Skip to main content
Log in

Adult Daughters as Parental Caregivers: Rational Actors Versus Rational Agents

  • Published:
Journal of Family and Economic Issues Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Using logistic regression analyses on a sub-sample (n = 611) of the National Longitudinal Survey, Young Women's Cohort, the study found that inheritance-related factors added no explanatory power to other factors influencing the likelihood of adult daughters providing personal care or doing household chores for their aging parents, suggesting the motivational primacy of adherence to social norms. The study also found that inheritance-related factors increased the likelihood of providing financial assistance beyond that of other factors, suggesting the primacy of self-interest when money transactions are concerned. This is an important study because it offers insights into developing and implementing public and private incentives and policies to ensure an adequate supply of informal caregivers as baby boomers enter their twilight years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altonji, R.G., Hayashi, F., & Kotlikoff, L.J. (1992). Is the extended family altruistically linked? Direct tests using micro data. American Economic Review, 82, 1177–1198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G.S. (1974). A theory of social interaction. Journal of Political Economy, 82, 1063–1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G.S. (1988). Family economics and macro behavior. The American Economic Review, 78, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V.L. (1975). Generation and family effects in value socialization. American Sociological Review, 40, 358–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V.L. (1993). Will “Generational Accounting” doom the welfare state? The Gerontologist,53, 812–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V.L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bengtson, V.L., & Roberts, R.A. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 856–870.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berberoglu, B. (1998). An introduction to classical and contemporary social theory: A critical perspective. 2nd ed. Dix Hills, NY: General Hall, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernheim, B.D., Shleifer, A., & Summers, L.H. (1985). The strategist bequest motive. Journal of Political Economy, 93, 1045–1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslow, N.E., & Day, N.E. (1980). Statistical methods in cancer research, volume I: The analysis of case studies. Lyons, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, E.M. (1985). Parent care as a normative family stress. The Gerontologist, 25, 19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, T.H., & Brubaker, E. (1992). Caregiving and cost of health care for later life families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 13, 477–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, M.H. (1991). Family and community: Changing roles in an aging society. The Gerontologist, 31, 337–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, R.K. (1999). Age-condensed and age-gapped families: Coresidency with elderly parents and relatives in a mature women's cohort, 1967-1995. Marriage & Family Review, 29, 77–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Human Resource Research. (1999a). NLS handbook 1999. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Human Resource Research. (1999b). NLS of mature and young women 1997 questionnaire. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatters, L.M., & Taylor, R.J. (1993). Intergenerational support: The provision of assistance to parents by adult children. In J.S. Jackson, L.M. Chatters, & R.J. Taylor (Eds.), Aging in Black America (pp. 69–83). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Climo, J.J. (1987). Elderly parents and adult children in the aging revolution. The Reconstructionist, 53(October-November), 9–13, 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Climo, J. (1993). Distant parents. Aging Today, 14(6), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cody, R.P., & Smith, J.K. (1997). Applied statistics and the SAS programming language. Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J.S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M., & Ganong, L.H. (1998). Attitudes toward inheritance following divorce and remarriage. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 19, 289–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (1994). Four sociological traditions. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, T.M., & Uhlenberg, P. (1990). The role of divorce in men's relations with their adult children in mid-life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 677–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D. (1987). Motives for private income transfers. Journal of Political Economy, 93, 508–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, D., & Rank, M.R. (1992). Inter-vivos transfers and intergenerational exchange. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, 305–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doty, P., Jackson, M.E., & Crown, W. (1998). The impact of female caregivers' employment status on patterns of formal and informal eldercare. The Gerontologist, 38, 331–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggebeen, D.J. (1992). Family structure and intergenerational exchanges. Research on Aging, 14, 427–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggebeen, D.J., & Hogan, D.P. (1990). Giving between generations in American families. Human Nature, 1(3), 211–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton, H.N. (1999). Labor force participation: 75 years of change, 1950-98 and 1998-2025. Monthly Labor Review, 122(12), 3–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagestad, G.O. (1986). The aging society as a context for family life. Daedalus, 115(1), 119–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hareven, T.K. (1994). Aging and generational relations: A historical and life course perspective. American Review of Sociology, 20, 437–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henretta, J.C., Hill, M.S., Li, W., Soldo, B.J., & Wolf, D.A. (1997). Selection of children to provide care: The effect of earlier parental transfers. The Journals of Gerontology, 52B: Psychological and Social Sciences (Special Issues), 110–119.

  • Hogan, D.P., Eggebeen, D.J., & Clogg, C.C. (1993). The structure of intergenerational exchanges in American families. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1428–1458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homans, G.C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R.A., & Penrod, J.D. (1995). In search of family caregiving policy: General considerations. In R.A. Kane & J.D. Penrod (Eds.), Family caregiving in an aging society (pp. 1–14). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, Y.E., Hong, G-S., Widdows, R. (1997). Bequest expectations: Evidence from the 1989 survey of consumer affairs. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 18, 357–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M., & Crawford, N. (1991, November). A survey of long distance caregivers: Implications for program development. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

  • Lee, G.R., Coward, R.T., & Netzer, J.K. (1994). Residential differences in filial responsibility expectations among older persons. Rural Sociology, 59, 100–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, G.R., Netzer, J.K., & Coward, R.T. (1994). Filial responsibility expectation and patterns of intergenerational assistance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 559–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillard, L.A., & Willis, R.J. (1997). Motives for intergenerational transfers: Evidence from Malaysia. Demography, 34(1), 115–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, G., & Rogerson, P. (1995). Elderly parents and the geographic availability of their adult children. Research on Aging, 17, 303–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litwak, E., & Kulis, S. (1987). Technology, proximity, and measures of kin support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 649–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M. (1990, Spring). Family background, the life cycle, and inter-household transfers (Working paper). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mancini, J.A., & Blieszner, R., (1989). Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 275–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarry, K., & Schoeni, R.F. (1995). Transfer behavior in the health and retirement study. The Journal of Human Resources, 30(Supplement), S184–S226.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarry, K., & Scheoni, R.F. (1997). Transfer behavior within the family: Results from the asset and health dynamics study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences, 52B (Special Issue), 82–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, H.R. (1994). Should families provide for their own? In H.R. Moody (Ed.), Aging: Concepts and controversies (pp. 127–136). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutran, E. (1985). Intergenerational family support among blacks and whites: Response to culture or to socioeconomic differences. The Journal of Gerontology, 40, 382–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAC/AARP (1997). Family caregiving in the U.S.: Findings from a national survey. Bethesda, MD: National Alliance for Caregiving/Washington, DC: American Association of Retired Persons.

  • Nichols, L.S., & Junk, V.W. (1997). The sandwich generation: Dependency, proximity, and task assistance needs of parents. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 18, 299–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parrott, T.M., & Bengtson, V.L. (1999). The effects of earlier intergenerational affection, normative expectations, and family conflict on contemporary exchanges of help and support. Research on Aging, 21(1), 73–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavalko, E.K., & Artis, J.E. (1997). Women's caregiving and paid work: Causal relationships in midlife. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S170–S179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyke, K.D., & Bengtson, V.L. (1996). Caring more or less: Individualistic and collectivist systems of family eldercare. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 379–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig, M., & Wolpin, K. (1990, April). Intergenerational support and the life-cycle incomes of parents and children: Coresidence and intergenerational financial transfers. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.

  • Sherraden, M. (1991). Assets and the poor: A new American welfare policy. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V.L. (1997). Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child-parent relationships in American families. American Journal of Sociology, 103, 429–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., Burholt, V., Wenger, G.C., & Bengtson, V.L. (1998). Parent-child relations among very old parents in Wales and the United States: A test of modernization theory. Journal of Aging Studies, 12, 387–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein, M., Parrott, T.M., & Bengtson, V.L. (1995). Factors that predispose middleaged sons and daughters to provide social support to older persons. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 465–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soldo, B.J., & Hill, M.S. (1993). Intergenerational transfers: Economic, demographic, and social perspectives. In G.L. Maddox & M.P. Lawton (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics: Vol. 13. Focus on kinship, aging, and social change (pp. 187–216). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitze, G., & Logan, J. (1990). Sons, daughters, and intergenerational social support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 420–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stohs, J.H. (1994). Alternative ethics in employed women's household labor. Journal of Family Issues, 15, 550–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stokes, M.E., Davis, C.S., & Koch, G.G. (1995). Categorical data analysis using the SAS system. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stum, M.S. (2000). Families and inheritance decisions: Examining non-titled property transfers. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21, 177–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Bureau of the Census (1988). Who's helping out? Supporting networks among American families (Current Population Reports, Series P-70, No. 13). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakita, S., Fitzsimmons, V.S., & Liao, T.F. (2000). Wealth: Determinants of savings net worth and housing net worth of pre-retired households. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21, 387–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. (1996). The relationship between the family and the state in the care of older people. In J. Quadagno & D. Street (Eds.), Aging for the twenty-first century: Readings in social gerontology (pp. 269–285). New York: St. Martin's Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization (A.M. Henderson & T. Parsons, Trans.). New York: The Free Press. (Original work published in 1920)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitbeck, L., Hoyt, D.R., & Huck, S.M. (1994). Early family relationships, intergenerational solidarity, and support provided to parents by their adult children. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 49(2), S85–S94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, D.A., & Soldo, B.J. (1994). Married women's allocation of time to employment and care of elderly parents. The Journal of Human Resources, 29, 1259–1276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, E.N. (2000). Recent trends in wealth ownership, 1983-1998. Working Paper No. 300. Annandale-on-Hudson, NY: The Jerome Levy Economics Institute.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Caputo, R.K. Adult Daughters as Parental Caregivers: Rational Actors Versus Rational Agents. Journal of Family and Economic Issues 23, 27–50 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014225613362

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014225613362

Navigation