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A hierarchical model of operational anticipation windows in driving an automobile

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Abstract

Driving an automobile is an example of a goal-directed activity with high complexity in which different behavioral elements have to be integrated and brought into a sequential order. On the basis of the reafference principle and experimental results on temporal perception and cognitive control, we propose a hierarchical model of driving behavior, which can also be adapted to other goal-directed activities. Driving is conceived of as being controlled by anticipatory neuronal programs; if these programs are disrupted by unpredictable stimuli, which require an instantaneous reaction, behavioral control returns after completion of the reactive mode to the anticipatory mode of driving. In the model different levels of anticipation windows are distinguished which, however, are interconnected, in a bi-directional way: (a) Strategic level with a representation of the driving activity from the beginning to reaching the final goal; (b) Segmented tactical level with the sequence of necessary milestones to reach the goal; (c) Maneuver level where actions like passing another car or keeping a lane are controlled; (d) Short-term integration level of a few seconds which allows immediate anticipations; and (e) Synchronization level for sensorimotor control and complexity reduction within neuronal assemblies. A flow diagram schematically describes different driving situations stressing the anticipatory mode of control. In a pilot experiment with 20 subjects using a virtual driving situation in a car simulator predictions of the model could be verified, i.e., subjects showed a significant preference for the anticipatory mode of driving.

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Acknowledgments

The authors highly appreciate the support by Dr. Jan Churan and Dipl.-Psych. Wolfgang Grundler who under the supervision of the second author performed the experiments on cognitive embedding in simulated driving; financial support for these experiments was provided by the “High-Tech-Offensive” of Bavaria/Germany to the “Generation Research Program” in Bad Tölz. The authors appreciate Mr. Akihiro Kubo’s and Mr. Yasuhisa Maekawa’s continuous support for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tochigi R&D Center, Honda R&D Co., Ltd., 4630 Shimotakanezawa, Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi, 321-3393, Japan

    Koji Tanida

  2. Institute for Medical Psychology and Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Goethestr. 31, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Ernst Pöppel

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  1. Koji Tanida
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  2. Ernst Pöppel
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Correspondence to Koji Tanida.

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Tanida, K., Pöppel, E. A hierarchical model of operational anticipation windows in driving an automobile. Cogn Process 7, 275–287 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0152-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0152-9

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