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Abdominal wall pain – classification, diagnosis and treatment suggestions

Der Bauchdeckenschmerz – Klassifikation, Diagnose und Vorschläge zur Therapie

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Zusammenfassung

HINTERGRUND: Abdominalschmerzen werden in der Regel als Hinweis auf ein intra-abdominelles Krankheitsgeschehen aufgefasst oder, wenn kein organischer Befund zu erheben ist, als funktionell angesehen. Bauchschmerzen können aber auch von der Bauchdecke herrühren. METHODEN: Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Studie in einer Magen-Darmsprechstunde wurden während 3 Jahren die Patienten mit Abdominalschmerzen ungeklärter Ursache nach folgenden Kriterien untersucht: Lässt sich der Schmerz durch körperliche Bewegung auslösen? Ist der Schmerz an einem definierbaren, umschriebenen Ort in der Bauchdecke zu lokalisieren? Kann der Schmerz dort durch digitale Palpation ausgelöst werden und nimmt der Schmerz bei Anspannung der Bauchdecken an Intensität zu? ERGEBNISSE: Bei 55 Patienten ließ sich der Schmerz in die Bauchdecke lokalisieren, wobei sich die Schmerz-intensität bei Anspannung der Bauchmuskeln änderte. Bei 39 Patienten war der Schmerz punktförmig in der linea semilunaris zu finden, siebenmal lag der Schmerzpunkt in der linea alba zwischen Xiphoid und Nabel, bei fünf Patienten war die Schmerzquelle im Rektusmuskel und bei vier am Rippenbogen nachzuweisen. Sechzehn der 39 Patienten mit Schmerz in der Semilunarlinie hatten einen BMI > 30, zwölf litten an Angst oder Depression und bei zehn war Schmerz mit Blähungen und Pressen beim Stuhlgang assoziiert. Schmerzen im Rektusmuskel fanden sich bei Patienten mit körperlicher Aktivität. Patienten mit Schmerzen in der linea alba und am Rippenbogen berichteten über Angst und Depression. BEURTEILUNG: Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, dass sowohl heftige Kontraktionen der Bauchmuskeln bei Gymnastik und beim Pressen als auch anhaltende Dehnung der Bauchdecke infolge Blähungen und bei Adipositas an anatomisch definierten Stellen der Abdominalwand zu schmerzhaften Läsionen führen können. Die Symptomspezifische Angst verstärkt sich, wenn vielfache Versuche, die Schmerzursache zu klären, vergeblich bleiben. Es wird eine neue Klassifikation des Bauchdeckenschmerzes vorgeschlagen. Eine korrekte Diagnose hilft, kostspielige Untersuchungen zu vermeiden, und dem Patienten, mit seinen Beschwerden angstfrei umzugehen.

Summary

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Abdominal pain is generally believed to be a symptom of intra-abdominal disease. When no pathological findings are evident, abdominal pain is considered functional. Abdominal pain, however, may also originate in the abdominal wall. METHODS: Consecutive patients with unexplained abdominal pain were enrolled in a prospective observational study in a gastroenterologic clinic during a period of three years. The following criteria were tested: Can abdominal pain be elicited by physical movement? Is the source of pain localized to a circumscribed site in the abdominal wall? Can pain be provoked by digital palpation in this area and does pain increase when the abdominal muscles are tensed? RESULTS: Clinical examination of 55 patients revealed small painful pits in the abdominal wall with varying intensity of pain when the abdominal muscles were contracted: in 39 patients the painful area was located in the semilunar line, in seven patients the pain originated in the linea alba between xiphoid and umbilicus, in five cases the painful spots were situated within the rectus muscle, and in four patients the pain was localized along the costal arch. Of the 39 patients with pain in the semilunar line, 16 had a BMI > 30, 12 presented with anxiety and depression, and 10 reported bloating and straining during defecation. Pain in the rectus muscle was associated with exercise. The patients with pain in the linea alba and at the costal arch suffered from obesity, anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that repeated forceful contractions of the abdominal wall muscles during exercise and straining, as well as chronic inflation of the abdominal wall by fat pads and by bloating, may cause strain and pain in the abdominal wall at sites predestined by anatomy. Symptom-specific anxiety may be a consequence of chronic unexplained abdominal pain. A novel classification of abdominal wall pain is proposed. The correct diagnosis will avoid repeated and costly investigations and relieve the patient's anxiety.

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Correspondence to Gerhard E. Feurle.

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Feurle, G. Abdominal wall pain – classification, diagnosis and treatment suggestions. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119, 633–638 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-007-0891-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-007-0891-3

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