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Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery: towards defining criteria to the right choice

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Abstract

Objective

Analysis of various parameters related to the patient, the disease, and the needed surgical maneuvers to develop guidance for preoperative selection of the appropriate and the best approach for a given patient.

Summary background data

Rapid advances in minimally invasive surgical technology are fascinating and challenging alike. It can be difficult for surgeons to keep up with new modalities that come on to the market place and to assess their true value, i.e., distinguish between fashionable trends versus scientific evidence. Laparoscopy established minimally invasive surgery and has revolutionized surgical concepts and approaches to diseases since its advent in the early 1990s. Now, with robotic surgery rapidly gaining traction in this high-tech surgical landscape, it remains to be seen how the long-term surgical landscape will be affected.

Methods

Review of the surgical evolution, published data and cost factors to reflect on advantages and disadvantages in order to develop a broader perspective on the role of various technology platforms.

Results

Advocates for robotic technology tout its advantages of 3D views, articulating wrists, lack of hand tremor, and surgeon comfort, which may extend the scope of minimally invasive surgery by allowing for operations in places that are more difficult to access for laparoscopic surgery (e.g., the deep pelvis), for complex tasks (e.g., intracorporeal suturing), and by decreasing the learning curve. But conventional laparoscopy has also evolved and offers high-definition 3D vision to all team members. It remains to be seen whether all together the robot features outweigh the downsides of higher cost, operative times, lack of tactile feedback, possibly unusual complications, inability to move the operative table with ease, and the difficulty to work in different quadrants.

Conclusions

While technical and design developments will likely address some shortcomings, the value-based impact of the various approaches will have to be examined in general and on a case-by-case basis. Value as the ratio of quality over cost depends on numerous parameters (disease, complications, patient, efficiency, finances).

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Abbreviations

3D:

3-Dimensional

CRM:

Circumferential radial margin

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration (USA)

HIPEC:

Heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

LAR:

Low anterior resection

LOS:

Length of hospital stay

NSQIP:

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

TME:

Total mesorectal excision

VRAM:

Vertical rectus abdominis muscle flap

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 7418, Los Angeles, 90033, CA, USA

    Matthew Zelhart MD & Andreas M. Kaiser MD FACS FASCRS

Authors
  1. Matthew Zelhart MD
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  2. Andreas M. Kaiser MD FACS FASCRS
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Contributions

Both authors contributed to conception and design, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting and revising the article for critically important intellectual content, and both gave final approval of the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andreas M. Kaiser MD FACS FASCRS.

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Matthew Zelhart and Andreas M. Kaiser have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclosure.

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Zelhart, M., Kaiser, A.M. Robotic versus laparoscopic versus open colorectal surgery: towards defining criteria to the right choice. Surg Endosc 32, 24–38 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5796-2

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