Skip to main content
Log in

Norms for Parental Ratings on Conners' Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire: Implications for the Design of Behavioral Rating Inventories and Analyses of Data Derived from Them

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite the wide usage of Conners' 10-item Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire (APTQ), normative data for parental ratings on the APTQ are rare. Moreover, its psychometric properties as a “stand alone” behavioral rating instrument have yet to be examined in detail. Using data from parental ratings for 6,841 children aged 5 to 14 years, this paper reports the psychometric properties of the APTQ and provides normative and prevalence estimates for four age cohorts (5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 11, and 12 to 14 years) by gender. In presenting the findings, the paper highlights key methodological issues endemic to the design of behavioral rating inventories like the APTQ and the analysis of data derived from them. These issues are illustrated and discussed in terms of their implications for the measurement and determination of prevalence estimates of problem behaviors in child psychology and child psychiatry. The need to revise the design, content, and response formats of child behavior rating inventories is stressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Abikoff, H., Courtney, M., Pelham, W. E., & Koplewicz, H. S. (1993). Teachers' ratings of disruptive behaviors: The influence of halo effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 519–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Queen City, TX: Queen City Printer Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alwin, D. F., & Jackson, D. J. (1980). Measurement models for response errors in surveys: Issues and applications. In D. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (3rd edit.) Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., Williams, S. M., McGee, R. O., & Silva, P. A. (1987). DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arias, I., & O'Leary, K. D. (1983). Hyperactivity in Spain. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York at Stony Brook.

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (1993). 1991 Census of population and housing: Basic community profile, Victoria. (ABS Catelogue No. 2722.2). Canberra: Australian Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, R. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauermeister, J. J., Alegria, M., Bird, H. R., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Canino, G. (1992). Are attentional-hyperactivity deficits unidimensional or multidimensional syndromes? Empirical findings from a community survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 423–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1985). Girls with attention deficit disorder: A silent majority? A report on behavioral and cognitive characteristics. Pediatrics, 76, 801–809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Gould, M. S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacay, A., & Moscoso, M. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A., & Scott Long, J. (Eds.). (1993). Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brito, G. N. O. (1987). The Conners' Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale: Development of norms in Brazil. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 511–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C. H. (1990). Protecting against nonrandomly missing data in longitudinal studies. Biometrics, 46, 143–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. L. (1989). Using covariance modeling for estimating reliability on scales with ordered polytomous variables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 383–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. T. (1986). Teacher ratings and the assessment of attention deficit disordered children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P. (1996). Classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1992). Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 88–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, J. B. (1961). The nature of data, and how to choose a correlation coefficient. Psychometrika, 26, 347–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C. M., Urbanowicz, M., Hemsley, R., Mantilla, L., Strobel, S., Graham, P. J., & Taylor, E. (1993). Effects of a few food diet in attention deficit disorder. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 69, 564–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, I. (1986). Australian standard classification of occupations: Statistical classification. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra, Australia: C. J. Thompson Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colmar, S. (1988). A perspective on behaviour checklists. Educational Psychology, 8, 117–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1969). A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 884–888.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1970). Symptom patterns in hyperactive, neurotic, and normal children. Child Development, 41, 667–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1972). Symposium: Behavior modification by drugs II. Psychological effects of stimulant drugs of children with minimal brain dysfunction. Pediatrics, 49, 702–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin (Special issue, Pharmacotherapy of Children), 24–29.

  • Conners, C. K. (1978). Rating scales in child psychiatry. In J. Noshpitz (Ed.), The handbook of child psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1980). Food additives and hyperactive children. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1990a). Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire: Parent Version, Teacher Version Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1990b). Manual for Conners' Rating Scales. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1994). Conners' rating scales. In M. E. Marish, (Ed.), The use of psychological testing: Planning and outcome assessment (pp. 550–578). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., & Barkley, R. A. (1985). Rating scales and checklists for child psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 809–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., Goyette, C. H., Southwick, D. A., Lees, J. M., & Andrulonis, P. A. (1976). Food additives and hyperkinesis: A controlled double-blind experiment. Pediatrics, 58, 154–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., & Werry, J. S. (1979). Pharmacotherapy. In H. C. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood (2nd ed., pp. 336–386). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, A. P., & Weissbrod, C. S. (1978). Behavioral correlates of hyperactivity factor of the Conners Teacher Questionnaire. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 339–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuttance, P. (1987). Issues and problems in the application of structural equation models. In P. Cuttance & R. Ecob (Eds.), Structural modeling by example: Applications in educational, sociological and behavioral research (pp. 241–279). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuttance, P., & Ecob, R. (Eds.). (1987). Structural modeling by example: Applications in educational, sociological and behavioral research. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Das, J. P., & Melnyk, L. (1989). Attention Checklist: A rating scale for mildly mentally handicapped adolescents. Psychological Reports, 64, 1267–1274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1981). Applied regression analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dykman, R. A. & Ackerman, P. T. (1991). Attention deficit disorder and specific reading disability: Separate but often overlapping disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 96–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., & Conners, C. K. (1971). Psychopharmacology in childhood. In N. B. Talbot, J. Kagen, & L. Eisenberg (Eds.), Behavioral science and pediatric medicine (pp. 397–424). Philadelphia: Saunders

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. H., Cullinan, D., & Gadow, K. D. (1986). Teacher ratings of hyperactivity in learning-disabled, emotionally disturbed and mentally retarded childen. Journal of Special Education, 20, 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1993). The structure, stability and correlations of the trait components of conduct disorder, attention deficit and anxiety/withdrawal reports. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 749–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1995). Early disruptive behavior, IQ, and later school achievement and delinquent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 183–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Lloyd, M. (1991). Confirmatory factor models of attention deficit and conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 257–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleishman, J., & Benson, J. (1987). Using LISREL to evaluate measurement models and scale reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 925–939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furlong, M. J., & Fortman, J. B. (1984). Factor analysis of the abbreviated Conners Teacher Rating Scale: Implications for the assessment of hyperactivity. Psychology in the Schools, 21, 289–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvin, P. P., & Singleton, R. M. (1984). Behaviour problems: A system of management, BPSM Manual. Windsor, Berkshire, England: NFER-Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glow, R. A. (1978). Children's behavior problems: A normative study of a parent rating scale (Technical report prepared for the Australian Education Research and Development Committee). Adelaide, Australia: Department of Psychology, The University of Adelaide.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glow, R. A. (1981). Cross-validity and normative data on the Conners' Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. In K. D. Gadow & J. Loney (Eds.), The psychosocial aspects of drug treatment for hyperactivity. Boulder, CO: AAAS & Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glow, R. A, Glow, P. H., & Rump, E. E. (1982). The stability of child behavior disorders: A one year test-retest of Adelaide versions of the Conners Teacher and Parent Rating Scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 33–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, H. (1995). Multilevel statistical models. London, England: Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, J. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978). Normative data on the revised Conners parent and teacher rating scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 221–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J. P., Matthews, C. G., & Eichman, P. (1978) Synthetic food colours and hyperactivity in children: A double-blind challenge experiment. Pediatrics, 62, 975–983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J. P., Ray, R. S., Tomasi, L., Eichman, P., Matthews, S., Chun, R., Cleeland, C., & Traisman, E. (1978). Hyperkinesis and food additives: Testing the Feingold hypothesis. Pediatrics, 61, 818–828.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Halperin, J. M., Wolf, L. E., Pascualvaca, D. M., Schmeidler, J., & O'Brien, J. D. (1993). The factor structure of ADHD items in DSM-III-R: internal consistency and external validation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 441–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson, L., & Jones, B. (1987). A study of longitudinal causal models comparing gain score analysis with structural equation approaches. In P. Cuttance, & R. Ecob (Eds.), Structural modeling by example: Applications in educational, sociological and behavioral research, (pp. 86–107). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensley, V. R. (1988). An Australian normative study of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Australian Psychologist, 23, 371–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P. W., & Rowe, K. J. (1996). Multilevel modelling in school effectiveness research. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 7, 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (1987). On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 443–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (1992a). Academic underachievement, attention deficits and aggression: Comorbidity and implications for intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 893–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (1992b). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P. (1994). Attention deficits and hyperactivity in children (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry Series, Volume 29). London, England: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinshaw, S. P., & Nigg, J. (1994). Behavioral rating scales in the assessment of disruptive behavior disorders in childhood. In D. Schaffer & J. Richters (Eds.), Assessment in child psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, K. (1993). Structured interviews for assessing children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 49–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holborow, P. L., & Berry, P. S. (1986a). A multinational, crosscultural perspective on hyperactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 320–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holborow, P. L., & Berry, P. S. (1986b). Hyperactivity and learning difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 426–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holborow, P., Berry, P., & Elkins, J. (1984). Prevalence of hyperkinesis: A comparison of three rating scales. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 411–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes-Smith, P., & Rowe, K. J. (1994, January). The development and use of congeneric measurement models in school effectiveness research: Improving the reliability and validity of composite and latent variables for fitting multilevel and structural equation models. Paper presented at the International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement, World Congress Centre, Melbourne.

  • James, A., & Taylor, E. (1990). Sex differences in the hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 437–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaselskis, C. A., Cook, E. H., Jr, Fletcher, K. E., & Leventhal, B. L. (1992). Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 322–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N. J., Kotz, S. K., & Balarkrishann, N. (1994). Continuous univariate distributions: Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, N. J., Kotz, S. K., & Balarkrishann, N. (1995). Continuous univariate distributions: Volume 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests. Psychometrika, 36, 109–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1981). Analysis of covariance structures. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 8, 65–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1990). New developments in LISREL: Analysis of ordinal variables using polychoric correlations and weighted least squares. Quality and Quantity, 24, 387–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G. (1994). On the estimation of polychoric correlations and their asymptotic covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 59, 381–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Aish, A. M. (1993). Structural equation modeling with ordinal variables. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1979). Advances in factor analysis and structural equation models. Cambridge, MA: Abt Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1988). PRELIS. A program for multivariate data screening and data summarization: A preprocessor for LISREL. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993a). New features in PRELIS 2. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993b). LISREL 8 user's reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993c). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software Inc., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, M. G., & Stuart, A. (1963). The advanced theory of statistics, Vol. 1: Distribution theory. London, England: Charles Griffin Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C., & Brophy, C. (1981). Activity and attentional correlates of teacher ratings of hyperactivity. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 6, 451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerlinger, F. N. (1986) Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed). New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kish, L. (1995). Survey sampling. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kupietz, S., Bialer, I., & Winsberg, B. (1972). A behavior scale for assessing improvement in behaviorally deviant children: A preliminary investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 1432–1436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kysel, F., Varlaam, A., Stoll, L., & Sammons, P. (1983). The child at school: A new behaviour schedule (Research and Statistics Report No. RS 907/83). London, England: Inner London Education Authority, Research and Statistics Branch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, N., Hartsough, C., & Sandoval, J. (1990). Manual for the Children's Attention and Adjustment Survey. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawley, D. N., & Maxwell, A. E. (1971). Factor analysis as a statistical method (2nd ed.). London, England: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loney, J., & Milich, R. (1982). Hyperactivity, inattention and aggression in clinical practice. Advances in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 113–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luk, S. L., & Leung, P. W. (1989). Conners' Teacher's Rating Scale: A validity study in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 785–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luk, S. L., Leung, P. W., & Lee, P. L. (1988). Conners' Teacher Rating Scale in Chinese in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 165–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luk, S. L., Leung, P. W., Bacon-Shone, J., & Lieh-Mak, F. (1991). The structure and prevalence of behavioral problems in Hong Kong pre-school children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 219–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, E. M., Ikeda, Y., Mueller, C. W., Takahashi, A., Tao, K. T., Humris, E., Li, B. L., & Chin, D. (1992). Cross cultural differences in rating hyperactive behaviors in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 149, 1539–1542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcoulides, G. A., & Schumacker, R. E. (Eds.). (1996). Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mardia, K. V., Kent, J. T., & Bibby, J. M. (1979). Multivariate analysis. London, England: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalit, M. (1983). Diagnostic application of the Conners Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical and Child Psychology, 12, 355–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh. H. W. (1987). The hierarchical structure of self-concept and the application of hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Measurement, 24, 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W. (1994). Confirmatory factor analysis models of factorial invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 5–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H. W., & Grayson, D. (1994). Longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis: Common, time-specific, item-specific, and residual error components of variance. Structural Equation Modeling, 1, 116–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattes, J., & Gittelman-Klein, R. A. (1978). A crossover study of artificial food colorings in a hyperkinetic child. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 987–988.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R. P. (1981). The dimensionality of tests and items. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 34, 100–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R. P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee, R., & Feehan, M. (1991). Are girls with problems of attention underrecognized? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13, 187–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. B. (1995). Coefficient alpha: A basic introduction from the perspectives of classical test theory and structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 2, 255–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munck, M. E. (1979). Model building in comparative education: Applications of the L1SREL method to cross-national survey data (International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement Monograph Series No. 10). Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B. O. (1993). Goodness of fit with categorical and other non-normal variables. In K. A. Bollen & J. Scott Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, S. G., & Steen, P. L. (1982). Subcategorizing hyperactivity: The Stony Brook Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 426–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, U. (1979). Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient. Psychometrika, 44, 443–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, J. D. A., Sitarenios, G., & Conners, C. K. (1996). Abbreviated Conners' Rating Scales revisited: A confirmatory factory analytic study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1, 55–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedhazur, E. J. (1982). Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 210–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C., & Peterson, D. R. (1983). Interim manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami.

  • Poon, W-Y., & Lee, S-Y. (1987). Maximum likelihood estimation of multivariate polychoric correlation coefficients. Psychometrika, 52, 409–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raykov, T. (in press a). Cronbach's coefficent alpha and the reliability of composite scales with interrelated non-homogeneous items. Applied Psychological Measurement.

  • Raykov, T (in press b). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement.

  • Ross, K. N. (1988a). Sampling. In J. P. Keeves (Ed.), Educational research, methodology and measurement: An international handbook (pp. 527–536). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, K. N. (1988b). Sampling errors. In J. P. Keeves (Ed), Educational research, methodology and measurement: An international handbook (pp. 537–541). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J. (1989). The commensurability of the general linear model in the context of educational and psychosocial research. Australian Journal of Education, 33, 41–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J. (1991). The influence of reading activity at home on students' attitudes towards reading, classroom attentiveness and reading achievement: An application of structural equation modelling. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J. (1995). Factors affecting students' progress in reading: Key findings from a longitudinal study. Literacy, Teaching and Learning, 1, 57–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J. (1996, May). The assessment and impact of externalizing behaviours in the classroom on students' learning outcomes. Paper presented to the Research Seminar, Department of Child Development and Learning, Institute of Education, University of London.

  • Rowe, K. J. (1997). Advanced structural equation modeling: An integrated course (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Applied Educational Research, The University of Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J., & Hill, P. W. (in press). Accounting for the hierarchical structure of data in psychosocial research: An annotated example using multilevel structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling.

  • Rowe, K. J., Hill, P. W, & Holmes-Smith P. (1995). Methodological issues in educational performance and school effectiveness research: A discussion with worked examples. Australian Journal of Education, 39, 217–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J., & Rowe, K. S. (1992a) The relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement (Part A): Methodological issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J., & Rowe, K. S. (1992b). The relationship between inattentiveness in the classroom and reading achievement (Part B): An explanatory study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J., & Rowe, K. S. (1993a, November). Assessing student behaviour: The utility and measurement properties of a simple parent and teacher-administered behavioural rating instrument for use in educational and epidemiological research. Paper presented at the 1993 Annual Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education, Fremantle, Western Australia.

  • Rowe, K. J., & Rowe, K. S. (1996). The RBRI user's manual: Teacher-and parent-administered inventories for the assessment of child externalizing behaviours, for use in clinical, educational and epidemiological research. Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Applied Educational Research, The University of Melbourne and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne Royal Children's Hospital.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. J., & Rowe, K. S. (1997). RBRI Profile users' guide: Interactive software for the assessment and monitoring of child/student externalizing behaviors at home and at school (Version 1.2, Clinical). Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Applied Educational Research, The University of Melbourne and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne Royal Children's Hospital. [ISBN 0 7325 0828 2]

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S. (1988). Synthetic food colourings and ‘hyperactivity’: A double blind crossover study. Australian Paediatric Journal, 24, 143–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S. & Briggs, D. R. (1992). Food colourings and behavior change (Report to the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation). Melbourne, Austrialia: Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne Royal Children's Hospital, and School of Nutrition and Public Health, Deakin University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S. & Briggs, D. R. (1993). Food colouring and behavior change: How common is it? Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health, 29, A36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S., & Rowe, K. J. (1993b). Normative data for Conners' Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire for hyperactivity. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 29, A35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S., & Rowe, K. J. (1994a). Synthetic food coloring and behavior: A dose response effect in a double-blind, placebocontrolled, repeated measures study. Journal of Pediatrics, 125, 691–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S. & Rowe, K. J. (1994b). Attention deficit or hyperactivity: Does it depend on the beholder? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 30, A12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, K. S., & Rowe, K. J. (1995). The effects of externalizing behaviours in the classroom on students' progress in literacy and numeracy. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 31, A18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1967). A children's behavior questionnaire for completion by teachers: Preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (Ed.) (1983). Developmental neuropsychiatry. New York: Guilford, Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education Health and behaviour. London: Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, D. B. (1976). Inference and missing data. Biometrika, 63, 581–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubio-Stipec, M., Shrout, P. E., Canini, G., Bird, H., Jensen, P., Dulcan, M., & Schwab-Stone, M. (1996). Empirically defined symptom scales using the DISC 2.3. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saal, F. E, Downey, R. G., & Lahey, M. A. (1980). Rating the ratings: Assessing the psychometric quality of rating data. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 413–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval, J. (1977). The measurement of the hyperactive syndrome in children. Review of Educational Research, 47, 293–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandoval, J. (1981). Format effects in two teacher rating scales of hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 9, 203–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S. (1985). Constructing psychology: Making facts and fables for our times. American Psychologist, 40, 499–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachar, R. (1991). Childhood hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 155–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachar, R., Sandberg, S., & Rutter, M. (1986) Agreement between teachers' ratings of hyperactivity, inattentiveness and defiance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 331–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellitz, C., Wrightsman, L. S., & Cook, S. W. (1976). Research methods in social relations (3rd ed.). New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer, D., & Richters, J. (Eds.). (1994). Assessment in child psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. (1991). Introduction to the special series on attention deficit disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 68–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaywitz, S. E., Schnell, C., Shaywitz, B. A., & Towle, V. R. (1986). Yale Children's Inventory (YCI): An instrument to assess children with attentional deficits and learning disabilities 1. Scale development and psychometric properties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 347–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaccarelli, S. (1995). Measuring abuse stress and negative cognitive appraisals in child sexual abuse: validity data on two new scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 703–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., Cohen, M. N., & Werry, J. S. (1974). Normative data on the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale and Abbreviated Scale (Technical Report, Institute of Child Behavior and Development). Champaign: University of Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, R. L., Cohen, M. N., & Eichsleder, W. (1977, August). Are there hyperactive children in Europe and the South Pacific? In R. Halliday (Chair), The hyperactive child: Fact, fiction and fantasy. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Fransisco

  • Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1973). Effects of psychopharmacological agents on learning disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 20, 719–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPSS. (1993). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences: Windows Version 6.0. Chicago, IL: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. J. (1995). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. Structural Equation Modeling, 2, 214–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stott, D. H. (1963). The social adjustment of children: Manual to the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides. London, England: The University of London Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J., Nolan, W., & Pelham, W. E. (1981, August). The SNAP rating scale for the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

  • Szatmari, P., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989). Ontario Child Health Study: Prevalence of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1984). Confirmatory hierarchical factor analyses of psychological distress measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 621–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E., Everitt, B., Thorley, G., Schachar, R., Rutter, M., & Wieselberg, M. (1986). Conduct disorder and hyperactivity II: A cluster-analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 768–777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trites, R. L., Dugas, E., Lynch, G., & Ferguson, H. B. (1979). Prevalence of hyperactivity. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 4, 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann, R. K., Sleator, E. K., & Sprague, R. L. (1985a). Introduction to the use of the ACTeRS. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 915–916.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullmann, R. K., Sleator, E. K., & Sprague, R. L. (1985b). A change of mind: The Conners Abbreviated Rating Scales reconsidered. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 553–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, F. C., & Akkerhuis, G. W. (1989). Agreement between parents' and teachers' ratings of behavioral/emotional problems of children aged 4–12. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitiello, B., Hill, J. L., Elia, J., Cunningham, E., McLeer, S. V., & Behar, D. (1991). P.r.n. medications in child psychiatric patients: A pilot placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 499–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. C., Chong, M. Y., Chou, W. J., & Yang, J. L. (1993). Prevalence of attention deficit disorder in primary school children in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 92, 133–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., & Hawthorne, D. (1976). Conners teacher questionnaire: Norms and validity. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 257–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S., Sprague, R. L., & Cohen, M. N. (1975). Conners' Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with chlidren: An empirical study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 217–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werts, C. E., Rock, D. R., Linn, R. L., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1978). A general method for estimating the reliability of a composite. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 933–938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. I., Cram, D. M., Tausig, F. T., & Webster. E. (1978). Relative effects of drugs and diet on hyperactive behaviors: an experimental study. Pediatrics, 61, 811–817.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1978). ICD-9: International classification of diseases (9th ed.) Mental disorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the ninth revision of the international calssification of diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). ICD-10: International classification of diseases (10th ed.). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical description and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1996). Multi-axial version of ICD-10: Prepared for use by clinicians dealing with child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yao, K. N., Solanto, M. V., & Wender, E. H. (1988). Prevalence of hyperactivity among newly immigrated Chinese-American children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelko, F. A. (1991). Comparison of parent completed behavior rating scales: Differentiating boys with ADD from psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 12, 31–37.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rowe, K.S., Rowe, K.J. Norms for Parental Ratings on Conners' Abbreviated Parent-Teacher Questionnaire: Implications for the Design of Behavioral Rating Inventories and Analyses of Data Derived from Them. J Abnorm Child Psychol 25, 425–451 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022678013979

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022678013979

Navigation