Abstract
The extracts obtained from 28 species of marine algae were evaluated for their antioxidant activity (AA) versus the positive controls butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AscA). Most of the tested samples displayed antioxidant activity to various degrees. Among them, the extract of Symphyocladia latiuscula exhibited the strongest AA, which was comparable to BHT, GA, and AscA in radical scavenging activity, as shown in the DPPH (α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and higher than those of the positive controls in β-carotene-linoleate assay system. In addition, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction isolated from the crude extract of S. latiuscula exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both assay systems. This fraction was further fractionated into seven subfractions (F1-F7) by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). F1 and F4 were found to be the most effective subfractions in scavenging DPPH radical assay and in the β-carotene-linoleate assay, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) and reducing power (RP) for all of the extracts, fractions, and subfractions (F1–F7) were also determined. The TPC of the 28 extracts ranged from 0.10 to 8.00 gallic acid equivalents (mg/g seaweed dry weight) while the RP ranged from 0.07 to 11.60 ascorbic acid equivalents (mg·g−1 seaweed dry weight). Highly positive relationships between AA and TPC as well as between AA and RP were found for the extracts and fractions, while for the subfractions F1–F7 only weak or no such relations were found. The results obtained from this study indicate that further analysis is needed of those marine algal species that contain the most antioxidant activity in order to identify the active principles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amarowicz R, Naczk M, Shahidi F (2000) Antioxidant activity of various fractions of non-tannin phenolics of Canola hulls. J Agric Food Chem 48:2755–2759
Benedetti S, Benvenuti F, Pagliarani S, Francogli S, Scoglio S, Canestrari F (2004) Antioxidant properties of a novel phycocyanin extract from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Life Sci 75:2353–2362
Bravo L (1998) Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary source, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev 56:317–333
Cai Y, Luo Q, Sun M, Corke H (2004) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci 74:2157–2184
Cakir A, Mavi A, Yýldýrým A, Duru ME, Harmandar M, Kazaz C (2003) Isolation and characterization of antioxidant phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Hypericum hyssopifolium L. by activity-guided fraction. J Ethnopharmacol 87:73–83
Dorman HJD, Kosar M, Kahlos K, Holm Y, Hiltunen R (2003) Antioxidant properties and composition of aqueous extracts from Mentha species, hybrids, varieties, and cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 51:4563–4569
Dunlap WC, Yamamoto Y (1995) Small-molecule antioxidants in marine organisms: antioxidant activity of mycosporine-glycine. Comp Biochem Physiol 112B:105–114
Fan X, Xu NJ, Shi JG (2003) Bromophenols from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. J Nat Prod 66:455–458
Heinoman M, Rein D, Satue-Gracia MT, Huang SW, German JB, Frankel EN (1998) Effect of protein on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in a lecithin-liposome oxidation system. J Agric Food Chem 46:917–922
Howell JC (1986) Food antioxidants: international perspectives—welcome and introductory remarks. Food Chem Toxicol 24:997–1002
Huang HL, Wang BG (2004) Antioxidant capacity and lipophilic content of seaweeds collected from the Qingdao coastline. J Agric Food Chem 52:4993–4997
Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK (2001) Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro. Food Chem 73:285–290
Jiang FW, Zhang YS (1994) A dictionary of chinese marine drugs. China Ocean Press, Beijing, p 507
Johnson MK, Alexander KE, Lindquist N, Loo G (1999) A phenolic antioxidant from the freshwater orchid, Habenaria repens. Comp Biochem Physiol 122C:211–214
Kähkönen MP, Hopia AI, Vuorela HJ, Rauha JP, Pihlaja K, Kujala TS, Heinonen M (1999) Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 47:3954–3962
Lim SN, Cheung PCK, Ooi VEC, Ang PO (2002) Evaluation of antioxidative activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. J Agric Food Chem 50:3862–3866
Matsukawa R, Dubinsky Z, Kishimoto E, Masaki K, Masuda Y, Takeuchi T, Chihara M, Yamamoto Y, Niki E, Karube I (1997) A comparison of screening methods for antioxidant activity in seaweeds. J Appl Phycol 9:29–35
Ramarathnam N, Osawa T, Ochi H, Kawakishi S (1995) The contribution of plant food antioxidants to human health. Trends Food Sci Technol 6:75–82
Retz de Carvalho L, Roque NF (2000) Halogenated and/or sulfated phenols from marine macroalgae. Quím Nova 23:757–764
Shon MY, Kim TH, Sung NJ (2003) Antioxidants and free radical scavenging activity of Phellinus baumii (Phellinus of Hymenochaetaceae) extracts. Food Chem 82:593–597
Sun T, Ho CT (2005) Antioxidant activities of buckwheat extract. Food Chem 90:743–749
Takamatsu S, Hodges TW, Rajbhandari I, Gerwick WH, Hamann MT, Nagle DG (2003) Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes. J Nat Prod 66:605–608
Velioglu YS, Mazza G, Gao L, Oomah BD (1998) Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. J Agric Food Chem 46:4113–4117
Wangensteen H, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE (2004) Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander. Food Chem 88:293–297
Wettasinghe M, Shahidi F (1999) Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Food Chem 67:399–414
Yan X, Nagata T, Fan X (1998) Antioxidative activities in some common seaweeds. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 52:253–262
Yen GC, Chen HY (1995) Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem 43:27–37
Zhao X, Xue CH, Li ZJ, Cai YP, Liu HY, Qi HT (2004) Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of low molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica. J Appl Phycol 16:111–115
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, WW., Duan, XJ., Huang, HL. et al. Evaluation of 28 marine algae from the Qingdao coast for antioxidative capacity and determination of antioxidant efficiency and total phenolic content of fractions and subfractions derived from Symphyocladia latiuscula (Rhodomelaceae). J Appl Phycol 19, 97–108 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9115-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-006-9115-x