Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Medicine and Spiritual Healing Within a Region of Canada: Preliminary Findings Concerning Christian Scientists’ Healthcare Practices

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Religion and Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Christian Science is the largest and most recognized of various spiritual healing groups that encourage members to forgo or overcome the need for medicine. Even so, it appears that some Scientists occasionally use medicine. In this study, I argue that Scientists in one region of Canada respond to influences on their healthcare practices differently and follow a variety of healthcare practices. These practices range from refusing medically necessary treatment (which could potentially harm individuals’ health) to making full use of the medical system. I base my findings primarily on interviews with eleven current members and one former Christian Scientist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Former Scientist Rita Swan is a director of an organization that advocates for children’s healthcare. She defected after realizing that had she relied on medicine instead of Christian Science for her 16-month-old son, he may not have died from Hemophilus influenza meningitis, which has a very high survival rate with treatment.

References

  • Ayella, M. (1993). They must be crazy’ Some difficulties in researching ‘cults. In C. Renzetti & R. Lee (Eds.), Researching sensitive topics (pp. 108–124). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balmer, H. C. (1979). You don’t laugh at us: A physician’s experience with Christian Science patients gave him a better understanding of their beliefs. Canadian Doctor (February): 82, 87, 88, 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battin, M. P. (1999). High risk religion: Christian Science and the violation of informed consent. In P. DesAutels, M. P. Battin, & L. May (Eds.), Praying for a cure (pp. 7–36). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borhek, J., & Curtis, R. (1975). A sociology of belief. Toronto: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cather, W., & Milmine, G. (1909/1993). The life of Mary Baker Eddy and the history of Christian Science. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

  • Committee on the Healing Arts. (1970). Sectarian healers and hypnotherapy. Report of the Committee on the Healing Arts (Vol. 2, pp. 489–517). Toronto: Queen’s Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classical theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolby, R. G. A. (1979). Reflections on deviant science. In R. Wallis (Ed.), Sociological review monograph 27: The social construction of rejected knowledge. Staffordshire: University of Keele.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolnick, E. (1990). When faith and medicine collide (pp. 14–17). The Washington Post.

  • Eddy, M. B. (1875/after 1934). Science and health with key to the scriptures. Boston: The Christian Science Publishing Society.

  • Eddy, M. B. (1895, rpt. 1936). Church manual of The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts. Boston: The First Church of Christ, Scientist.

  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. California: Stanford University Press.

  • Fraser, C. (1999). God’s perfect child: Living and dying in the Christian Science Church. New York: Metropolitan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, G. (1998). Mary Baker Eddy. Reading, MA: A Merloyd Lawrence Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D. (1988). Causal attribution viewed from an information-processing perspective. In D. Bar-Tal & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), The social psychology of knowledge (pp. 359–381). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, K. S., & Lyckholm, L. (2004). Child welfare versus parental autonomy: Medical ethics, the law, and faith-based healing. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 25, 265–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoertz Baracco, C. (2008). Prescribing faith: Medicine, media, and religion in American culture. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homer, J. J., Sheard, C. E., & Jones, N. S. (2000). Cognitive dissonance, the placebo effect and the evaluation of surgical results. Clinical Otolaryngology, 25, 195–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jasen, P. (1997/1998). Mind, medicine, and the Christian Science controversy in Canada, 1888–1910. Journal of Canadian Studies, 32(4), 5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, J., Boulos, P., Rubin, P., & Kaptchuk, T. (2009). Mirror, mirror on the wall: Placebo effects that exist only in the eye of the beholder. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 15, 292–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, L. (2000). The religion that kills: Christian Science: Abuse, neglect, and mind control. Lafayette, LA: Huntington House Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (1970). Christian Science. In sectarian healers and hypnotherapy: A study for the Committee on the Healing Arts (pp. 30–56). Toronto: Queen’s Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrick, J. C. (2003). Spiritual healing, sick kids and the law: Inequities in the American healthcare system. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 29, 269–299.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley, P., & Wallis, R. (1976). Introduction. In P. Morely & R. Wallis (Eds.), Marginal medicine (pp. 9–22). New York: The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nudelman, A. (1976). The maintenance of Christian Science in scientific society. In P. Morely & R. Wallis (Eds.), Marginal medicine (pp. 42–60). New York: The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan Publishing Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozorak, E. W. (1997). In the eye of the beholder: A social-cognitive model of religious belief. In B. Spilka & D. McIntosh (Eds.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (pp. 194–203). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, M. (2009, January 5). Church struggles to keep its voice. The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 1, 2009, from http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/01/05/church_struggles_to_keep_its_voice/.

  • Proudfoot, W., & Shaver, P. (1997). Attribution theory and the psychology of religion. In B. Spilka & D. McIntosh (Eds.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (pp. 139–152). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, H., & Rubin, I. (2005). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoepflin, R. B. (2002). Christian Science on trial. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J. L. (1964). On maintaining deviant belief systems: A case study. Social Problems, 11, 250–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, T. (1991). The unseen shore: Memories of a Christian Science childhood. Massachusetts: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnick, A. (1990). Religious exemptions to child neglect laws still being passed despite convictions of parents. JAMA, 264, 1226, 1229, 1233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., & Eatough, V. (2007). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In A. Cole & E. Lyons (Eds.), Analysing qualitative data in psychology. Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J., & Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spilka, B., Shaver, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. (1997). A general attribution theory for the psychology of religion. In B. Spilka & D. McIntosh (Eds.), The psychology of religion: Theoretical approaches (pp. 139–152). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • The First Church of Christ, Scientist. (2007). The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Retrieved December 30, 2007, from http://www.tfccs.com/index.jhtml.

  • Wallis, R. (1979). Salvation and protest: Studies of social and religious movements. London: Francis Pinter Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B. (1997/1998). Blue windows: A Christian Science childhood. New York: Picador.

Download references

Acknowledgements

I extend thanks the Christian Scientists who kindly allowed me to access their Reading Room and church services, as well as the people who shared their stories with me. I am grateful to Stephen Kent, who granted me access to the Collection on Alternative Religions that he oversees. In addition, Tim Caulfield, Tim Dunfield, Jana Grekul, and Robin Willey provided much appreciated feedback at various stages of this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Terra Manca.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Manca, T. Medicine and Spiritual Healing Within a Region of Canada: Preliminary Findings Concerning Christian Scientists’ Healthcare Practices. J Relig Health 52, 789–803 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9504-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9504-6

Keywords

Navigation