Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Measuring Gender Differences in Partner Violence: Implications from Research on Other Forms of Violent and Socially Undesirable Behavior

  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The proposition that men and women perpetrate partner violence equally would make partner violence unique with respect to other forms of interpersonal violence. Women, however, commit a substantial minority of violent acts. Any theory of gender patterns in partner violence needs to be reconciled with other violence data. Data on other violence indicate that different methodologies sample from different sets of phenomena, and those methods that sample the least severe violence show greater gender equivalence. Interpretation is clouded, however, by underreporting and overreporting across methodologies. Despite improvements in self-report measures, partner violence measurement lacks a gold standard. A gold standard would include incident data, sexual violence, injury, and be developed through direct comparison of multiple methods, including perhaps real-time self-monitoring.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aldridge, M. L., & Browne, K. D. (2003). Perpetrators of spousal homicide: A review. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 4(3), 265–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2004). PsycInfo. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651–680.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avakame, E. F., & Fyfe, J. J. (2001). Differential police treatment of male-on-female spousal violence. Violence Against Women, 7(1), 22–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babinski, L. M., Hartsough, C. S., & Lambert, N. M. (2001). A comparison of self-report of criminal involvement and official arrest records. Aggressive Behavior, 27, 44–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman, R. (1996). Victim’s perceptions of initial police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: Does race matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 12(4), 363–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolen, R. M., & Scannapieco, M. (1999, July). Estimating the prevalence of child sexual abuse in North America. Sixth International Family Violence Research Conference, Durham, NH.

  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1994). National Crime Victimization Survey: Questions and answers about the redesign. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2003). Criminal victimization in the United States, 2002: Statistical tables. Retrieved Jan 4, 2004, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvus0201.pdf

  • Campbell, J. C. (2000). Promise and perils of surveillance in addressing violence against women. Violence Against Women, 6(7), 705–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2001, July). Tracking the hidden epidemics 2000: Human papillomavirus. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/news/RevBrochure1pdfhpv.htm

  • Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. (2003, December). Chlamydia. Retrieved February 1, 2004, from http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia/STDFact-Chlamydia.htm

  • Chilton, R., & Jarvis, J. (1999). Using the National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS) to test estimates of arrestee and offender characteristics. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15(2), 207–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. E., & Land, K. C. (1984). Discrepancies between crime reports and crime surveys. Criminology, 22(4), 499–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, K. S., Schoen, C., Joseph, S., Duchon, L., Simantov, E., & Yellowitz, M. (1999). Health concerns across a woman’s lifespan: The Commonwealth Fund 1998 survey of women’s health. New York: The Commonwealth Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. L. (2002). Self-reports of sexual, physical, and nonsexual abuse perpetration: A comparison of three measures. Violence Against Women, 8(5), 541–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja, R., Blair, J., Bickart, B., & Eastman, E. (1994). Respondent strategies for recall of crime victimization incidents. Journal of Official Statistics, 10(3), 257–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dindia, K. (2002). Self-disclosure research: Knowledge through meta-analysis. In M. Allen, R. Preiss, B. Gayle, & N. Burrell (Eds.), Interpersonal communication research: Advances through meta-analysis. (pp. 169-185). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. P. (1984). The nature and antecedent of violent events. British Journal of Criminology, 24, 269–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, E. (1988). The myth of the new female offender: Some evidence from attitudes towards law and justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 16(6), 499–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fals-Stewart, W., Birchler, G. R., & Kelley, M. L. (2003). The Timeline Followback Spousal Violence Interview to assess physical aggression between intimate partners: Reliability and validity. Journal of Family Violence, 18(3), 131–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FBI. (2003, October 27). Crime in the United States 2002: Uniform crime reports. Retrieved January 6, 2004, from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/02cius.htm

  • Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2003). America’s children: Key national indicators of well-being, 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, J. (2003). Children’s living arrangements and characteristics: March 2002 (Current Population Reports, P20-547). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.

  • Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10(1), 5–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women (NCJ 182369). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, H., Darroch, J. E., Henshaw, S. K., & Kolb, E. (1998). Measuring the extent of abortion underreporting in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives, 30(3), 128–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallup Organization. (1995). Disciplining children in America: A Gallup Poll report. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garofalo, J., Siegel, L., & Laub, J. (1987). School-related victimizations among adolescents: An analysis of National Crime Survey (NCS) narratives. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(4), 321–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillioz, L., De Puy, J., & Ducret, V. (1997). Domination et violence envers la femme dans le couple. Lausanne, Switzerland: Editions Payot Lausanne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. L., & Finkelhor, D. (2000). The victimization of children: Recommendations for assessment and instrument development. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(7), 829–840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., & Nelson, S. D. (2004, July). If your best friend calls you a bonehead...: The heterogeneity of interpersonal aggression and the implications for research on violence. Paper presented at the Victimization of Children: An International Conference, Portsmouth, NH.

  • Hamby, S. L., & Gray-Little, B. (1997). Responses to partner violence: Moving away from deficit models. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. L., & Koss, M. P. (2003). Shades of gray: A qualitative study of terms used in the measurement of sexual victimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 243–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. L., Ormrod, R., & Finkelhor, D. (2004). Victim gender, perpetrator gender and victim-offender relationship in a nationally representative sample of youth. Unpublished manuscript, Durham, NH.

  • Hamby, S. L., Poindexter, V. P., & Gray-Little, B. (1996). Four measures of partner violence: Construct similarity and classification differences. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, S. L., Sugarman, D. B., Boney-McCoy, S., & Straus, M. A. (2001, July). Does question format affect reported partner violence rates?: An experimental study. Paper presented at the 7th International Family Violence Research Conference, Portsmouth, NH.

  • Hamby, S. L., & Tsang, R. C. (1996). Confusion about whether to report physical play as partner violence in survey research. Unpublished data, Durham, NH.

  • Hemenway, D., Shinoda-Tagawa, T., & Miller, M. (2002). Firearm availability and female homicide victimization rates among 25 populous high-income countries. Journal of American Medical Women’s Association, 57, 100–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hersh, D., Mulgrew, D. L., Van Kirk, J., & Kranzler, H. R. (1999). The validity of self-reported cocaine use in two groups of cocaine abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 37–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hindelang, M. J., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J. G. (1979). Correlates of delinquency: The illusion of discrepancy between self-report and official measures. American Sociological Review, 44, 995–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschel, D., & Buzawa, E. (2002). Understanding the context of dual arrest with directions for future research. Violence Against Women, 8(12), 1449–1473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, M. M., Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Best, C. L. (1996). Rape-related pregnancy: Estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 175(2), 320–325.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1984). Self-reported measures of delinquency and crime: Methodological issues and comparative findings. Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1986). Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquency measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2(4), 293–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, R. N., Raymond, S., Levine, J., Slawsby, E., Nedeljkovic, S., & Katz, N. (2001). Electronic diaries for monitoring chronic pain: 1-year validation study. Pain, 91, 277–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H., & Sacco, V. F. (1995). Researching violence against women: Statistics Canada’s national survey. Canadian Journal of Criminology (July, 1995), 281–304.

  • Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, L. (1987). The continuum of sexual violence. In J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Ed.), Women, violence and social control. (pp. 46–60). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koss, M. P. (1996). The measurement of rape victimization in crime surveys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(1), 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauritsen, J. L. (2001). The social ecology of violent victimization: Individual and contextual effects in the NCVS. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17(1), 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. P. (1976). The potential for crime overreporting in criminal victimization surveys. Criminology, 14(3), 307–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. P. (1996). Clarifying divergent estimates of rape from two national surveys. Paper presented at the 1995 American Society of Criminology Meetings.

  • Martin, M. E. (1997). Double your trouble: Dual arrest in family violence. Journal of Family Violence, 12(2), 139–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxfield, M. G., Weiler, B. L., & Widom, C. S. (2000). Comparing self-reports and official records of arrest. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), 87–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meehl, P. E., & Rosen, A. (1955). Antecedent probablility and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52(3), 194–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menard, S., & Covey, H. C. (1988). UCR and NCS: Comparisons over space and time. Journal of Criminal Justice, 16, 371–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (1999). Findings about partner violence from the Dunedin multi-disciplinary health and development study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Kimes, L. A. (1999). The social construction of violence: The case of sexual and domestic violence. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 234–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Alliance for Caregiving, & AARP. (2004, April). Caregiving in the U.S. Retrieved May 26, 2004, from http://research.aarp.org/il/us_caregiving.pdf

  • National Center for Health Statistics. (1994). National Health and Nutrition Survey data tables. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center on Elder Abuse. (1998). The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study. Washington, D.C.: National Center on Elder Abuse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percy, A., & Mayhew, P. (1997). Estimating sexual victimization in a national survey: A new approach. Studies on Crime and Prevention, 6(2), 125–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, C. A. (1996). Body height and romantic attraction: A meta-analytic test of the male-taller norm. Social Behavior and Personality, 24(2), 143–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piispa, M. (2004). Age and meaning of violence: Women’s experiences of partner violence in Finland. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(1), 30–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pontara, G. (1978). The concept of violence. Journal of Peace Research, 15(1), 19–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, S. K., & Howley, E. T. (1997). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regoeczi, W. C., & Riedel, M. (2003). The application of missing data estimation models to the problem of unknown victim/offender relationships in homicide cases. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(2), 155–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rennison, C. M., & Rand, M. R. (2003). Criminal victimization 2002 (NCJ 187007). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennison, C. M., & Welchans, S. (2000). Intimate partner violence (NCJ 178247). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salmivalli, C., & Kaukiainen, A. (2004). “Female aggression” revisited: Variable- and person-centered approaches to studying gender differences in different types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 158–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlak, A. J., & Broadhurst, D. D. (1996). Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, S. (1993). Assessing smoking patterns and motives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 732–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., & Likos, A. (2002). Gender differences in the validity of testosterone measured in saliva by immunoassay. Hormones and Behavior, 42(1), 62–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snell, T. L., & Morton, D. C. (1994). Women in prison: Survey of state prison inmates, 1991 (NCJ-145321). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, H. N., & Sickmund, M. (1999). Juvenile offenders and victims: 1999 national report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

  • Stets, J. E., & Straus, M. A. (1990). Gender differences in reporting marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. (pp. 151–165). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A., Schwartz, J., Neale, J., Shiffman, S., Marco, C., Hickcox, M., et al. (1998). A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1670–1680.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1990). Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactic Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(4), 249–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., & Warren, W. L. (2003). The Conflict Tactics Scales handbook. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., & Smith, C. (1990). Family patterns and child abuse. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors adn adaptations to violence in 8,145 families. (pp. 245–261). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugarman, D. B., & Hotaling, G. T. (1997). Intimate violence and social desirability: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 275–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, B. M., & Rand, M. R. (1995, August). The National Crime Victimization Survey Redesign: New understandings of victimization dynamics and measurement. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Orlando, FL.

  • Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NCJ 172837). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A. G. (1972). The San Jose methods test of known crime victims. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. F., Ku, L., Rogers, S. M., Lindberg, L. D., Pleck, J. H., & Sonenstein, F. L. (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science, 280, 867–873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice. (1974). Crimes and victims: A report on the Dayton-San Jose Pilot Survey of Victimization. Washington, DC: Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. H. (1995). Juvenile victimization: Convergent validation of alternative measurements. Journal of Research in Crime and Deliquency, 32(3), 287–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. W., Smith, P., Koss, M. P., & Figueredo, A. (2000). Intimate partner aggression—what have we learned? Comment on Archer (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 126, 690–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widom, C. S., & Morris, S. (1997). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Assessment, 9(1), 34–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women’s memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(6), 1167–1176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wislar, J. S., & Fendrich, M. (2000). Can self-reported drug use data be used to assess sex risk behavior in adolescents? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(1), 77–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sherry L. Hamby.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hamby, S.L. Measuring Gender Differences in Partner Violence: Implications from Research on Other Forms of Violent and Socially Undesirable Behavior. Sex Roles 52, 725–742 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4195-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4195-7

Keywords

Navigation