We investigated laterality in nipple preference in 16 mother-infant dyads, 8 bonobos, and 8 chimpanzees via an event sampling procedure in infants 5–55 mo of age. Both bonobo and chimpanzee infants preferred the left nipple, and the results were stable over time. Maternal age, experience, and rearing history did not influence laterality in offspring nipple preferences. We discuss the results in the context of the role of early mother-infant interactions on the development of laterality in primates.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Cunningham, D., Forsythe, C., and Ward, J. P. (1989). A report of behavioral lateralization in an infant orangutan. Primates 30: 249–253.
Damerose, E., and Hopkins, W. D. (2002). Scan and focal sampling: Reliability in the maternal cradling and infant nipple preferences of olive baboons, Papio anubis. Anim. Behav. 63: 511–518.
Damerose, E., and Vauclair, J. (2002). Posture and laterality in human and non-human primates: Asymmetries in maternal handling and infant’s early motor asymmetries. In Rogers, L., and Andrew, R. J. (eds.), Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 306–362.
Deets, A. C., and Harlow, H. F. (1970). Nipple preferences in nursing singleton−and twin−reared rhesus monkey infants. Dev. Psychol. 2: 159–162.
Dienske, H., Hopkins, B., and Reid, A. K. (1995). Lateralisation of infant holding in chimpanzees: New data do not confirm previous findings. Behaviour 132: 801–809.
Erwin, J., Anderson, B., and Bunger, D. (1975). Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): Preferences for nipples. Percept. Motor Skills 40: 592–594.
Fagot, J., and Bard, K. A. (1995). Asymmetric grasping response in neonate chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Infant Behav. Dev. 18: 253–255.
Fischer, R. B., Meunier, G. F., and White, P. J. (1982). Evidence of laterality in the lowland gorilla. Percept. Motor Skills 54: 1093–1094.
Hinde, R. A., Rowell, T. E., and Spencer-Booth, Y. (1964). Behaviour of socially living rhesus monkeys in their first six months. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 143: 609–649.
Hiraiwa, M. (1981). Maternal and alloparental care in a troop of free−ranging Japanese monkeys. Primates 22: 309–329.
Hopkins, W. D. (2004). Laterality in maternal cradling and infant positional biases: Implications for the development and evolution of hand preferences in non-human primates. Int. J. Primatol. 25: 1243–1264.
Hopkins, W. D., and Bard, K. A. (1993). Hemispheric specialization in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for a relation with gender and arousal. Dev. Psychobiol. 26: 219–235.
Hopkins, W. D., and Bard, K. A. (1995). Evidence of asymmetries in spontaneous head turning in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behav. Neurosci. 109: 808–812.
Hopkins, W. D., and Cantalupo, C. (2005). Individual and setting differences in the hand preferences of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): A critical analysis and some alternative explanations. Laterality 10: 65–80.
Hopkins, W. D., Bard, K. A., and Griner, K. M. (1997). Locomotor adaptation and leading limb asymmetries in neonatal chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Int. J. Primatol. 18: 104–114.
Hopkins, W. D., Bard, K. A., Jones, A., and Bales, S. (1993). Chimpanzee hand preference for throwing and infant cradling: Implications for the origin of human handedness. Curr. Anthropol. 34: 786–790.
Jaffe, B. D., Evans, T. A., Howell, S., Westergaard, G. C., Snoy, P. J., and Higley, J. D. (2006). Left vs. right nipple preference in free-ranging infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Dev. Psychobiol, 48: 266–272.
Lindburg, D. G. (1971). The rhesus monkey in North India: An ecological and behavioral study. In Rosenblum, L. A. (ed.), Primate Behavior: Developments in Field and Laboratory Research, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–106.
Lockard, J. (1984). Handedness in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 13: 356 [Abstr.]).
Manning, J. T., and Chamberlain, A. T. (1990). The left-side cradling preference in great apes. Anim. Behav. 39: 1224–1227.
Manning, J. T., Heaton, R., and Chamberlain, A. T. (1994). Left-side cradling: Similarities and differences between apes and humans. J. Hum. Evol. 26: 77–83.
McGrew, W. C., and Marchant, L. F. (1997). On the other hand: Current issues in and meta-analysis of the behavioral laterality of hand function in non-human primates. Yearrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 40: 201–232.
Nakamichi, M. (1983). Development of infant twin Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in a free-ranging group. Primates 24: 576–583.
Nishida, T. (1993). Left nipple suckling preference in wild chimpanzees. Ethol. Sociobiol. 14: 45–52.
Palmer, A. R. (2003). Reply to Hopkins and Cantalupo: Chimpanzee right-handedness reconsidered—sampling issues and data presentation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 121: 382–384.
Rogers, L. J., and Kaplan, G. (1995). Hand preferences and other lateral biases in rehabilitated orangutans, Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus. Anim. Behav. 51: 13–25.
Rogers, L. J., and Kaplan, G. (1998). Teat preference for suckling in common marmosets: Relationship to side of being carried and hand preference. Laterality 3: 269–281.
Rogers, L. J., and Andrew, R. J. (2002). Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Salk, L. (1973). The role of the heartbeat in the relations between mother and infant. Sci. Am. 228: 24–29.
Sieratzki, J. S., and Woll, B. (1996). Why do mothers cradle their babies on the left? Lancet 347: 1746–1748.
Stables, D., and Hewitt, G. (1995). The effect of lateral asymmetries on breast feeding skills: Can midwives’ holding interventions overcome unilateral breast feeding problems. Midwifery 11: 28–36.
Tanaka, I. (1989). Change of nipple preference between successive offspring in Japanese macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 18: 321–325.
Tanaka, I. (1997). Parity-related differences in suckling behavior and nipple preference among free-ranging Japanese macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 42: 331–339.
Toback, E. (1999). Behavioral Laterality in Chimpanzees. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Stirling.
Tomaszycki, M., Cline, C., Griffin, B., Maestripieri, D., and Hopkins, W. D. (1998). Maternal cradling and infant nipple preferences in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Dev. Psychobiol. 32: 305–312.
Vieira, M. I., da Silva, S. V., Chaves, D. N., and Petroianu, A. (1996). Relação entre câncer de mama, sensibilidade mamária, amamentação e lateralidade cerebral. Revis. Hosp. Clin. 51: 85–89.
Westergaard, G. G., and Suomi, S. J. (1997). Lateral bias in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): Concordance between parents and offspring. Dev. Psychobiol. 31: 143–147.
Winkler, P., and Prestel, H. (1989). Twins in free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Primates 30: 255–259.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NIH grants NS-36605 and NS-42867 supported W. D. Hopkins. M. De Lathouwers received a BOF-Dehousse grant (October 2000–September 2001) from the University of Antwerp and a Dehousse grant (February 2002–January 2004) from the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp in association with the University of Antwerp, Belgium. We thank the Flemish Government for the structural support to the Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC) of the Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hopkins, W.D., De Lathouwers, M. Left Nipple Preferences in Infant Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes . Int J Primatol 27, 1653–1662 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-006-9086-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-006-9086-4