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Acute toxicity and histopathological changes in livers of frog tadpoles (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) exposed to bioinsecticides derived from Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Stemona curtisii Hook.F., and Mammea siamensis

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Abstract

Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Stemona curtisii Hook.F., and Mammea siamensis are popularly used as bioinsecticides by Thai farmers. To evaluate their safety on frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) tadpoles, the ecologically and economically important species of Thailand, an acute static toxicity test was performed. The tadpoles (n = 10 per treatment group) were exposed to the bioinsecticides from A. indica (NSAI 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 g/l) and the mixture of S. curtisii and M. siamensis (SCMS 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 mg/l). It was found that the median lethal concentration (LC50) values at 96 h of the NSAI and the SCMS were 11.81 and 1.44 mg/l respectively. Hepatic failures were observed in tadpoles exposed to the NSAI and the SCMS. Histopathological changes included vacuolation, leukocyte infiltration, necrotic cell, and blood congestion. These lesions were more severe in the tadpoles treated with the NSAI or the SCMS at the high concentrations. Additionally, necrosis of bile duct epithelium, karyolysis, and sinusoidal dilation were apparently found in the tadpole exposed to 25 g/l of the NSAI, while the degeneration of bile duct was noted in the 1.6–2.4 mg/l of the SCMS-treated groups. However, the tadpoles exposed to 5 g/l of the NSAI showed only mild pathological changes in their livers. From a higher value of LC50 of the NSAI than the SCMS together with the mild histopathological changes in the tadpoles exposed to the low concentrations, thus the NSAI is less toxic to H. rugulosus tadpoles than the SCMS.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Natural Product Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, for providing the bioinsecticide.

Funding

This research was supported by Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Kanokporn Saenphet, Supap Saenphet & Wararut Buncharoen

  2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

    Jittikan Intamong

  3. Zoological Park Organization, Chiang Mai Zoo, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Theeraphong Nakas

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  1. Kanokporn Saenphet
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  2. Supap Saenphet
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Correspondence to Wararut Buncharoen.

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This study was funded by Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.

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All procedures encompassing the animals were conducted with strict adherence to guidelines and procedures reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, permission number Re. 005/07.

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Saenphet, K., Saenphet, S., Intamong, J. et al. Acute toxicity and histopathological changes in livers of frog tadpoles (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) exposed to bioinsecticides derived from Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Stemona curtisii Hook.F., and Mammea siamensis. Comp Clin Pathol 27, 939–946 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2685-6

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