Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Closing the Gap? The HIV Continuum in Care for African-American Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2004–2014

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We examined trends in the HIV continuum in care in the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance surveys for MSM in San Francisco from 2004 to 2014. In 2004, HIV-positive African-American MSM were less likely to be diagnosed (42.9 vs. 87.5 %, p = 0.003), linked to care (42.9 vs. 85.7 %, p = 0.007), or to have ever used antiretroviral treatment (ART) (28.6 vs. 69.6 %, p = 0.032) compared to white MSM. By 2014, these gaps had narrowed but not closed, including diagnosis (85.7 vs. 100 %, Fisher’s exact p = 0.106), linkage to care (85.7 vs. 96.8 %, Fisher’s exact p = 0.290), and ART use (85.7 vs. 94.9 %, Fisher’s exact p = 0.369).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report; 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/surveillance/. Accessed 5 May 2016.

  2. Jain S, Schwarcz S, Katz M, Gulati R, McFarland W. Elevated risk of death for African Americans with AIDS, San Francisco, 1996–2003. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2006;17:493–503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Beer L, Oster AM, Mattson CL, Skarbinski J. Medical Monitoring Project. Disparities in HIV transmission risk among HIV-infected black and white men who have sex with men, United States, 2009. AIDS. 2014;28(1):105–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Rosenberg ES, Millett GA, Sullivan PS, Del Rio C, Curran JW. Understanding the HIV disparities between black and white men who have sex with men in the USA using the HIV care continuum: a modeling study. Lancet HIV. 2014;1(3):e112–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. NIH. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral treatment for HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents; 2015. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf.

  7. Singh S, Bradley H, Hu X, Skarbinski J, Hall HI, Lansky A. Men living with diagnosed HIV who have sex with men: progress along the continuum of HIV Care — United States, 2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(38):829–33.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sudhinarasett M, Raymond HF. *McFarland W. Convergence of HIV prevalence and inter-racial sexual mixing among men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2004–2011. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:1550–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:793–800.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. UNAIDS. 90-90-90: an ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic; 2015. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/90-90-90_en_0.pdf.

  11. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States; July 2015. https://www.aids.gov/federal-resources/national-hiv-aids-strategy/nhas-update.pdf.

  12. MacKellar D, Gallagher KM, Finlayson T, Sanchez T, Lansky A, Sullivan PS. Surveillance of HIV risk and prevention behaviors of men who have sex with men—a national application of venue based, time-space sampling. Public Health Rep. 2007;122(Suppl. 1):39–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. US Census Bureau; 2016. http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/#table/PST045215/00.

  14. Black D, Gates G, Sanders S, Taylor L. Why to gay men live in San Francisco? 1998. http://sfpl.org/pdf/main/glc/glbtsfdemographics.pdf.

  15. Bajko M. SF health officials advise early treatment for people with HIV. San Francisco Bay Area Reporter 2010. http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=4709.

  16. Getting to Zero San Francisco; 2016. http://www.gettingtozerosf.org/.

  17. Office of the US Global AIDS Coordinator. PEPFAR 3.0 controlling the epidemic: delivering on the promise of an AIDS-free generation; 2015. http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/234744.pdf.

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Grant Numbers U62/CCU923549, 1U62PS000961 and 5U1BPS003247).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to W. McFarland.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

All authors delare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional and/or Nnational Research Committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Okeke, N., McFarland, W. & Raymond, H.F. Closing the Gap? The HIV Continuum in Care for African-American Men Who Have Sex with Men, San Francisco, 2004–2014. AIDS Behav 21, 1741–1744 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1472-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1472-0

Keywords

Navigation