avots A and Neumann M. . 1995 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1263: 181–200.

  • Shoji S, Furuishi K, Ogata A, Yamataka K, Tachibana K, Mukai R, Uda A, Harano K, Matsushita S and Misumi S. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 249: 745–753.

  • Shrivastava A, Manna SK, Ray R and Aggarwal BB. . 1998 J. Virol. 72: 9722–9728.

  • Shumilla JA, Wetterhahn KE and Barchowski A. . 1998 Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 349: 356–362.

  • Siebenlist U, Franzo G and Brown K. . 1994 Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10: 405–455.

  • Simpson CS and Morris BJ. . 1999 J. Neurochem. 73: 353–361.

  • Singh S and Aggarwal BB. . 1995a J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10631–10639.

  • Singh S and Aggarwal BB. . 1995b J. Biol. Chem. 270: 24995–25000.

  • Singh S, Darnay BG and Aggarwal BB. . 1996a J. Biol. Chem. 271: 31049–31054.

  • Singh S, Natarajan K and Aggarwal BB. . 1996b J. Immunol. 10: 4412–4420.

  • Sizemore N, Leung S and Stark GR. . 1999 Mol. Cell Biol. 19: 4798–4805.

  • Song HY, Regnier CH, Kirschning CJ, Goeddel DV and Rothe M. . 1997 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9792–9796.

  • Spiecker M and Liao JK. . 1999 Methods Enzymol. 300: 375–389.

  • Staal FJT, Roederer M, Raju PA, Anderson MT, Ela SW and Herzenberg LA. . 1993 AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9: 299–305.

  • Sueoka E, Sueoka N, Kai Y, Okabe S, Suganuma M, Kanematsu K, Yamamoto T and Fujiki H. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 252: 566–570.

  • Sugano N, Shimada K, Ito K and Murai S. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 252: 25–28.

  • Sun WH, Keller ET, Stebler BS and Ershler WB. . 1998 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 244: 691–695.

  • Suzuki YJ, Aggarwal BB and Packer L. . 1992 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 189: 1709–1715.

  • Suzuki YJ and Packer L. . 1993a Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 193: 277–283.

  • Suzuki YJ and Packer L. . 1993b Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 31: 693–700.

  • Suzuki YJ and Packer L. . 1994 Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 32: 299–305.

  • Suzuki YJ, Mizuno M, Tritschler HJ and Packer L. . 1995 Biochem. Mol. Biol. Intl. 36: 241–246.

  • Tepper MA, Nadler SG, Esselstyn JM and Sterbenz KG. . 1995 J. Immunol. 155: 2427–2436.

  • Toledano MB and Leonard WJ. . 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4328–4332.

  • Trepicchio WL and Dorner AJ. . 1998 Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 856: 12–21.

  • Umansky V, Shatrov VA, Lehmann V and Schirrmacher V. . 1996 Intl. Immunol. 8: 491–498.

  • van Antwerp DJ, Martin SJ, Kafri T, Green DR and Verma IM. . 1996 Science 274: 787–789.

  • van Hogerlinden M, Rozell BL, Ährlund-Richter L and Toftgård R. . 1999 Cancer Res. 59: 3299–3303.

  • Venkataraman L, Burakoff SJ and Sen R. . 1995 J. Exp. Med. 181: 1091–1099.

  • Venkataraman L, Wang W and Sen R. . 1996 J. Immunol. 157: 1149–1155.

  • Wahl C, Liptay S, Adler G and Schmid RM. . 1998 J. Clin. Invest. 101: 1163–1174.

  • Wang C-Y, Mayo MW and Baldwin Jr AS. . 1996 Science 274: 784–787.

  • Wang C-Y, Cusack Jr JC, Liu R and Baldwin Jr AS. . 1999 Nature Med. 5: 412–417.

  • Wang JY, Suo JS, Li H, Liu S-L and Zern MA. . 1998 Liver 18: 180–185.

  • Wang W, Tam WF, Hughes CC, Rath S and Sen R. . 1997 Immunity 6: 165–174.

  • Wechsler AS, Gordon MC, Dendorfer U and LeClair KP. . 1994 J. Immunol. 153: 2515–2523.

  • Weissmann G. . 1991 Hosp. Pract. 26: 60–76.

  • Whiteside ST and Israël A. . 1997 Sem. Cancer Biol. 8: 75–82.

  • Woronicz JD, Gao X, Cao Z, Rothe M and Goeddel DV. . 1997 Science 278: 866–869.

  • Yamamoto Y, Yin M-J, Lin K-M and Gaynor RB. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 27307–27314.

  • Yamaoka S, Courtois G, Bessia C, Whiteside ST, Weil R, Agou F, Kirk HE, Kay RJ and Israël A. . 1998 Cell 93: 1231–1240.

  • Yang F, de Villiers WJS, McClain CJ and Varilek GW. . 1998 J. Nutr. 128: 2334–2340.

  • Yang J, Merin JP, Nakano T, Kato T, Kitade Y and Okamoto T. . 1995 FEBS Lett. 361: 89–96.

  • Yaron A, Gonen H, Alkalay I, Hatzubai A, Jung S, Beyth S, Mercurio F, Manning AM, Ciechanover A and Ben-Neriah Y. . 1997 EMBO J. 16: 6486–6494.

  • Yeh WC, Shahinian A, Speiser D, Kraunus J, Billia F, Wakeham A, de la Pompa JL, Ferrick D, Hum B, Iscove N, Ohashi P, Rothe M, Goeddel DV and Mak TW. . 1997 Immunity 7: 715–725.

  • Yin M-J, Yamamoto Y and Gaynor RB. . 1998 Nature 396: 77–80.

  • Yoshida A, Yoshida S, Ishibashi Y, Kuwano M and Inomata H. . 1999 Invest. Opthamol. Vis. Sci. 40: 1624–1629.

  • Zandi E, Rothwarf DM, Delhase M, Hayakawa M and Karin M. . 1997 Cell 91: 243–252.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank members of our laboratory and Drs Bharat Aggarwal, Tom Maniatis, and Ranjan Sen for critical reading of the manuscript. We also thank Catherine Cormier and Raymond Alvarez for assistance in the collection of information for this review. J-C Epinat was partially supported by a post-doctoral funds from the Leukemia Research Foundation and from a Boston University Provost's Innovation Grant (to TD Gilmore). Research in our laboratory is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Council for Tobacco Research (both to TD Gilmore).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, MA, USA

    Jean-Charles Epinat & Thomas D Gilmore

Authors
  1. Jean-Charles Epinat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas D Gilmore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Epinat, JC., Gilmore, T. Diverse agents act at multiple levels to inhibit the Rel/NF-κB signal transduction pathway. Oncogene 18, 6896–6909 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203218

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203218

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links