Résumé
Les premiers tests normalisés de l’OMS effectués sur les moustiques collectés entre 2003 et 2005 dans la ville portuaire de Lobito en Angola ont permis de déterminer la sensibilité d’Anopheles gambiae et de Culex quinquefasciatus vis-à-vis du DDT 4 %, du carbosulfan 0,4 %, de la perméthrine 1 %, de la deltaméthine 0,05 % et de la cyfluthrine 0,15 %. Ces tests ont montré qu’A. gambiae (M et S) était sensible à tous les pyréthrinoïdes et au DDT dans la majorité des sites, seules les populations de San João étaient résistantes au DDT (mortalité = 89 %). Par contre, C. quinquefasciatus a été résistant à tous les insecticides (mortalité < 70 %), et particulièrement au DDT et au carbosulfan où aucune mortalité n’a été enregistrée. En conclusion, le niveau de sensibilité du vecteur majeur du paludisme (A. gambiae) permet d’augurer une bonne efficacité biologique du programme de distributions massives de moustiquaires imprégnées à longue durée d’efficacité. Par contre, la résistance de C. quinquefasciatus est à prendre sérieusement en considération, car elle pourrait limiter l’acceptabilité et l’utilisation des moustiquaires imprégnées et donc leur impact épidémiologique contre le paludisme. Les programmes de lutte antivectorielle doivent donc intégrer une composante de sensibilisation des communautés pour obtenir l’adhésion des communautés et la réduction de la transmission et la morbidité palustre.
Abstract
Field collections of the most common urban mosquito vectors Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus were carried out in June 2003, March 2004 and November 2005 to gather preliminary data on the insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes from Lobito (Angola) using the WHO standard bioassays. Bioassays were performed on F0 adults emerging from the field larval collections and on unfed adults from landing catches on volunteers. Batches of mosquitoes from three selected locations (Alto Liro, San Jao and Bela Vista) were exposed for 1 hour to several insecticides such as DDT 4%, carbosulfan 0.4%, permethrin 1%, deltamethrin 0.05% and cyfluthrin 0.15%, in order to estimate the immediate knockdown times (kdT50 and kdT95) and the mortality rate after exposure. The results revealed that mosquito susceptibility to insecticides varied depending on the insecticide, the site and the period of collection. The main local malaria vector A. gambiae (both M and S forms) was basically resistant to DDT and susceptible to all pyrethoids, regardless of the period and the site of collections. The overall mortality rate due to DDT was 73% in Alto Liro, 89% in San Jao and varied depending on the period in Bela Vista between 95% in March 2004 and 100% in November 2005. The mortality due to pyrethoids was 100% at all locations, with the kdT50 and KdT95 times ranging between 9 and 16 minutes and between 18 and 29 minutes, respectively. Concerning the C. quinquefasciatus, populations from Yard and Caponte were resistant to all insecticides tested; the mortality rate was 40% with deltamethrin and 70% with permethrin, while no lethal effect was observed with DDT or carbosulfan. In conclusion, despite its probable high resistance to DDT, the main local malaria vector A. gambiae remained fully susceptible to pyrethroids. This could forecast a good biological efficacy of the scheduled vector control interventions in Angola, based on a large-scale distribution of long-lasting, insecticide-treated nets and on the implementation of indoor residual spraying. The local vector control programme must include well-adapted IEC campaigns and full participation of the community for better management of the insecticide resistance in targeted mosquitoes and for better control of malaria vector populations.
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Toto, J.C., Besnard, P., Le Mire, J. et al. Premiers tests OMS d’évaluation de la sensibilité aux insecticides chez Anopheles gambiae et Culex quinquefasciatus à Lobito, Angola. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 104, 307–312 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-010-0125-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-010-0125-1