Skip to main content
Log in

Basal Ganglia and Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

1. The aim of this mini-review was to describe an underrecognized but important aspect of the basal ganglia diseases, the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system that patients suffer owing to the degenerative process affecting these structures, mainly Parkinson's disease.

2. We analyze the most prevalent autonomic abnormalities in these patients from an experimental and clinical point of view.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

REFERENCES

  • Albanese, A., Jenner, P., Marsden, C. D., and Stephenson, J. D. (1988). Bladder hyperreflexia induced in marmosets by 1-methyl-4-phenil-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine . Neurosci. Lett. 87:46–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, N., Hirata, Y., and Nagatsu, T. (1984). Reduced tyrosine hydroxylase activity in nigrostriatal system of sino-aortic denervated rats. Brain Res. 299:380–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ångyan, L. (1991). Substantia nigra stimulation and blood prerssure effects of locally applied kainic acid. Neuro report 2:785–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appenzeller,O., and Goss, J. E. (1971).Autonomic deficits in Parkinson's syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 24:50–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagheri, H., Damase-Michel, C., Lapeyre-Mestre, M., Cismodo, S., O'Connell, D., Senard, J. M., Rascol, O., and Montastruc, J. L. (1999).Astudy of salivary secretion in parkinson's disease. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 22:213–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bardow, A., Nyvad, B., and Nauntofte, B. (2001). Relationships between medication intake, complaints of dry mouth, salivary flow rate and composition, and the rate of tooth demiralization in situ. Arch. Oral Biol. 46:413–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet, A. M., Pichon, J., Vidailhet, M., Gouider-Khouja, N., Robain,G., and Perrigot, M. (1997). Urinary disturbance in strionigral degeneration and Parkinson's disease; clinical and urodynamic aspects.Mov. Disord. 12:509–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodal, P. (1992). The Central Nervous System: Structure and Function, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 246–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, D. J. (1995). The role of the basal ganglia in motor control: Contribution from PET, J. Neurol. Sci. 128:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. L., and Feldman, S. M. (1993). The organization of somatosensory activity in dorsolateral striatum of the rat. In Arbuthnott, G. W., and Emson, P. C. (eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 49, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. G., and Marsden, C. D. (1990). Cognitive function in parkinson's disease: From description to theory. TINS 13:21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, K. R. (2001). Autonomic dysfunction in movement disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 14:5505–5511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djaldetti, R., Melamed, E., and Gadoth, N. (2001). Abnormal skin wrinkling in the less affected side in hemiparkinsonism: A possible test for sympathetic dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease. Biomed. Pharmacother. 55:474–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwars, L., Quigley, E. M. M., Hofman, R., and Pfeiffer, R. F. (1993). Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Frequency and pathophysiology. Mov. Disord. 8:83–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M., Gemende, I., Marsch, W. C., and Fischer, P. A. (2001). Skin disfunction and skin disorders in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. 108:205–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floras, J. S., Hassan, M. O., Jones, J. V., Osikowska, B. A., Sever, P. S., and Sleight, P. (1988). Consequence of impairment of arterial baroreflexes in essential hypertension effects on pressure variability. J. Hypertens. 6:525–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, A., and Potulska, A. (2001). Quantitative assesment of parkinsonian sialorrhea and rersults of treatment with botulinum toxin. Parkins. Relat. Disord. 1:329–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gogate, M.G., Dhume, R. A., Mascarenhas, J. F., Mulgaonker, V. K., and Verlenkar, S. (1974). Facilitation and inhibition of the reflexely-evoked contractions of the urinary bladder by caudate nucleus. Indian J. Med. Res. 62:466–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golstein, D. S., Holmes, C. S., Dendi, R., Bruce, S. R., and Li, S. T. (2002). Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 58:1247–1255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golstein, D. S., Holmes, C. S., Li, S. T., Bruce, S., Metman, L. V., and Cannon, R. O. (2000). Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:382–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A. M., Aosaki, T., Flaherty, A. W., and Kimura, M. (1994). The basal ganglia and adaptative motor control. Science 265:1826–1831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribbin, B., Pickering, T. G., Skeight, P., and Peto, R. (1971). Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Cir. Res. 29:424–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubbay, S. S., and Barwick, D. D. (1966). Two cases of accidental hypotermia in Parkinson's disease with unusual EEEG findings. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 29:459–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallio, M., Haapaniemi, T., Turkka, J., Suominen, K., Tolonen, U., Sotaniemi, K., Heikkila, V. P., and Myllyla,V. (2000). Heart rate variability in patients with untreated Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 7:667–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M. (1995). Role of basal ganglia in behavioral learning. Neurosci. Res. 22:353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klutzow, F. W., Gleason, D. F., Lancaster, H. K., and Murray, K. B. (1989). Incontinence associated with bilateral lesions of putamen. Arch. Neurol. 46:168–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korcyn, A. D. (1989). Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in parkinson's disease. In Calne, Donald B., et al. (eds.), Parkinsonism and Aging, Raven Press, New York, pp. 211–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, R. J., Dillard, G. V., and Porter, R. W. (1967). Extrapyramidal inhibitiion of the urinary bladder. Brain Res. 4:301–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, R. J., and Porter, R. W. (1965). Inhibition of spontaneous bladder activity by stimulation of the globus pallidus. Neurology 15:1052–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M. T., Tsay, B. L., and Chen, F. F. (1982). Activation of dopaminergic receptors within the caudate– putamen complex facilitates reflex bradycardia in the rat. Jpn. J. Physiol. 32:4231–4442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M. T., and Yang, J. J. (1994). Stimulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine system produces hypertension and tachycardia. Am. J. Physiol. 266:H2489–H2496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linthorst, A. C. E., Van den Buuse, M., De Jong, W., and Versteeg, D.H.G. (1990). Electrically stimulated [3H]dopamine and [14C]acetylcholine release from nucleus caudatus slices: Differences between spontaneously hypertensive rats andWistar-Kyoto rats. Brain Res. 509:266–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loew, F., Gauthey, L., Koerffy, A., Herrmann, F. R., Estade, M., Michel, J. P., and Vallotton, M. B. (1995). Postprandial hypotension and orthostatic blood pressure responses in elderly Parkinson's disease patients. J. Hypertens. 13:1291–1297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, C.D., and Obeso, J.A. (1994). The functions of the basal ganglia and the paradox of stereotaxic surgery in parkinson's disease. Brain 117:877–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martignoni, E., Pacchetti, C., Godi, L., Micieli, G., and Nappi, G. (1995). Autonomic disorders in Parkinson's disease. J. Neural Transm. Suppl. 45:11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, I. J., Brotchie, J. M., Brown, G. D. A., and Crossman, A. R. (1991). Modeling functional organization of the basal ganglia: A parallel distributed processing approach. Mov. Disord. 6:189–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murnaghan, G. F. (1961). Neurogenic disorders of the bladder in Parkinsonism. Br. J. Urol. 33:403–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunneley, S. A., Martin, C. C., Slauson, J. W., Hearon, C. M., Nickerson, L. D., and Mason, P. A. (2002). Changes in regional cerebral metabolism during systemic hypertermia in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 92:846–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavlakis, A. J., Siroky, M. B., Goldstein, I., and Krane, R. J. (1983). Neurologic finding in Parkinson's disease. J. Urol. 129:80–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazo, J. H. (1976). Caudate–putamen and globus pallidus influences on a visceral reflex. Acta Physiol. Latinoam. 26:260–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazo, J. H., and Medina, J. H. (1983). Cholinergic mechanisms within the caudate nucleus mediate changes in the blood pressure. Neuropharmacology 22:717–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazo, J. H., Medina, J. H., and Tumilasci, O. R. (1982). The role of the caudate–putamen nucleus in salivary secretion induced by L-dopa. Neuropharmacology 21:261–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pazo, J. H., Tumilasci, O. R., and Medina, J. H. (1981). Studies on the mechanisms of L-dopa-induced salivary secretion. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 69:255–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, R. F., and Quigley, M.M. (1999). Gastrointestinal motility problems in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 11:436–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R.W., and Bors, E. (1971). Neurogenic bladder in Parkinsonism; effect of thalamotomy.J. Neurosurg. 34:27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R.W., Pazo, J. H., and Dillard, G.V. (1971).Thriphasic brain stem response to detrusor contractions. Brain Res. 35:119–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quadri, R., Comino, I., Scarzella, L., Cacioli, P., Zanone, M. M., Pipieri, A., Bergamasco, B., and Chiandussi, L. (2000). Autonomic nervous function in the novo parkinsonian patients in basal condition and after acute levodopa administration. Funct. Neurol. 15:81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakakibara, R., Shinotoh, H., Uchiyama, T., Yoshiyama, M., Hattori, T., and Yamanishi, T. (2001). SPECTimaging of the dopamine transporter with [123I]-¯-CIT reveals marked decline of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease with urinary dysfunction. J. Neurol. Sci. 187:55–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz,W. (1994). Behavioral-related activity of primate dopamine neurons, Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 150:634–639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senard, J. M., Brefel-Courbon, C., Rascol, O., and Montrastuc, J. L. (2001). Orthostatic hypotension in patients with Parkinson's disease: Pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging 18:495–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wichmann, T., and DeLong, M. R. (1996). Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6:751–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J. J., Shih, C. J., and Lin, M. T. (1984). Tachycardia, hypertension and decreased reflex bradycardia produced by striatal lesions induced by kainic acid. Neuropharmacology 23:1231–1235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J. J., and Lin, M. T. (1993). Arterial baroreceptor information affects striatal dopamine release measured by voltammetry in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 157:21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura,N., Mizuta, E., Yoshida,O., and Kuno, S. (1998).Therapeutic effects of dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonists on hyperreflexia in 1-methyl-4-phenil-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned parkinsonian cynolgus monkeys. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286:228–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura,N., Sasa, M., Yoshida,O., and Takaori, S. (1992). Dopamine D-1 receptors mediated inhibition of micturition reflex by central dopamine from the substantia nigra. Neurourol. Urodyn. 11:535–545.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pazo, J.H., Belforte, J.E. Basal Ganglia and Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 22, 645–654 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021844605250

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021844605250

Navigation